AIDS is caused by the Human Immuno¬deficiency Virus (HIV). The transmission of HIV infection generally occurs through

AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which progressively destroys the immune system, specifically helper T cells [2]. HIV is transmitted through the direct transfer of specific body fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk [3]. Consequently, the transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products is a recognized route of transmission [1]. While modern screening protocols have significantly reduced this risk in many regions, it remains a biological pathway for infection [2]. Conversely, HIV cannot be transmitted through casual contact such as shaking hands, hugging, or kissing [3]. It is also not spread through environmental factors like inhaling polluted air or consuming contaminated food and water, as the virus does not survive well outside the human body and is not airborne or waterborne.

Sources

1. [1] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 8: Natural Hazards and Disaster Management > AIDs/HIVs > p. 81
2. [2] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 8: Natural Hazards and Disaster Management > AIDs/HIVs > p. 80
3. [3] Science , class X (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: How do Organisms Reproduce? > 7.3.3 (d) Reproductive Health > p. 125