Who among the following were referred to as the 'Theris' in ancient India?

In ancient India, the term 'Theris' specifically referred to elder nuns in the Buddhist Sangha who had attained spiritual liberation or enlightenment [2]. The word 'Theri' translates to 'senior ones' or 'elders' in the Pali language [1]. These women were ordained as bhikkhunis and were recognized for their religious achievements and wisdom [2]. A significant collection of their spiritual experiences and insights is preserved in the 'Therigatha' (Verses of the Senior Nuns), which is part of the Sutta Pitaka in the Pali Canon [1]. While Mahapajapati Gotami was the first woman ordained as a bhikkhuni, many subsequent women who entered the sangha became 'theris' or respected teachers of the Dhamma [2]. These verses provide a unique historical perspective on the social and spiritual lives of women who sought freedom from worldly suffering through the Buddhist path [2].

Sources

1. [1] History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > The Starving Tigress: A Jataka Tale > p. 43
2. [2] THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings > 6. Followers of the Buddha > p. 92