Which of the following statements regarding the Industrial Revolution is/are correct? 1. It was a change of a society from a rural and agricultural lifestyle to one in which most people earned their living in the industrial or secondary sector of the economy. 2. The first Industrial Revolution began in Germany in the early eighteenth century. 3. During Industrial Revolution, technological advances in iron smelting, and later steel production, were accompanied by the invention of steam engine. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Statement 1 is correct as the Industrial Revolution transformed societies from rural, agrarian lifestyles to urban ones where the industrial or secondary sector became the economic foundation [2]. Statement 2 is incorrect because the first Industrial Revolution began in Britain (England), not Germany, during the 18th century [4]. While Germany later surpassed Britain in production, it was not the point of origin [2]. Statement 3 is correct; the era saw critical technological advances in iron smelting, such as Abraham Darby’s use of coke in 1709, and the invention of the steam engine by Newcomen and later James Watt [1]. Steel production also advanced significantly during the 19th century with the Bessemer process [1]. Therefore, statements 1 and 3 are correct, making option 3 the right choice.

Sources

1. [2] Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 7: Indian Economy after 2014 > First Industrial Revolution: 1765 > p. 232
2. [1] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 3: Advent of the Europeans in India > Industrial Revolution > p. 54
3. [4] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/bessemer-process