Question map
As defined in Article 12 of the Constitution of India, 'State' includes : 1. Parliament of India 2. State Governments 3. State Legislatures 4. Local authorities in India Select the answer using the code given below :
Explanation
Article 12 of the Constitution of India provides an inclusive definition of the term 'State' for the purposes of Part III (Fundamental Rights). According to the text of Article 12, the 'State' includes the Government and Parliament of India (the executive and legislative organs of the Union), the Government and the Legislature of each of the States (the executive and legislative organs of the states), and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India [3]. Local authorities encompass entities such as municipalities, district boards, and panchayats [1]. Since the Parliament of India, State Governments, State Legislatures, and local authorities are all explicitly mentioned or covered under these categories, all four items listed in the question are included in the definition of 'State' under Article 12.
Sources
- [1] Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 8: FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES > p. 99
- [3] https://www.mcrhrdi.gov.in/splfc2021/subjects/PCCI/2021%20sfc%20State%20(Article12)%20(1).pdf