The transfer of thermal energy carries which of the following phenomena ?

Thermal energy transfer occurs through three primary mechanisms: conduction, convection, and radiation.

• Conduction is the transfer of heat through direct contact between particles in a stationary medium, typically solids, where energy is passed via molecular vibrations.
• Convection is the transfer of heat through the bulk movement of fluids (liquids and gases). It occurs when warmer, less dense areas of a fluid rise and cooler, denser areas sink, creating a circulation pattern.
• Radiation is the transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves (primarily infrared). Unlike the other two modes, radiation does not require a physical medium and can occur in a vacuum, such as solar energy reaching the Earth.

Since all three are recognized phenomena of thermal energy transfer, option C is the most comprehensive and correct answer.