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Which of the following do/does not represent a break between the Early Harappan cultures and the Mature Harappan civilization ?
1. Large-scale burning at some sites
2. Abandonment of certain settlements
3. A shift in the course of the Hakra river
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
Explanation
According to archaeological evidence and standard historical texts like NCERT (Class 12, Themes in Indian History), there was a distinct break between the Early Harappan cultures and the Mature Harappan civilization. This break is primarily evidenced by large-scale burning at certain sites (such as Kot Diji) and the abandonment of certain settlements (such as Amri and Kot Diji) before the Mature phase began.
A shift in the course of the Hakra river (or its drying up) is generally cited as a factor contributing to the decline of the Mature Harappan civilization and the transition into the Late Harappan phase, rather than the transition from the Early to the Mature phase. Therefore, statement 3 does not represent the specific 'break' identified by archaeologists between the Early and Mature Harappan periods.