The acdification of oceans is increasing. Why is this phenomenon a cause of concern? 1. The growth and survival of calcareous phytoplankton will be adversely affected. 2. The growth and survival of coral reefs will be adversely affected. 3. The survival of some animals that have phytoplanktonic larvae will be adversely affected. 4. The cloud seeding and formation of clouds will be adversely affected. Which of the statements given above is /are correct?

Ocean acidification occurs as CO2 reacts with seawater to form carbonic acid, reducing pH and the availability of carbonate ions [2]. This process adversely affects calcareous phytoplankton and coral reefs, as they rely on carbonate ions to build calcium carbonate shells and skeletons [3]. Increased acidity slows their growth and can even dissolve existing structures [3]. Furthermore, many marine animals have vulnerable phytoplanktonic larvae; for instance, sea urchin and oyster larvae fail to develop properly in acidic conditions [3]. While ocean acidification impacts marine biology and chemistry, it does not directly hinder cloud seeding or formation. Cloud formation is primarily influenced by aerosols like dimethyl sulfide (DMS) produced by phytoplankton; while acidification might alter DMS production, it is not a primary cause of concern regarding 'cloud seeding' in the context of acidification's immediate biological threats. Thus, statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct.

Sources

1. [1] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 18: Ocean Acidification > How it reacts? > p. 264
2. [2] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 18: Ocean Acidification > 18.I. OCEAN ACIDIFICATION > p. 263
3. [3] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 20: Impact of Climate Change > 20.4" ECOSYSTEMS AND BIO.DIVERSITY > p. 277