Consider the following : 1. Assessment of land revenue on the basis of nature of the soil and the quality of crops 2. Use of mobile cannons in warfare 3. Cultivation of tobacco and red chillies Which of the above was/were introduced into India by the English?

None of the listed items were introduced to India by the English. Assessment of land revenue based on soil nature and crop quality was a feature of the Mughal administration, specifically the Zabt system under Akbar and Todar Mal [1]. While the British later used similar principles in the Ryotwari system [5], the concept was indigenous. Mobile cannons were introduced to India by Babur during the First Battle of Panipat in 1526, long before English dominance. Regarding agriculture, tobacco and red chillies were introduced to India by the Portuguese in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, not the English. While the British introduced commercial crops like tea and coffee [3], and formal land settlements like the Zamindari system [4], the specific items in the question predate their influence or were introduced by other Europeans.

Sources

1. [1] History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 14: The Mughal Empire > 14.10 Economy > p. 215
2. [5] Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > 2. Institutional Factors > p. 20
3. [3] Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 2: Physiography > Significance of the Peninsular Plateau > p. 62
4. [2] THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART III, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 9: COLONIALISM AND THE COUNTRYSIDE > 3.2 A new revenue system > p. 248
5. [4] Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > 1. Abolition of Intermediaries > p. 25