Consider the following statements : 1. The Himalayan vegetation varies according to both altitude and climatic conditions. 2. There are mainly two types of tropical forests that are found in the Himalayas—the tropical rainforests and the tropical deciduous forests Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

Statement 1 is correct as the Himalayan ranges exhibit a succession of vegetation from tropical to tundra, which changes according to altitude and climatic conditions [c1][c2][t6]. Each life zone possesses its own temperature and precipitation relationships, leading to distinct biotic communities [c3]. Statement 2 is also correct. The Himalayan foothills host two primary types of tropical forests: tropical deciduous forests (monsoon forests) and tropical rainforests [t1][t4]. Tropical deciduous forests, particularly moist deciduous types, are widespread in the foothills of the Siwaliks [c1][c5]. Meanwhile, tropical evergreen rainforests are confined to the humid foothills of the eastern and central Himalayas where rainfall is significantly higher [t5]. This altitudinal zonation transitions from these tropical types at the base to temperate and alpine vegetation at higher elevations [c2][t3].

Sources

1. [1] INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > Montane Forests > p. 45
2. [2] Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 2: Physiography > 6. Forest Wealth > p. 29
3. [3] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 1: BASIC CONCEPTS OF ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY > 2. Abiotic (Non-living) Components > p. 18
4. [4] INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > Tropical Deciduous Forests > p. 44
5. [5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology_of_the_Himalayas