Conversion of heat into electrical energy can be achieved by using a

The conversion of heat into electrical energy is achieved using a thermocouple, which operates on the Seebeck effect [t1][t3]. This phenomenon occurs when a temperature difference between two dissimilar electrical conductors or semiconductors generates an electric potential difference or voltage [t2][t6]. Thermocouples are widely used in thermoelectric generators to convert waste heat from sources like engines or furnaces into usable electricity [t3]. In contrast, an ammeter is used to measure electric current, a voltmeter measures potential difference across circuit components [c4], and a hydrometer is used to measure the specific gravity or density of liquids. While many devices convert electrical energy into heat (Joule heating), such as electric irons and heaters [c1][c2], the thermocouple is specifically designed for the inverse process of thermal-to-electrical energy conversion [t4].

Sources

1. [1] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/seebeck-effect
2. [2] Science , class X (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 11: Electricity > 1 V = 1 J C–1 > p. 173
3. [3] Science , class X (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 11: Electricity > 11.7.1 Practical Applications of Heating Effect of Electric Current > p. 190
4. [4] Science , class X (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 11: Electricity > 11.7 HEA 11.7 HEA11.7 HEATING EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT > p. 188