Doldrums are 1. eatorial calms 2. calm and light winds 3. roaring forties 4. variable both in position and in extent Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Doldrums, also known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), are equatorial calms located in the low-pressure belt between 10° N and 10° S [2]. They are characterized by extremely calm air movements and light, variable winds because the intense solar heating causes air to rise vertically through convection rather than blowing horizontally [2]. This zone is highly variable in both position and extent, migrating seasonally with the sun's apparent movement; for instance, it can shift from 5° N to as far as 25° N over the Gangetic plain in July [4]. In contrast, the 'Roaring Forties' refers to the strong, consistent westerly winds found between 40° and 50° S latitude in the Southern Hemisphere, which are distinct from the calm equatorial doldrums [5]. Therefore, statements 1, 2, and 4 are correct, while statement 3 is incorrect.

Sources

1. [1] Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 23: Pressure Systems and Wind System > Equatorial Low-Pressure Belt or 'Doldrums' > p. 311
2. [2] Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 14: Climate > Pressure and Planetary Winds > p. 139
3. [3] INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Climate > Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) > p. 30
4. [5] https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wind/