The Harappan civilization covered an extensive area of present South Asia. The geographic space covered by this civilization included

The Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, covered a vast geographical area in South Asia, primarily in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent [t4][t5]. Its extent included the Punjab and Sindh regions, where major sites like Harappa and Mohenjo-daro are located [t1][t3]. The civilization also encompassed the Northwestern frontier, including parts of modern-day Afghanistan (e.g., Shortughai) and Balochistan (e.g., Mehrgarh) [c3][t3][t5]. Furthermore, it extended into the Kathiawar peninsula of Gujarat, home to sites like Dholavira and Lothal [c1][t6]. In the east, the civilization reached the Ganga-Yamuna Doab, with Alamgirpur in Uttar Pradesh marking its easternmost boundary. This wide distribution covers the plains of the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra rivers, extending into eastern Punjab and the piedmont regions [t2]. Therefore, option 4 accurately describes the extensive geographic space of the civilization.

Sources

1. [1] https://www.msuniv.ac.in/images/distance%20education/learning%20materials/ug%20pg%202023/ug%202021/BA%20history%202021/DMHH11%20-%20I%20Semester%20-%20History%20of%20India%20upto%20647%20A.D.pdf
2. [2] https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/world-history-beginnings/ancient-india/a/the-indus-river-valley-civilizations
3. [3] THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 1: Bricks, Beads and Bones > 2.1 Agricultural technologies > p. 3
4. [4] THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 1: Bricks, Beads and Bones > Harappan Settlements > p. 2