The metal compound commonly found in Sindhoor or Kumkum is based on

Sindoor or Kumkum, traditionally used in cultural and religious rituals, is commonly composed of metal-based pigments. While traditional herbal versions use turmeric and lime, commercial and synthetic varieties frequently utilize red lead, also known as lead tetroxide (Pb3O4) [t1, t2]. This compound provides the characteristic bright red or orange-red color associated with vermilion. Although vermilion can also be derived from cinnabar (mercuric sulfide, HgS), modern industrial production often prioritizes lead-based pigments due to cost factors [t1, t3]. Testing by regulatory bodies like the U.S. FDA has confirmed the presence of lead in many imported sindoor samples, highlighting its prevalence despite toxicity concerns [t1]. Other metals like zinc may be present in trace amounts or as zinc chromate in some formulations, but lead remains the primary metal compound historically and commercially identified with sindoor [t1, c4].

Sources

1. [1] Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Table 7.8 > p. 17