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People drinking water from a shallow hand pump are likely to suffer from all of the following diseases except
Explanation
Cholera, typhoid and jaundice are well-recognized waterborne diseases transmitted via fecally contaminated drinking water; polluted water is explicitly listed as a main cause of cholera, typhoid and jaundice in standard texts on water pollution and health [1]. Shallow hand pumps are prone to microbial contamination from nearby sewage or surface sources, making these infections likely. Fluorosis, by contrast, is a chronic non‑infectious condition caused by prolonged ingestion of elevated fluoride concentrations in groundwater (leading to dental and skeletal fluorosis) and is geogenic rather than an acute pathogen-mediated waterborne disease; it therefore does not fit with the other fecal‑oral infections listed.
Sources
- [1] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > Consequences of Water Pollution > p. 37