'Pingos' are associated with which one of the following process?

Pingos are perennially-frozen, ice-cored hills that serve as a primary geomorphic indicator of periglacial environments. These mounds form in permafrost regions through the aggradation of ground ice and the resulting hydrostatic or hydraulic pressure that uplifts the overlying sediment. The term 'periglacial' refers to areas characterized by permafrost and intense frost action, often located at the margins of past or present ice sheets [2]. Unlike glacial landforms created by moving ice or fluvial landforms created by running water, pingos are specifically linked to cryogenic processes and the freezing of trapped pore water beneath the surface [1]. They are most abundant in Arctic coastal plains, such as those in Canada and Alaska, where they can reach heights of several meters. Therefore, pingos are fundamentally associated with periglacial processes rather than glacial, aeolian, or fluvial ones.

Sources

1. [1] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169555X23001149
2. [2] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 7: Climate Change > 3. cryogenic/cryergic processes and global Warming > p. 12