Statement I : Gandhiji failed to realize that the Khilafat was an extra-territorial issue. Statement II : The cause of Khilafat was discredited by 1923 as Mustafa Kemal Pasha set up a secular republican government in Turkey.

Statement I is true as Gandhiji viewed the Khilafat issue primarily as a strategic platform to forge Hindu-Muslim unity and launch a united non-cooperation movement against the British [1]. Critics argue he ignored the extra-territorial and religious nature of the agitation, which was centered on the Turkish Caliphate rather than Indian national interests [2]. Statement II is also true; by 1923-1924, the movement was discredited and rendered redundant because Mustafa Kemal Pasha led a nationalist revolt in Turkey, abolished the Sultanate, and established a secular republican government [2]. While Statement II explains why the movement eventually collapsed, it does not explain Gandhiji's initial failure to realize its extra-territorial nature or his strategic decision to support it. Therefore, both statements are true, but Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement I.

Sources

1. [1] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 16: Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Aandolan > Development of the Khalifat-Non-Cooperation Programme > p. 330
2. [2] History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Advent of Gandhi and Mass Mobilisation > e) Chauri Chaura Incident and Withdrawal of the Movement > p. 49