Where were the Ghadar revolutionaries, who became active during the outbreak of the World War I based?

The Ghadar (Ghadarite) revolutionaries were based in North America. The Ghadar Party was founded by Indian immigrants in San Francisco in 1913 (Pacific Coast Hindustan Association), and its members were largely immigrant Sikhs from the United States and Canada; the party began publishing the journal Ghadar from San Francisco [1]. Historical accounts explicitly note that the United States and Canada had established the Ghadar Party in 1913 and that, with the outbreak of World War I, Ghadarites planned to send arms and men back to India to foment revolt against British rule [2]. Scholarly treatments emphasize that the movement was born and operated widely in North America.

Sources

1. [1] History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Impact of World War I on Indian Freedom Movement > Morley > p. 35
2. [2] Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 14: Nationalist Movement 1905—1918 > The Home Rule Leagues > p. 258