Which of the following are the principles of the Pancbsheel? 1. Peaceful co-existence 2. Mutual protection of the environment 3. Mutual protection of indigenous population 4. Mutual non-aggression Select the correct answer using the code given below :

The Panchsheel, or the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, was first formally enunciated in the 1954 Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between the Tibet region of China and India [c1][c2]. The five specific principles are: (i) mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty; (ii) mutual non-aggression; (iii) mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs; (iv) equality and mutual benefit; and (v) peaceful co-existence [c1][t1][t4]. Among the options provided, 'Peaceful co-existence' (1) and 'Mutual non-aggression' (4) are core tenets of the agreement [c3][t6]. Principles regarding the 'mutual protection of the environment' (2) or 'indigenous population' (3) were not part of the 1954 framework [c2][t5]. These principles later became a cornerstone of the Non-Aligned Movement and were adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1957 [c5]. Therefore, only statements 1 and 4 are correct.

Sources

1. [1] Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 88: Foreign Policy > El l Panchsheel > p. 609
2. [2] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 36: The Evolution of Nationalist Foreign Policy > Panchsheel > p. 623
3. [3] History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 15: The World after World War II > First Non-Aligned Conference, Belgrade > p. 251
4. [4] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 36: The Evolution of Nationalist Foreign Policy > p. 625
5. [5] https://www.mea.gov.in/uploads/publicationdocs/191_panchsheel.pdf