Which of the following are true in the context of Swadeshi movement in 1905? 1. Massive demonstrations were held in Bengal 2. Hartal was observed in Calcutta 3. The movement was initiated by the moderates, but was taken over by the revolutionary nationalists at a later stage Select the correct answer using the code given below:

The Swadeshi movement, triggered by the 1905 Partition of Bengal, saw massive demonstrations across the province [4]. On August 7, 1905, a historic meeting at Calcutta's Town Hall formally initiated the movement with a boycott resolution [2]. On the day partition took effect, October 16, 1905, a general hartal was observed in Calcutta; people fasted, walked barefoot to the Ganga, and sang patriotic songs [4]. The movement's leadership followed a distinct evolution: it was initially launched by Moderates like Surendranath Banerjea and K.K. Mitra using petitions and public meetings [2]. However, as the struggle intensified, militant and revolutionary nationalists like Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh took over, introducing radical methods like passive resistance and direct action [4]. Thus, all three statements accurately describe the movement's dynamics and historical progression.

Sources

1. [2] Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 14: Nationalist Movement 1905—1918 > The Anti-Partition Movement or the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement > p. 241
2. [4] https://nios.ac.in/media/documents/SrSec315NEW/315_History_Eng/315_History_Eng_Lesson21.pdf
3. [1] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 12: Era of Militant Nationalism (1905-1909) > The Swadeshi and Boycott Movement > p. 280