Which of the following are water-borne diseases ? 1. Viral Hepatitis B 2. Cholera 3. Typhoid fever 4. Amoebiasis Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Water-borne diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms transmitted through contaminated water, primarily via the fecal-oral route [t3, t9]. Cholera is a severe bacterial infection caused by Vibrio cholerae, typically spread through contaminated drinking water [c1, t2]. Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella Typhi, is also a classic water-borne disease transmitted through water contaminated by feces [c1, t4, t5]. Amoebiasis, caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica, is explicitly listed as a water-borne disease resulting from polluted water [c4, t5]. In contrast, Viral Hepatitis B is primarily a blood-borne disease. While Hepatitis A and E are water-borne [t3, t5], Hepatitis B is transmitted through contact with infected blood (e.g., needles, cuts) or from mother to fetus, rather than through ingestion of contaminated water [t7]. Therefore, only 2, 3, and 4 are water-borne diseases.

Sources

1. [1] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > Consequences of Water Pollution > p. 37
2. [2] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 5: Environmental Pollution > z. Effects on human health: > p. 75
3. [3] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/waterborne-diseases
4. [4] https://dph.georgia.gov/epidemiology/acute-disease-epidemiology/foodborne-and-waterborne-diseases
5. [5] https://www.who.int/docs/librariesprovider2/default-document-library/module_1.1_introduction-wrid_ds_220831.pdf
6. [6] https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section10.html