Which of the following diseases are waterborne ? 1. Typhoid 2. Hepatitis B 3. Tuberculosis 4. Hepatitis A Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Waterborne diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms transmitted through contaminated water. Typhoid (Salmonella Typhi) is a classic waterborne bacterial disease spread via the faecal-oral route when water is contaminated by the excreta of an infected person [c1, t5, t6]. Hepatitis A is also a waterborne viral infection primarily transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated water or food [c2, t4, t6]. In contrast, Hepatitis B is a bloodborne pathogen transmitted through blood-to-blood contact, sexual intercourse, or from mother to child, rather than through water [t1, t3, t5]. Tuberculosis is primarily an airborne disease spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes [t3, c4]. While some older texts occasionally list Tuberculosis under broad pollution categories, standard medical classification defines it as airborne [t3]. Therefore, only Typhoid and Hepatitis A are correctly classified as waterborne in this list.

Sources

1. [1] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > Consequences of Water Pollution > p. 37
2. [2] Science ,Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 3: Health: The Ultimate Treasure > Keep the curiosity alive > p. 44
3. [3] Science ,Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 3: Health: The Ultimate Treasure > Activity 3.4: Let us find out > p. 34
4. [4] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/bloodborne-bacterium
5. [5] https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section10.html