Which of the following is/are unique characteristic/characteristics of equatorial forests ? 1. Presence of tall, closely set trees with crown forming a continuous canopy 2. Coexistence of a large number of species 3. Presence of numerous varieties of epiphytes Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

Equatorial forests, also known as tropical rainforests, are characterized by a unique vertical structure and high biodiversity. Statement 1 is correct as these forests feature tall, high-density trees whose crowns form a continuous canopy of foliage, providing dense shade to the layers below [1]. Statement 2 is accurate because a defining characteristic of this biome is the coexistence of a large number of tree species within a small area, making them among the most diverse communities on Earth [2]. Statement 3 is also correct; the humid environment supports numerous varieties of epiphytes, such as orchids and bromeliads, which grow on other plants without being rooted in the ground [4]. These plants utilize the structural support of tall trees to reach sunlight in the dense forest environment [3]. Thus, all three characteristics are unique and defining features of equatorial forests.

Sources

1. [1] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 3: MAJOR BIOMES > 1. Tropical Evergreen Rainforest Biome > p. 5
2. [2] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 3: Terrestrial Ecosystems > 3.2.5. Tropical rain forests: > p. 25
3. [4] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/epiphyte
4. [3] Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 15: The Hot, Wet Equatorial Climate > Natural Vegetation > p. 152