Which one among the following relates to a land revenue policy introduced by the English East India Company?

The Mahalwari Settlement was a major land revenue policy introduced by the British East India Company in the early 19th century. Devised by Holt Mackenzie in 1822 and later refined under Lord William Bentinck in 1833, it was implemented primarily in the North-Western Provinces, Punjab, and the Ganga Valley [3]. Under this system, the unit of revenue assessment was the 'Mahal' (a village or estate), and the village community was held collectively responsible for tax payments [2]. In contrast, the Regulating Act (1773) and Pitt’s India Act (1784) were constitutional and administrative reforms aimed at governing the Company's political and civil affairs rather than specific revenue collection methods [2]. The Subsidiary Alliance was a diplomatic and military policy introduced by Lord Wellesley to bring Indian princely states under British control, not a land revenue system [1].

Sources

1. [2] Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 10: Land Reforms in India > III. Mahalwari System > p. 338
2. [3] Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 10: Land Reforms in India > LAND REVENUE SYSTEMS IN BRITISH INDIA Three major systems were introduced: Land Revenue System, Zamindari System, Ryotwari System, Mahalwari System (1793), (1820), (1833) > p. 337
3. [1] History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 17: Effects of British Rule > 17.2 Land Tenures: Permanent Settlement and Ryotwari Settlement > p. 265