Which one of the following diseases is caused by Cadmium pollution ?

Cadmium pollution is the primary cause of Itai-itai disease, also known as 'ouch-ouch' disease due to the severe pain it causes in bones and joints [3]. First documented in Japan's Toyama Prefecture, the disease resulted from chronic cadmium poisoning caused by mining activities that contaminated river water and local rice crops [5]. The condition is characterized by renal tubular damage, osteoporosis, and osteomalacia, which lead to bone softening and frequent fractures [6]. In contrast, Minamata disease is caused by methylmercury poisoning [2], Fluorosis results from excessive fluoride intake, and Blue baby syndrome (methemoglobinemia) is typically linked to high nitrate levels in drinking water. Cadmium enters the environment through metal smelting, battery manufacturing, and industrial discharge, eventually accumulating in the human body through contaminated food and water [5].

Sources

1. [2] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > a) Minamata disease > p. 415
2. [3] https://ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in/esp15/chapter/major-water-borne-diseases-part-iii/
3. [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itai-itai_disease
4. [5] https://archive.cdc.gov/www_atsdr_cdc_gov/csem/cadmium/Risk-Factors.html
5. [6] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/itai-itai-disease