Which one of the following is produced by rain water action?

Rainwater action, particularly during high-intensity storms, is the primary driver of gully formation. The process begins with splash erosion from raindrop impact, followed by sheet erosion where water flows over the surface [t2][t3]. As water concentrates into small channels, it forms rills, which eventually deepen and widen into gullies [c1][t8]. Gullies are deep-sided channels cut into poorly consolidated soil or bedrock by ephemeral streams or overland flow [c1][c4]. While gorges are deep valleys formed by long-term river downcutting [c2], and cliffs are often marine or fluvial features, gullies are specifically associated with the immediate erosional impact of rainfall on land surfaces [t1][t6]. In regions like the Chambal ravines, occasional rainstorms extensively erode weak formations to create these badland topographies [c3]. Rainfall and slope are identified as the most significant factors in gully development [t6].

Sources

1. [1] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > types of Soil Erosion > p. 18
2. [2] Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 17: Major Landforms and Cycle of Erosion > Badland Topography > p. 235
3. [3] Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 17: Major Landforms and Cycle of Erosion > Gully > p. 234
4. [4] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095633922001034
5. [5] https://www.kngac.ac.in/elearning-portal/ec/admin/contents/2_18KP1GO1_2021010302194995.pdf
6. [6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gully