Which one of the following is used as a binder in paints?

In paint formulation, the binder (or resin) is the film-forming component that holds pigment particles together and ensures adhesion to the substrate [2]. Silicones, specifically polysiloxanes, are widely used as binders in modern coatings to provide weather resistance, water repellency, and thermal stability [1]. While Titanium dioxide is a primary white pigment used for opacity and Phthalocyanine is a common organic pigment for blues and greens, they do not act as binders. Novolac is a type of phenol-formaldehyde resin; however, in the context of general paint binders, silicones (polysiloxanes) are explicitly categorized alongside acrylics, epoxies, and polyurethanes as essential binder systems in contemporary industrial and decorative coatings. Silicones are often integrated into resin matrices or used as hybrid acrylic-silicone binders to enhance the durability and rheological properties of the paint film [1].

Sources

1. [2] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/inorganic-pigment
2. [1] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9316966/