Who among the following coined the terms ҄emand PolityҠand ҃ommand Polityҿ

The terms 'Demand Polity' and 'Command Polity' were coined by Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph in their seminal work, 'In Pursuit of Lakshmi: The Political Economy of the Indian State' (1987). They used these concepts to analyze the dual nature of the Indian political economy. A 'demand polity' is characterized by a competitive political market where the state responds to the short-term pressures and demands of organized interest groups and voters. Conversely, a 'command polity' refers to a state-centric model where the government exercises autonomy to direct economic resources and pursue long-term developmental goals, often insulating itself from immediate societal pressures. While other scholars like Rajni Kothari focused on the 'Congress System' and Sudipta Kaviraj explored the 'enchantment of the state', the specific conceptual framework of demand versus command polity is uniquely attributed to the Rudolphs.

Sources

1. [1] Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 78: Political Parties > One-Dominant Party System > p. 566