Who among the following Indian thinkers first spoke of food-for-work programmes counteract the effects of famines?

Kautilya, also known as Chanakya or Vishnugupta, was the first Indian thinker to systematically outline famine relief measures in his treatise, the Arthashastra. He advocated for state intervention during natural calamities, proposing that a virtuous ruler should protect the vulnerable through various strategies. Specifically, Kautilya recommended the initiation of public works programs, such as the construction of new castles and waterworks, to provide employment and food to the populace—an early precursor to modern 'food-for-work' schemes. Additionally, he suggested the distribution of grain from state reserves and the implementation of progressive taxation or tax exemptions to alleviate the suffering of the poor during famines. These measures reflect a sophisticated understanding of social protection and state responsibility in ancient Indian governance.