Who among the following Mughal emperors was a follower of the Nacp.hbandlyya leader, Khwaja Ubaydullah Ahrar ?

The Naqshbandiyya Sufi order, particularly under the leadership of Khwaja Ubaydullah Ahrar (d. 1490), exerted significant influence over the early Mughal rulers due to their Central Asian Timurid roots [1]. Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, was a devoted follower of Khwaja Ubaydullah Ahrar [2]. This spiritual connection was inherited from his father, Umar Sheikh Mirza, who was also a disciple of the Khwaja [1]. Babur's reverence for the Naqshbandi tariqa is well-documented; he frequently visited the tombs of Sufi saints and maintained ties with Ahrar's descendants, such as Khwaja Khawand Mahmud [1]. While later emperors like Akbar and Jahangir interacted with various Naqshbandi scholars, it was Babur who held a direct and personal allegiance to the teachings and legacy of Khwaja Ahrar himself [2].

Sources

1. [1] https://files.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144524519.pdf
2. [2] https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/en/yayin/detay/1312223/the-reflection-of-sufi-influence-on-the-mughal-empire-1526-1857-a-spiritual-and-cultural-analysis