Who among the following was the founder of Phoenix Settlement?

Mahatma Gandhi founded the Phoenix Settlement in 1904 near Durban, South Africa [1]. Inspired by John Ruskin's 'Unto This Last', Gandhi established the settlement to promote communal living, self-reliance, and manual labor [3]. It served as the birthplace of his revolutionary philosophy of Satyagraha (non-violent resistance) and was the site where he published the newspaper 'Indian Opinion'. The settlement emphasized vocational training and social equality, with residents engaging in activities like farming, carpentry, and scavenging [4]. While Gandhi returned to India in 1915, the settlement continued under the leadership of his son, Manilal Gandhi, and later his daughter-in-law, Sushila [4]. Other figures like B.R. Ambedkar, Rabindranath Tagore, and Swami Vivekananda were prominent Indian leaders but were not associated with the founding of this specific South African institution [2].

Sources

1. [1] https://www.hcipretoria.gov.in/page/mahatma-gandhi-in-south-africa/
2. [3] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 15: Emergence of Gandhi > Tolstoy Farm > p. 314
3. [4] https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gandhis-Phoenix-Settlement
4. [2] History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 19: Towards Modernity > SUMMARY > p. 307