The English set up their first factory in Surat with the permission of Jahangir, who was the fourth Mughal emperor of India.

Jahangir reigned from 1605 to 1627 and was known for his tolerant policies towards foreigners, particularly the European traders. He was open to establishing diplomatic and commercial relations with foreign powers, which contributed to the expansion of trade and commerce during his reign.

The East India Company, a British trading company, sought permission from the Mughal emperor to establish a factory in Surat, a prominent port city on the western coast of India. Surat was a bustling center of trade and a crucial gateway for European merchants seeking access to the Indian subcontinent.

Jahangir granted the English permission to establish their first factory in Surat in 1612. This decision was likely influenced by several factors. First, the Mughal Empire saw the presence of European traders as an opportunity to acquire valuable goods, particularly European textiles and other luxury items. Second, the English offered to pay customs duties and other fees, which would have provided a significant source of revenue for the Mughal treasury.

Furthermore, Jahangir was known for his interest in Western art, technology, and culture. He maintained a court with a diverse group of scholars, artists, and intellectuals, some of whom were Europeans. This cultural exchange likely played a role in his decision to grant permission to the English, as he saw potential benefits in fostering relations with foreign powers.

It`s worth noting that during Jahangir`s reign, the English factory in Surat faced various challenges and conflicts with local powers and rival European trading companies. However, the initial permission granted by Jahangir laid the foundation for the English East India Company`s subsequent expansion and influence in India.

In summary, the English set up their first factory in Surat with the permission of Jahangir, the fourth Mughal emperor, due to his tolerance towards foreigners, interest in trade, and potential benefits for the Mughal Empire.