Bio-Digital Revolution in Indian Agriculture: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

India is pivoting from the 20th-century 'Green Revolution' model (chemical/input-heavy) to a 21st-century 'Bio-Digital' paradigm. This transformation integrates AI-driven precision (AgriStack, VISTAAR), genetic precision (SDN-1/SDN-2 genome editing), and institutional re-engineering through a modernized cooperative sector (National Cooperation Policy 2025). The goal has shifted from mere food security to a $100 billion value-added export ambition while addressing climate-induced risks through advanced met-infrastructure like Mission Mausam.

Cross-Theme Insight

When viewed together, these threads reveal a 'de-risking' strategy for the Indian farmer. Satellites (CROP framework) and AI (Bharat-VISTAAR) de-risk production; the Cooperative modernization (Mission SAKSHAM) de-risks finance; and the diversification into Bio-CNG and biofuels (Circular Economy in Dairy) de-risks income. This 'systemic resilience' is the common denominator across biotechnology, digital tools, and structural reforms.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks (e.g., Vivek Singh, Nitin Singhania) focus heavily on Genetically Modified (GM) crops and the regulatory hurdle of GEAC for Bt-Cotton/GM Mustard (Indian Economy, Vivek Singh, 7th ed., p. 342). However, current developments (Thread 18) show a regulatory bypass where Genome-Edited (GE) crops like DRR Rice 100 (Kamla) are being launched without the same stringent GM regulations, provided they lack foreign DNA (SDN-1/2). Similarly, while textbooks discuss the 97th Amendment's impact on cooperatives, they lack the operational details of the 'National Cooperation Policy 2025' which aims to triple the sector's GDP contribution by 2034.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The theme has evolved from 'Digital India' as a general concept to 'AgriStack' as a specific utility. In 2025-26, the focus has matured into 'Indigenous S&T' — from indigenizing genome editing tools (TnpB system) to declaring state-level microbiomes (Bacillus subtilis in Kerala).

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

Historically, UPSC has focused on the utility of Remote Sensing (IAS 2015, NID: 5517) and the regulation of GM crops via GEAC (IAS 2003, NID: 4160). Recent shifts (CDS-I 2025, NID: 9888) show a new interest in the institutional timeline of the Ministry of Cooperation and its 'Sahkar se Samriddhi' vision. Expect an increase in questions on 'Bio-Economy' (BioE3 policy) and the distinction between 'Genome Editing' and 'Genetic Modification'.

Probable Prelims Angles

• Distinction between SDN-1, SDN-2, and SDN-3 categories in genome editing regulations
• Six pillars/missions of the National Cooperation Policy 2025
• Functionality of the 'Bharat-VISTAAR' AI tool in integrating AgriStack and ICAR data
• Status of Bacillus subtilis as Kerala's first State Microbe
• Role of the TnpB protein as an indigenous alternative to CRISPR-Cas9
• Components of the BHARATI initiative by APEDA for agri-export startups

Mains Answer Framework

• India's agricultural sector is undergoing a structural metamorphosis, transitioning from traditional farming to a 'Smart-Agri' ecosystem powered by BioE3 and Digital Agriculture missions.
• Technological Layer: Use of AI (VISTAAR) and Space Tech (ISRO's CROP) for real-time risk assessment and yield forecasting.. Regulatory Layer: Shift toward Genome Editing (GE) to circumvent the socio-political deadlock of Genetically Modified (GM) crops.. Institutional Layer: Modernizing cooperatives to provide scale to smallholders through the National Cooperation Policy 2025.
• By synchronizing biotechnology with digital infrastructure and cooperative models, India can achieve its USD 100 billion agri-export target while ensuring the socio-economic welfare of its 50 crore cooperative members.

Essay Connections

• 'Viksit Bharat @ 2047: The Role of Bio-Economy and Cooperatives' — use the $100bn export target and BioE3 framework as core arguments.

Preparation Strategy

Reading Approach

Begin with the standard regulatory framework for GM crops and Biofuels in textbooks. Then, overlay the 2025-26 updates: replace '20% target by 2030' with '2025-26' and add 'Genome Editing' as a separate regulatory track from 'GM'. Finish with the National Cooperation Policy 2025 objectives.

Textbook Roadmap

• Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed.), Chapter 11.8. GM Crops and GEAC regulation. Threads 5, 15, and 18 on Genome Editing vs GM
• Environment, Shankar IAS (10th ed.), Chapter 23.15. National Policy on Biofuels and Ethanol targets. Thread 22 on Isobutanol and E20 resistance
• Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania (2nd ed.), Chapter 9. Livestock rearing and non-farm employment. Thread 4 and 11 on Circular Economy in Dairy

Revision Bullets

• Agri-export target: USD 100 Billion within four years.
• National Cooperation Policy 2025: Launched July 24, 2025; aims to triple GDP share by 2034.
• Bacillus subtilis: First State Microbe of India (Kerala).
• TnpB system: Indigenous genome-editing tool developed by ICAR-CRRI.
• AgriStack: The digital foundation integrating land records, farmer IDs, and crop data.
• Mission SAKSHAM: RBI-led capacity building for cooperative banks.
• Bio-CNG target: 20% increase in farmers' income via dairy circular economy.

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (24 themes, 89 news items)

Digital Transformation of Indian Agriculture

Focus: A concerted series of government initiatives, strategic roadmaps, and specific AI tools (AgriStack, CROPIC, VISTAAR) aimed at digitizing India's agricultural ecosystem.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the multi-layered implementation of the Digital Agriculture Mission, connecting policy frameworks, startup incubation, and grassroots AI applications.

7 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-20 [Agriculture] — Maharashtra CM Emphasizes AI's Role in Climate-Resilient Agriculture
  The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Devendra Fadnavis, emphasized the significant role that artificial intelligence (AI) can play in fostering climate-resilient agricultural practices. He referred to the state's MahaVISTAAR AI initiative, which aims to offer a comprehensive solution for farmers and currently has approximately 2.5 million farmers utilizing its app.
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  UPSC Angle: AI's role in climate-resilient agriculture emphasized by Maharashtra CM.

  Key Facts:

  • CM Devendra Fadnavis emphasized AI's role in climate-resilient agriculture.
  • The state's MahaVISTAAR AI initiative has approximately 2.5 million farmers utilizing its app.
• 2026-02-03 [Agriculture] — Bharat-VISTAAR: AI Tool for Agriculture
  'Bharat-VISTAAR' (Virtually Integrated System to Access Agricultural Resources) is a multilingual AI tool that will integrate the AgriStack portals and the ICAR package on agricultural practices with AI systems. This initiative aims to enhance farm productivity, improve farmer decision-making, and reduce risk through customized advisory support. Agri Stack is the digital foundation being set up by the government to improve agriculture in India.
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  UPSC Angle: 'Bharat-VISTAAR': AI tool integrating AgriStack portals and ICAR practices.

  Key Facts:

  • 'Bharat-VISTAAR' (Virtually Integrated System to Access Agricultural Resources) is a multilingual AI tool
  • It shall integrate the AgriStack portals and the ICAR package on agricultural practices with AI systems
  • It will enhance farm productivity, will lead to better farmer decision making and reduce risk through customized advisory support for the farmer
  • Agri Stack is the digital foundation being set up by the government to make it easier to bring various stakeholders together to improve agriculture in India
• 2025-11-05 [Agriculture] — India's Roadmap for Agriculture
  India developed a roadmap in collaboration with Boston Consulting Group (BCG), Google, and Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) to enhance agricultural resilience, inclusive rural prosperity, and promote India's international competitiveness in agri-tech innovation. The roadmap presents a vision to adopt frontier technologies such as climate resilient seeds, digital twins, precision agriculture, agentic Artificial Intelligence (AI), and modernized mechanization to improve agricultural productivity, sustainability and increase farmers' income.
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  UPSC Angle: India's roadmap for agriculture with BCG, Google, and CII.

  Key Facts:

  • Boston Consulting Group (BCG): Co-partner in developing roadmap
  • Google: Co-partner in developing roadmap
  • Confederation of Indian Industry (CII): Co-partner in developing roadmap
  • Climate resilient seeds: Frontier technology to be adopted
  • Digital twins: Frontier technology to be adopted
  • Precision agriculture: Frontier technology to be adopted
  • Agentic Artificial Intelligence (AI): Frontier technology to be adopted
  • Modernized mechanization: Frontier technology to be adopted
• 2025-09-03 [Schemes & Programs] — APEDA Launches BHARATI Initiative for Agri-food Startups
  The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) has launched the BHARATI initiative to support 100 agri-food startups and target $50 billion agri-food exports by 2030. The initiative aims to drive innovation in high-value categories such as GI-tagged agri-products, organic foods, superfoods, novel processed Indian agri-foods, livestock products and AYUSH products.
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  UPSC Angle: APEDA launches BHARATI initiative for agri-food startups.

  Key Facts:

  • BHARATI stands for Bharat's Hub for Agritech, Resilience, Advancement and Incubation for Export Enablement.
  • It is a national startup-support and export-acceleration platform for India's agri-food and agri-tech ecosystem.
  • The initiative aims to support 100 agri-food startups.
  • Target: $50 billion agri-food exports by 2030.
  • BHARATI initiative
  • APEDA
  • 100 agri-food startups
  • $50 billion agri-food exports by 2030
  • Bharat's Hub for Agritech, Resilience, Advancement and Incubation for Export Enablement
  • 3-month training on product development, export readiness, compliance, and market access
  • Nationwide awareness campaign
  • AI-based quality checks
  • Blockchain-enabled traceability
  • IoT-enabled cold chains
  • Agri-fintech solutions
• 2025-06-28 [Agriculture] — India's Agritech Sector Boosted by AI, Policy and Investment
  India's agritech sector is experiencing rapid growth, driven by policy support, increased capital flow, and the adoption of AI and blockchain technologies. The agriculture budget has increased by 15% to ₹1.73 lakh crore, focusing on integrating AI, IoT, and blockchain to boost farm incomes and improve price stability. The RBI's repo rate cut to 6.25% has further eased liquidity and catalyzed funding for agritech startups.
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  UPSC Angle: Agritech sector boosted by AI, policy, and increased investment.

  Key Facts:

  • Agriculture budget increased by 15%
  • ₹1.73 lakh crore
  • Artificial Intelligence (AI)
  • Internet of Things (IoT)
  • Blockchain
  • RBI repo rate cut to 6.25%
• 2025-06-13 [Schemes & Programs] — CROPIC Initiative for Crop Monitoring
  The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare will soon launch the CROPIC initiative under the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY). CROPIC (Collection of Real-Time Observations & Photo of Crops) uses AI and computer vision to monitor crop health and automate crop loss assessment for faster insurance claim payments. Farmers will upload field photos via a mobile app, enabling analysis of crop type, stage, and damage extent.
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  UPSC Angle: CROPIC initiative under PMFBY for crop monitoring to be launched.

  Key Facts:

  • CROPIC
  • Collection of Real-Time Observations & Photo of Crops
  • Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
  • Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)
  • Uses AI and computer vision
  • Mobile app for farmers to upload field photos
  • Analysis of crop type, stage, and damage extent
• 2025-06-03 [Agriculture] — India's First International Agri Hackathon in Pune
  Pune hosted India's first international agriculture hackathon from June 1-3, 2025, organized by the Government of Maharashtra. The event aimed to foster collaboration between researchers and real-world applications for climate-resilient farming. The hackathon focused on integrating technologies like AI, IoT, and data-driven insights to address challenges faced by Indian farmers.
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  UPSC Angle: India's first international agriculture hackathon held in Pune.

  Key Facts:

  • The closing ceremony was attended by Union Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan, Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis, and Deputy Chief Minister Eknath Shinde.
  • Out of 1,800 initial registrations, 140 projects were shortlisted.
  • 551 entries were received across categories, including AI applications, fertigation, farm mechanisation, water and soil management, and agri-economics.

Structural Transformation of India's Cooperative Sector

Focus: A concerted policy and operational push to modernize the cooperative ecosystem, involving the National Cooperation Policy 2025, NCDC funding schemes, and capacity-building frameworks.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the multi-pronged approach (policy, funding, digital infra, capacity building) used to align the cooperative sector with the 'Viksit Bharat' vision.

7 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-07 [Economy] — Mission SAKSHAM for Cooperative Banking Sector
  The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has proposed the launch of Mission SAKSHAM (Sahakari Bank Kshamta Nirman), a sector-wide capacity-building and certification framework for the cooperative banking sector.
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  UPSC Angle: RBI proposes Mission SAKSHAM for Cooperative Banking Sector.

  Key Facts:

  • Mission: SAKSHAM (Sahakari Bank Kshamta Nirman)
  • Authority: Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
  • Objective: Sector-wide capacity-building and certification framework for the cooperative banking sector
• 2026-01-20 [Polity & Governance] — National Cooperation Policy 2025
  Launched on 24 July 2025, the policy aligns cooperative development with Viksit Bharat 2047. It outlines 16 objectives across six mission pillars, focusing on governance reforms, digital readiness, inclusivity, market integration, and youth participation.
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  UPSC Angle: National Cooperation Policy 2025 aligns with Viksit Bharat 2047.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched on 24 July 2025
  • Aligns with Viksit Bharat 2047
  • Outlines 16 objectives
  • Six mission pillars: governance reforms, digital readiness, inclusivity, market integration, and youth participation
• 2025-12-29 [Polity & Governance] — National Cooperation Policy, 2025
  The National Cooperation Policy, launched in 2025 by the Ministry of Cooperation, aims to triple the cooperative sector's contribution to GDP by 2034. It aims to include at least 50 crore people under cooperatives, focusing on Dalits, Adivasis, and women, and targets having at least one cooperative organization in every village in India.
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  UPSC Angle: National Cooperation Policy aims to triple cooperative sector's GDP contribution.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched in: 2025
  • Nodal Ministry: The Ministry of Cooperation
  • Objective: To triple the cooperative sector's contribution to GDP by 2034
  • Target: To include at least 50 crore people under the ambit of cooperatives
  • Focus: Dalits, Adivasis and women
  • Aim: To have at least one cooperative organization in every village in India
• 2025-11-06 [Economy] — NCDC's Role in India's Cooperative Economy
  The National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) is playing a key role in India's cooperative resurgence by promoting and strengthening cooperatives in agriculture and allied sectors through financial and technical support. As of October 2025, NCDC disbursed ₹49,799.06 crore in FY 2025–26 and ₹95,182.88 crore in FY 2024–25. The launch of the National Cooperation Policy 2025 aligns with Viksit Bharat 2047 and Sahkar se Samriddhi vision.
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  UPSC Angle: NCDC promotes cooperatives in agriculture and allied sectors.

  Key Facts:

  • NCDC disbursed ₹49,799.06 crore as of October 2025 in FY 2025–26
  • NCDC disbursed ₹95,182.88 crore in FY 2024–25
  • Financial assistance in FY 2014-15 was ₹5,735.51 crore, increasing to ₹95,182.88 crore in FY 2024-25
  • New Central Sector “Grant-in-Aid to NCDC Scheme” (2025–29) approved with ₹2,000 crore outlay, leveraging ₹20,000 crore market funding
  • National Cooperation Policy 2025 launched, aligning with Viksit Bharat 2047 and “Sahkar se Samriddhi”
  • NCDC is a statutory body established in 1963 under the National Cooperative Development Corporation Act, 1962
  • Administrative Ministry: Ministry of Cooperation
  • Cumulative financial assistance in the sugar sector as of March 2025 was ₹33,311.79 crore
  • NCDC disbursed ₹4,823.68 crore for women cooperatives from FY 2021 to FY 2025
  • SC/ST cooperatives received ₹57.78 crore from FY 2021 to FY 2025
• 2025-09-15 [Schemes & Programs] — Nandini Sahakar Yojana
  The Nandini Sahakar Yojana is designed to provide financial assistance for the growth and modernization of cooperative institutions, particularly in the dairy sector, without any minimum or maximum financial limit. The scheme includes capacity development and project formulation components to enhance operational efficiency and long-term sustainability.
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  UPSC Angle: Nandini Sahakar Yojana supports growth and modernization of dairy cooperatives.

  Key Facts:

  • Nandini Sahakar Yojana
  • financial assistance
  • cooperative institutions
  • dairy sector
  • capacity development
  • project formulation
• 2025-08-23 [Economy] — UIDAI Introduces Aadhaar-Based Authentication for Cooperative Banks
  The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) introduced a new framework to onboard Cooperative banks and enable them to deliver Aadhaar-based authentication services. The initiative is part of the observance of the International Year of Cooperatives (IYC2025). The framework covers 34 Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) and 352 District Central Cooperative Banks (DCCBs).
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  UPSC Angle: UIDAI enables Aadhaar authentication for cooperative banks.

  Key Facts:

  • UIDAI introduced Aadhaar-based authentication framework for Cooperative Banks
  • Part of the observance of the International Year of Cooperatives (IYC2025)
  • Covers 34 SCBs and 352 DCCBs
  • Banks need to register as Authentication User Agencies (AUA) and eKYC User Agencies (KUA)
• 2025-08-03 [Schemes & Programs] — NCDC launches Swayamshakti Sahakar Yojna and Nandini Sahakar for Women-Led Cooperatives
  The National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) launched the Swayamshakti Sahakar Yojna and the Nandini Sahakar to empower women-led cooperatives. Swayamshakti Sahakar Yojna provides low-cost credit to women-led Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and cooperatives for sustainable livelihood projects, targeting PACS, DCCBs, StCBs, and federated SHG cooperatives, enhancing financial inclusion and self-reliance among rural women. Nandini Sahakar offers comprehensive support, including financial aid, capacity building, and business model development.
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  UPSC Angle: NCDC schemes empower women-led cooperatives with low-cost funding.

  Key Facts:

  • Swayamshakti Sahakar Yojna launched by NCDC provides low-cost credit to women-led SHGs and cooperatives
  • Nandini Sahakar offers financial aid, capacity building, and business model development
  • Targets Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS), District Central Cooperative Banks (DCCBs), State Cooperative Banks (StCBs), and federated SHG cooperatives

Modernization of India's Agri-Meteorological and Remote Sensing Infrastructure

Focus: The integration of ground-based observatories, high-resolution satellite frameworks, and advanced dynamical grid modeling to provide localized weather and crop advisories for Indian agriculture.

UPSC Value: Highlights the role of indigenous S&T in achieving food security and climate resilience through precision agriculture and localized forecasting (GS Paper 3).

5 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-09 [Geography] — Critical Zone Observatory of Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute
  The Critical Zone Observatory of Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute became fully operational in 2022 with support from the National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS). It is one of three such observatories in India and the only one in Tamil Nadu.
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  UPSC Angle: Critical Zone Observatory of Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute is operational.

  Key Facts:

  • Established under Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU)
  • Support from the National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS)
  • Became fully operational in 2022
  • One of three such observatories in India and the only one in Tamil Nadu
  • Records weather parameters, soil moisture and direct air–surface fluxes
• 2025-09-24 [Science & Technology] — Direct Broadcast Network (DBNet) Stations
  The National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with New Space India Limited (NSIL) to establish two Direct Broadcast Network (DBNet) stations in Delhi/NCR and Chennai.
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  UPSC Angle: NCMRWF and NSIL to establish Direct Broadcast Network (DBNet) stations.

  Key Facts:

  • Parties involved: National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) and New Space India Limited (NSIL)
  • Location of DBNet stations: Delhi/NCR and Chennai
• 2025-08-09 [Science & Technology] — India's Advanced Weather Forecasting System: Bharat Forecast System
  The Union Minister of State for Science and Technology, Earth Sciences informed the Rajya Sabha about the Bharat Forecast System, an indigenously built advanced weather forecasting system based on the Triangular Cubic Octahedral (TCo) dynamical grid, operating at a 6 km horizontal resolution. Developed by scientists from Indian institutions like IITM-Pune, NCMRWF-Noida and the India Meteorological Department (IMD), it enables India to upgrade its meteorological services and support neighboring countries, reinforcing regional leadership and self-reliance. The localized forecasts cater to clusters of panchayats/villages.
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  UPSC Angle: Bharat Forecast System: Indigenously built advanced weather forecasting system.

  Key Facts:

  • Bharat Forecast System is an indigenously built advanced weather forecasting system.
  • Based on the newly implemented Triangular Cubic Octahedral (TCo) dynamical grid.
  • Operates at 6 km horizontal resolution.
  • Developed by IITM-Pune, NCMRWF-Noida and the India Meteorological Department (IMD).
  • Supercomputing facilities Arka (IITM-Pune) and Arunika (NCMRWF-Noida) enabled the model to be used for real-time weather prediction.
• 2025-08-04 [Agriculture] — Government Initiative for Farmers
  An initiative under the Government of India's Monsoon Mission III will provide farmers with timely, actionable recommendations for decisions such as sowing, irrigation, and pest management. The project will first be implemented in Maharashtra through ICAR’s Agro-Meteorological Field Units (AMFUs) to reach smallholder farmers.
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  UPSC Angle: Government initiative provides farmers with timely, actionable recommendations.

  Key Facts:

  • Initiative under Monsoon Mission III
  • Will provide recommendations for sowing, irrigation, and pest management
  • Implemented in Maharashtra through ICAR’s Agro-Meteorological Field Units (AMFUs)
• 2025-04-21 [Agriculture] — ISRO's Crop Monitoring Framework
  ISRO's satellites, under the Comprehensive Remote Sensing Observation on Crop Progress (CROP) framework, have forecasted India's wheat production at 122.724 million tonnes for the Rabi season 2024-25 across eight major wheat-growing states. CROP is a semi-automated remote sensing framework developed by the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) to monitor crop sowing, growth, and harvesting in near real-time, supporting agricultural planning and food security strategies.
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  UPSC Angle: ISRO forecasts India's wheat production at 122.724 million tonnes.

  Key Facts:

  • Wheat production forecast: 122.724 million tonnes for Rabi season 2024-25.
  • Framework developed by: National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), ISRO.
  • ISRO
  • Comprehensive Remote Sensing Observation on Crop Progress (CROP)
  • 2024-25
  • Rabi season
  • 122.724 million tonnes
  • EOS-04
  • EOS-06
  • Resourcesat-2A
  • National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC)

Strategic Roadmaps for Indian Agriculture

Focus: Reports and policy papers outlining long-term strategies for crop diversification, productivity, and reform in the agricultural sector.

UPSC Value: Essential for GS-3 (Agriculture), covering crop diversification (millets/pulses) and long-term policy vision (2047).

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-10 [Economy] — NITI Aayog Review of Agricultural Reforms
  NITI Aayog released a comprehensive review of agricultural reforms implemented over the past two years, focusing on farmer income and MSP mechanisms.
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  UPSC Angle: NITI Aayog review of agricultural reforms.

  Key Facts:

  • NITI Aayog released a comprehensive review of agricultural reforms implemented over the past two years.
  • The review focuses on farmer income and MSP mechanisms.
• 2025-09-05 [Agriculture] — NITI Aayog's Recommendations for Pulse Production
  NITI Aayog's roadmap emphasizes tailored interventions for different states and districts to boost productivity and sustainability, including encouraging region-specific crop clusters to optimize cultivation and promoting customized farming technologies suited for varied agro-ecological sub-regions. India's pulse production is projected to reach 30.59 MT by 2030 and 45.79 MT by 2047, aligning with the nation's long-term goal of food security and reduced import reliance.
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  UPSC Angle: NITI Aayog recommendations for pulse production.

  Key Facts:

  • Pulse production target: 30.59 MT by 2030
  • Pulse production target: 45.79 MT by 2047
• 2025-09-05 [Agriculture] — India's Path to Atmanirbharta in Millets
  NITI Aayog released a report highlighting broader lessons for self-reliance in food crops, including millets, which share similar challenges of productivity, price stability, and sustainability. India produces about 41% of global millets, making it the largest producer with ~16 million tonnes annually; however, per capita millet consumption has fallen from 32 kg/year in the 1960s to ~4 kg/year today.
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  UPSC Angle: NITI Aayog report on Atmanirbharta in Millets.

  Key Facts:

  • India's millet production share: ~41% of global production
  • India's annual millet production: ~16 million tonnes
  • Millet consumption decline: 32 kg/year (1960s) to ~4 kg/year (today)
  • Top millet-producing states: Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh
• 2025-04-15 [Agriculture] — Policy Paper on Indian Agriculture to 2047 Released
  A policy paper titled “Indian Agriculture to 2047” released by ICAR-National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (NIAP) highlighted the transformation in India's agri-food system over the past six decades. The paper suggests reforms such as phasing out electricity subsidies, using nano-fertilizers, and adopting sustainable practices like crop rotation and intercropping. It also calls for greater investment in agricultural research and development, strengthening market infrastructure and value chains, and reforming agricultural price policies.
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  UPSC Angle: Policy Paper on Indian Agriculture to 2047 released by NIAP.

  Key Facts:

  • Released by ICAR-National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (NIAP)
  • Share of animal husbandry and fisheries in agricultural GVA increased to 31% and 7% in 2022-23
  • Agricultural land is declining due to population growth, urbanization, and industrialization

Evolution of India's Food Systems: Nutrition, Safety, and Innovation

Focus: Items focusing on the qualitative shift in India's food landscape from basic security to nutritional enhancement, safety regulation, and future food sources.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding the 'Eat Right' policy framework, the need for nutritional security over food security, and the role of FSSAI.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-14 [Agriculture] — What an edible insects stall revealed about food acceptance
  An edible insects stall provides insights into food systems, nutrition innovation, and cultural behavior. This is relevant for UPSC covering food systems and nutrition.
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  UPSC Angle: Edible insects stall reveals insights into food systems and nutrition.

  Key Facts:

  • Food systems
  • nutrition innovation
  • culture & behaviour
• 2025-11-10 [Economy] — Nutritional Transformation Needed in India
  India must shift from food security to nutritional security, as child undernutrition remains high even as diets and incomes change. The path forward is a sustainable, nutrient-rich food system where functional foods and smart proteins help close protein and micronutrient gaps without worsening environmental stress. Functional foods are enriched or fortified foods designed to promote health or prevent disease and rely on advanced technologies such as nutrigenomics, bio-fortification, bioprocessing, and 3D food printing.
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  UPSC Angle: India needs to shift from food security to nutritional security.

  Key Facts:

  • India must shift from food security to nutritional security.
  • Functional foods are enriched or fortified foods designed to promote health or prevent disease.
  • Supporting technologies: nutrigenomics, bio-fortification, bioprocessing, and 3D food printing.
• 2025-09-29 [Schemes & Programs] — Union Health Minister inaugurates Global Food Regulators Summit 2025
  Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare, Shri Jagat Prakash Nadda, inaugurated the third edition of the Global Food Regulators Summit 2025 in New Delhi. The summit, organized by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), centers on the theme “Evolving Food Systems- Yatha Annam Tatha Manah,” emphasizing the connection between food quality and mental health. The event included the launch of the 'Eat Right Thali' book by FSSAI, showcasing India's culinary heritage and nutritional wisdom.
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  UPSC Angle: Global Food Regulators Summit 2025 held in New Delhi.

  Key Facts:

  • Event: Global Food Regulators Summit 2025
  • Inaugurated by: Shri Jagat Prakash Nadda, Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare
  • Organized by: Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)
  • Location: Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi
  • Theme: “Evolving Food Systems- Yatha Annam Tatha Manah (यथा अन्नं तथा मनः)
  • Launched: 'Eat Right Thali' book by FSSAI
  • PM Modi's call to action: Reduce edible oil consumption by 10%
  • Event: Global Food Regulators Summit (GFRS) 2025
  • Host: Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)
  • Dates: September 26-27, 2025
  • Theme: “Evolving Food Systems- Yatha Annam Tatha Manah”
• 2025-07-10 [Schemes & Programs] — Eat Right India Movement
  The Eat Right India movement aims to revolutionize the food supply chain by integrating policy, public awareness, private partnerships, and tech innovation to ensure safe, healthy, and sustainable food for all, aligning with India's 2030 Agenda.
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  UPSC Angle: Eat Right India movement aims for safe, healthy, sustainable food.

  Key Facts:

  • 25 lakh food handlers trained via FoSTaC
  • 249 Clean Street Food Hubs certified across 15 States/UTs

Domestic Agricultural Production and Sustainability Initiatives

Focus: Updates on India's domestic crop production targets, sustainable farming practices (organic/ethanol), and policy frameworks for farmer welfare.

UPSC Value: Provides a snapshot of domestic agricultural trends, including productivity data, sustainability shifts, and gender-inclusive policies.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-13 [Agriculture] — Rajasthan's First Fully Organic Village Body
  Bamanwas Kankar Panchayat in Rajasthan has become the first fully organic village body in the state, encompassing seven hamlets. Organic farming avoids synthetic inputs and relies on natural resources for nutrient management and eco-friendly pest control. This promotes safe food production, lowers costs, improves soil health and helps mitigate climate change.
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  UPSC Angle: Rajasthan's Bamanwas Kankar Panchayat is first fully organic village body.

  Key Facts:

  • Bamanwas Kankar Panchayat is the first fully organic village body in Rajasthan
  • Covers seven hamlets in Kotputli–Behror district
  • Committed to 100% organic farming and eco-friendly animal husbandry
  • Covers seven hamlets
• 2025-09-24 [Agriculture] — India's Ethanol Blending Target
  India's target is 20% ethanol blending by 2025–26, with maize being increasingly diverted for ethanol production. Maize acreage increased by 10.5 lakh hectares in the recent Kharif season, and annual maize production (2024–25) is ~50 million tonnes.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's target is 20% ethanol blending by 2025–26.

  Key Facts:

  • India's target: 20% ethanol blending by 2025–26
  • Maize acreage increased by 10.5 lakh hectares in recent Kharif season
  • Annual maize production (2024–25): ~50 million tonnes
  • Top Maize Producing States (2023–24): Karnataka (~15%), Madhya Pradesh (~12%), Maharashtra (~10%), Bihar (~9%)
• 2025-06-10 [Agriculture] — Women in Agriculture
  The UN General Assembly declared 2026 as the International Year of the Woman Farmer, highlighting the crucial role of women in agriculture. Women farmers produce nearly half of the global food supply and contribute 60–80% of food production in developing countries, yet they face challenges such as limited land ownership, credit access, and climate-related vulnerabilities.
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  UPSC Angle: UN declares 2026 as International Year of the Woman Farmer.

  Key Facts:

  • UN declares 2026 as International Year of the Woman Farmer
  • Women make up 39% of agricultural labour in South Asia, including India
  • Around 80% of working women in India are engaged in agriculture
  • Only 14% of women in India own land
• 2025-04-30 [Agriculture] — Mango Productivity in India
  In 2024-25, mango productivity in India is expected to be 9.4 MT per hectare, higher than China (8.74 MT/Ha) and Thailand (8.36 MT/Ha). India is the largest producer of Mango in the world followed by China. Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer in India followed by Andhra Pradesh and Bihar.
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  UPSC Angle: India's mango productivity is higher than China and Thailand in 2024-25.

  Key Facts:

  • Mango productivity in India is expected to be 9.4 MT per hectare in 2024-25
  • India is the largest producer of Mango in the world
  • Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer in India

Agricultural Sector Policy and Development

Focus: Items detailing structural updates, financial initiatives, and historical context regarding India's agricultural and allied sectors.

UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing the economic framework of Indian agriculture, including credit flow, cooperative movements, and growth trends.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-31 [Economy] — Multi-State Cooperative Societies Registered
  Under sustainability and circularity in the dairy sector, Cooperative Inputs and Services Delivery Multi-State Limited has been registered on 31.12.2025. This society aims to enhance the productivity of dairy animals and improve the profitability of dairy farmers by ensuring timely access to affordable, quality inputs and essential support services. Gomay Sahkari Samiti Multi-State Limited has also been registered on 31.12.2025 and aims to promote manure management practices.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Cooperative Inputs and Services Delivery Multi-State Limited registered.

  Key Facts:

  • Cooperative Inputs and Services Delivery Multi-State Limited registered on 31.12.2025.
  • Gomay Sahkari Samiti Multi-State Limited registered on 31.12.2025.
• 2025-10-18 [Economy] — Enhanced Agricultural Credit
  The Union Finance Minister has urged rural banks to increase agricultural credit disbursement to meet the evolving financial needs of New Rural India. This call to action occurred during a review of the performance of Karnataka Grameena Bank (KaGB) in Ballari, emphasizing the need to support rural growth through enhanced financial accessibility.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Finance Minister urges rural banks to increase agricultural credit disbursement.

  Key Facts:

  • Issued by: Union Finance Minister
  • Addressed to: Rural banks
  • Objective: Enhance agricultural credit disbursement
  • Context: Review of Karnataka Grameena Bank (KaGB) performance in Ballari
• 2025-06-28 [Schemes & Programs] — PIB Highlights: Tribal Affairs and Agriculture
  The Ministry of Tribal Affairs successfully organized a two-day National Conference “Adi Anveshan” in New Delhi on June 26th and 27th, 2025. The conference focused on building an institutional culture of responsive governance and stressed the importance of reflecting tribal communities' lived realities in new schemes. Agriculture and allied sectors have shown substantial growth, with the Gross Value Added (GVA) increasing from ₹1,502 thousand crore in 2011-12 to ₹4,878 thousand crore in 2023-24.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Ministry of Tribal Affairs organized “Adi Anveshan” on 26th and 27th June 2025, at Vanijya Bhawan, New Delhi.
  • GVA of agriculture and allied sectors grew by about 225%, from ₹1,502 thousand crore in 2011-12 to ₹4,878 thousand crore in 2023-24.
• 2025-03-15 [Agriculture] — Green Revolution's Impact on Indian Agriculture
  The Green Revolution transformed Indian agriculture by increasing food production, introducing HYV seeds, expanding irrigation, promoting farm mechanization, and ensuring income security through Minimum Support Price (MSP). Wheat output rose from 12 million tonnes (1965) to 110 million tonnes (2023), and rice from 35 million tonnes (1960) to 138 million tonnes. It addressed food insecurity and reduced dependency on imports.
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  UPSC Angle: Green Revolution transformed Indian agriculture.

  Key Facts:

  • Wheat output increase: 12 million tonnes (1965) to 110 million tonnes (2023)
  • Rice output increase: 35 million tonnes (1960) to 138 million tonnes
  • Key areas: Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh
  • Bhakra-Nangal Dam
  • Minimum Support Price (MSP)

Advancements in India's Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Framework

Focus: Specific policy milestones, regulatory reforms, and research shifts managed by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and agricultural bodies regarding genetic engineering and bio-economy initiatives in 2025.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding the evolution of biotechnology regulation (GM vs. Genome Editing) and the government's strategy for the BioE3 (Economy, Environment, and Employment) sector.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-18 [Science & Technology] — D.E.S.I.G.N for BioE3 Challenge December Cycle Closing
  The D.E.S.I.G.N for BioE3 Challenge, launched by the Minister of State for Science and Technology, is open for a year, with the December cycle closing on December 20, 2025. The challenge aims to empower youth to solve critical issues, with a focus on Biotechnology for Economy, Environment and Employment (BioE3).
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Challenge: D.E.S.I.G.N for BioE3 Challenge
  • Launched by: Minister of State for Science and Technology
  • December cycle closes: December 20, 2025
  • Theme: Empowering Youth to Solve Critical Issues of their TIMES
  • Focus: Biotechnology for Economy, Environment and Employment (BioE3)
• 2025-12-17 [Science & Technology] — Department of Biotechnology (DBT) Achievements in 2025
  The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) released its Year-Ender 2025, showcasing major milestones that strengthened biotechnology as a key pillar of India's economic, health, agricultural and scientific growth. The bio-economy crossed billion, and new initiatives were launched in genomics, biomanufacturing, health and agriculture.
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  UPSC Angle: DBT Year-Ender 2025: Biotechnology as key pillar of India's growth.

  Key Facts:

  • Launch of D.E.S.I.G.N for BioE3 Challenge to empower youth innovators.
  • DBT–IndiaAI MoU to integrate biotechnology with artificial intelligence.
  • Regulatory reforms including Guidelines on Genetically Engineered Plants (Stacked Events), 2025.
• 2025-11-28 [Agriculture] — India's Shift to Genome Editing in Agriculture
  India is shifting from GM crops to genome editing, with targeted support through the National Agricultural Science Fund and a dedicated allocation (₹500 crore) in the 2023–24 Union Budget for GE research. ICAR has mapped hundreds of target genes, enabling precise trait engineering for yield, stress tolerance, nutrition, and disease resistance.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's Shift to Genome Editing in Agriculture.

  Key Facts:

  • Genome Editing
  • National Agricultural Science Fund
  • ₹500 crore
  • 2023–24 Union Budget
  • ICAR
  • 178 genes across 24 field crops
  • 43 genes in horticultural crops
• 2025-03-22 [Agriculture] — DBT official says there is progress on GM food crops
  Ahead of Supreme Court hearings on genetically modified (GM) food crops, the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) stated that there was "progress" in the field. DBT Secretary Rajesh Gokhale mentioned that GM mustard stories are being taken up again. The DBT has been funding research and development into transgenic and GM food crops for years.
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  UPSC Angle: DBT says there is progress on genetically modified (GM) food crops.

  Key Facts:

  • Department of Biotechnology (DBT)
  • Rajesh Gokhale, DBT Secretary
  • GM mustard
  • DBT Secretary Rajesh Gokhale said there was “progress” on GM food crops.
  • GM mustard stories are being taken up again.

India's Edible Oil Self-Reliance and Import Management

Focus: Policy interventions and market data focused on increasing domestic oilseed production while managing high import dependency through duties and missions.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding food security, the National Mission on Edible Oils (NMEO), and the trade-offs between domestic agricultural support and consumer price stability.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-10 [Schemes & Programs] — National Mission on Edible Oils-Oilseeds
  The National Mission on Edible Oils-Oilseeds, approved in 2024 for a seven-year period from 2024-25 to 2030-31, aims to improve productivity, seed quality, processing, and market linkages for traditional oilseed crops. It targets to increase oilseed production from 39 to 69.7 million tonnes by 2030–31 through cluster-based interventions and improved seed systems, with a focus on key primary oilseed crops such as Rapeseed-Mustard, Groundnut, Soybean, Sunflower, Sesamum, Safflower, Niger, Linseed and Castor.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: National Mission on Edible Oils-Oilseeds aims to improve productivity.

  Key Facts:

  • National Mission on Edible Oils-Oilseeds
  • 2024-25 to 2030-31
  • Increase oilseed production from 39 to 69.7 million tonnes by 2030–31
  • Rapeseed-Mustard
  • Groundnut
  • Soybean
  • Sunflower
  • Sesamum
  • Safflower
  • Niger
  • Linseed
  • Castor
• 2025-10-19 [Agriculture] — India's Edible Oil Production and Imports for 2025-26
  India's edible oil production is estimated to reach 9.6 million tonnes in the 2025-26 marketing year, covering approximately 40% of the country's needs. The nation will need to import around 16.7 million tonnes of cooking oils to meet domestic demand.
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  UPSC Angle: India's edible oil production covers ~40% of needs in 2025-26.

  Key Facts:

  • Edible oil production estimate: 9.6 million tonnes
  • Import requirement: 16.7 million tonnes
  • Import coverage of domestic demand: About 60%
  • Imports of palm oil: 8-8.5 million tonnes
  • Imports of soyabean oil: 5-5.5 million tonnes
  • Imports of sunflower oil: 2.8-3 million tonnes
• 2025-06-12 [Economy] — India's Crude Edible Oil Import Duty Reduced
  India has reduced the basic custom duty on major imported crude edible oils from 20% to 10%. Palm oil dominates the imported edible oils with a 57% share, followed by soybean oil at 29% and sunflower oil at 14%. Soybean contributes the most to domestic oilseed production with 34%, followed by rapeseed and mustard at 31%, and groundnut at 27%.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India reduced basic custom duty on crude edible oils to 10%.

  Key Facts:

  • Basic custom duty on imported crude edible oils reduced from 20% to 10%.
  • Palm oil accounts for 57% of imported edible oils.
  • Soybean contributes 34% to domestic oilseed production.
• 2025-06-04 [Economy] — Palm Oil Consumption and Production in India
  Palm oil imports in India have increased by 87% with expectations to rise from 6 lakh tons to 7.5 lakh tons in June and 8.5 lakh tons in July. India consumes 23 to 25 million tons of edible oil every year, with palm oil accounting for 8 to 10 million tons. Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Kerala account for 98% of India's total palm oil output.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Palm oil imports in India have increased by 87%.

  Key Facts:

  • Palm oil imports in India increased by 87%.
  • India consumes 23 to 25 million tons of edible oil every year, with 8 to 10 million tons being palm oil.
  • Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Kerala account for 98% of India's total palm oil output.
  • The national mission on edible oils that is oil palm was launched in 2021 to increase palm oil production.
  • Edible oil imports rose to 1.18 million tons in May
  • Palm oil imports increased by 87%

Institutional and Policy Drivers of Agricultural Modernization in India

Focus: Items focusing on the intersection of political leadership, international treaties, and institutional efforts to modernize Indian agriculture through technology transfer and resource management.

UPSC Value: Crucial for GS Paper III (Agriculture and Food Security) to understand the role of state-led initiatives and global frameworks in agricultural development.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-30 [Agriculture] — India Urged to Reject Expansions to Plant Genetic Resources Treaty
  Indian farmers and experts are urging the government to reject proposed expansions to the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. The International Treaty makes it possible to share plant genetic resources across borders through a Multilateral System of Access and Benefit-sharing (MLS). The MLS applies to 64 major crops and forages over which recipients cannot claim Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) or any other rights.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India urged to reject expansions to Plant Genetic Resources Treaty.

  Key Facts:

  • Treaty: International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
  • System: Multilateral System of Access and Benefit-sharing (MLS)
  • Crops Covered: 64 major crops and forages
  • IPR Restrictions: Recipients cannot claim Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
  • Benefit-sharing Fund (BSF): Supports agricultural projects for farmers, public institutions and others in developing countries
• 2025-08-20 [History & Heritage] — Green Revolution Success Factors
  Political leadership that valued scientific expertise was a crucial factor in the Green Revolution's success. Leaders like Lal Bahadur Shastri and C. Subramaniam recognised the importance of providing resources for field trials when bureaucrats were hesitant. M.S. Swaminathan's engagement with Norman Borlaug in Mexico, and his willingness to adapt foreign innovations to Indian conditions, exemplify how progress emerges from global scientific networks.
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  UPSC Angle: Political leadership valuing scientific expertise crucial for Green Revolution.

  Key Facts:

  • Leaders like Lal Bahadur Shastri and C. Subramaniam supported scientific ideas
  • M.S. Swaminathan's engagement with Norman Borlaug was key
• 2025-07-11 [Agriculture] — 11th India Maize Summit
  Union Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan inaugurated the 11th India Maize Summit in New Delhi, organized by FICCI and ICAR–Indian Institute of Maize Research. A plan to boost maize output, elevate farmer incomes, and promote sustainable maize farming across India was unveiled.
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  UPSC Angle: 11th India Maize Summit focuses on boosting maize output.

  Key Facts:

  • 11th India Maize Summit
  • Inaugurated by Shivraj Singh Chouhan in New Delhi
  • Organized by FICCI and ICAR–Indian Institute of Maize Research
• 2025-03-22 [Agriculture] — Agriculture Minister urges faster lab-to-field farm tech transfer
  Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan emphasized the need for faster transfer of farm technologies from laboratories to the fields to benefit farmers. He addressed the Indian Agricultural Research Institute's (IARI) 63rd convocation, stressing the adoption of agricultural machinery, smart farming, and advanced digital technologies.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Shivraj Singh Chouhan
  • Agriculture Minister
  • Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)
  • 63rd convocation

Agricultural Production and Export Strategy

Focus: Items connecting India's agricultural production capacity, food security measures, and the policy push to increase agri-exports.

UPSC Value: Connects the dots between domestic production (GS-3 Agriculture) and export ambitions (GS-3 Economy), highlighting the shift from food security to export-oriented growth.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-01 [Economy] — Economic Survey Recommends Aligning Policies for $100 Bn Agri-Export
  The Economic Survey 2025-26 recommended a stable agricultural export policy to reach USD 100 billion in agricultural exports within four years. India's agricultural exports reached USD 51.1 billion in FY25, registering a CAGR of 8.2% from FY20 to FY25, while the share of processed food exports rose to 20.4% in FY25. Despite being the world's second-largest agricultural producer, India accounts for only 2.2% of global agricultural exports and is the world's eighth-largest agricultural exporter by export value.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Economic Survey recommends aligning policies for $100 Bn agri-export.

  Key Facts:

  • Recommendation: Stable agricultural export policy
  • Target: USD 100 billion in agricultural exports within four years
  • FY25 Agricultural Exports: USD 51.1 billion
  • CAGR (FY20-FY25): 8.2%
  • Target of USD 100 billion in agricultural exports within four years
  • Agricultural exports reached USD 51.1 billion in FY25
  • CAGR of 8.2% from FY20 to FY25
  • Share of processed food exports: 20.4% in FY25
  • India accounts for 2.2% of global agricultural exports
  • India is the world's eighth-largest agricultural exporter
• 2025-11-04 [Schemes & Programs] — PM Modi Urges Shift to Nutrition Security
  PM Modi urged the scientific community to focus on moving from food security to nutrition security at the Emerging Science, Technology and Innovation Conclave (ESTIC) 2025. India has achieved record foodgrain production of 353.96 million tonnes in 2024-25, including 117.51 million tonnes of wheat and 149.07 million tonnes of rice. The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 ensures subsidized foodgrains to about 81.35 crore beneficiaries.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: PM Modi urges shift from food security to nutrition security.

  Key Facts:

  • India's foodgrain production in 2024-25: 353.96 million tonnes
  • Wheat production: 117.51 million tonnes
  • Rice production: 149.07 million tonnes
  • NFSA, 2013 covers 81.35 crore beneficiaries
• 2025-05-30 [Economy] — India's Agricultural Exports Reach ₹4.08 Trillion in 2023-24
  India has emerged as a major agricultural exporter, with exports reaching ₹4.08 trillion in 2023-24, highlighting agriculture's potential to drive India's growth as a developed nation by 2047. Strengthening agricultural research, education, and extension can significantly contribute to achieving this goal.
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  UPSC Angle: India's agricultural exports reached ₹4.08 trillion in 2023-24.

  Key Facts:

  • Value of agricultural exports: ₹4.08 trillion
  • Year: 2023-24
  • Goal: India to become a developed nation
  • Year: 2047
  • Enabling factors: Strengthening agricultural research, education, and extension

Advancements in Indian Microbiology and Biosecurity Policy

Focus: Developments concerning the scientific discovery, symbolic recognition, and regulatory safety frameworks of microorganisms and biological agents in India.

UPSC Value: Crucial for GS Paper III (Science and Technology) regarding indigenous pharmaceutical innovation, biosafety regulations, and public health awareness.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-27 [Science & Technology] — Kerala Declares Bacillus subtilis as State Microbe
  Kerala has declared Bacillus subtilis as its State Microbe to promote microbiome awareness. Kerala is the first state in India to officially designate a State Microbe.
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  UPSC Angle: Kerala declares Bacillus subtilis as State Microbe.

  Key Facts:

  • Kerala declared Bacillus subtilis as State Microbe
  • First state in India to officially designate a State Microbe
• 2025-12-17 [Defense & Security] — India's Biosecurity Framework
  Rapid advancements in biotechnology have increased the risk of the deliberate misuse of biological agents by state and non-state actors. Strengthening India's biosecurity framework is a critical national security priority. Biosecurity includes policies and practices to prevent the misuse of biological agents and toxins, safeguarding laboratories, preventing unauthorized access, and responding to disease outbreaks.
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  UPSC Angle: Strengthening India's biosecurity framework is a critical national priority.

  Key Facts:

  • Biosecurity: policies, practices, and institutional systems to prevent the intentional misuse of biological agents, toxins, or biotechnologies
  • Covers safeguarding laboratories handling dangerous pathogens
  • Prevents unauthorised access to biological materials
  • Detects and responds to deliberate disease outbreaks
• 2025-10-19 [Science & Technology] — India's First Indigenous Antibiotic: Nafithromycin
  The Union Science and Technology Minister announced the development of India's first indigenously discovered antibiotic, Nafithromycin, which was supported by the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC) and marketed under the trade name "Miqnaf". It is the first molecule entirely conceptualized, developed and clinically validated in India, marking a significant advancement in the country's pharmaceutical innovations.
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  UPSC Angle: India's first indigenous antibiotic, Nafithromycin, developed.

  Key Facts:

  • Nafithromycin: India's first indigenously discovered antibiotic
  • Developed with support from Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC)
  • Trade name: Miqnaf
  • First molecule entirely conceptualized, developed and clinically validated in India

Scientific and Pathological Developments in India's Spice and Plantation Sectors

Focus: Institutional research breakthroughs and biological threats affecting high-value commercial crops, specifically spices (turmeric, asafoetida) and plantation crops (coconut).

UPSC Value: Highlights the role of national research bodies (ICAR, CSIR) and environmental factors in ensuring the productivity and biosecurity of India's commercial agricultural sector.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-19 [Agriculture] — Coconut Root Wilt Disease
  The coconut root wilt disease, a phytoplasma threat with no cure, is rapidly destroying coconut plantations in South India. Predominantly affecting Kerala, with sporadic occurrence in parts of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, it is transmitted by insect vectors and wind, and is rapidly expanding due to climate change and new pest populations.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Coconut root wilt disease is destroying coconut plantations in South India.

  Key Facts:

  • Causal Agent: Phytoplasma (cell wall–less bacteria)
  • Major Affected Region: Predominantly Kerala; sporadic occurrence in parts of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka
  • First reported over 150 years ago from Erattupetta, Kerala
  • Spread: Transmitted by insect vectors (especially whiteflies) and wind
• 2025-06-10 [Agriculture] — Flowering and seed set of asafoetida (heeng) in Himachal Pradesh
  CSIR-IHBT reported the first flowering and seed set of asafoetida (heeng) at Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, confirming its successful acclimatisation and domestication in Indian soil. Asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida) is a perennial medicinal and culinary spice widely used in Indian cuisines.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: First flowering and seed set of asafoetida (heeng) in Himachal Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • Asafoetida (Heeng)
  • CSIR
  • Palampur
  • Ferula assa-foetida
  • Lahaul Valley
  • 2020
  • First flowering and seed set of asafoetida (heeng) at Palampur, Himachal Pradesh
  • CSIR-IHBT reported the event
  • Asafoetida is Ferula assa-foetida
• 2025-04-22 [Agriculture] — New Turmeric Variety Developed
  The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Institute of Spices Research (IISR) in Kozhikode (Kerala) has developed a new light-coloured turmeric variety named 'IISR Surya'. The new variety features a light-coloured rhizome that meets the specific requirements of the modern powdering (masala) industry.
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  UPSC Angle: IISR develops new light-colored turmeric variety 'IISR Surya'.

  Key Facts:

  • Developer: ICAR-IISR (Kozhikode, Kerala)
  • Variety name: IISR Surya
  • Feature: light-coloured rhizome

Modernization of India's Meteorological Infrastructure

Focus: National initiatives aimed at upgrading India's weather forecasting accuracy and climate readiness through advanced modeling, supercomputing, and dedicated policy missions.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding the technological shift in disaster management, agricultural planning, and the role of high-performance computing in governance.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-16 [Science & Technology] — Mission Mausam for Weather and Climate Services
  Launched in 2024 by the Ministry of Earth Sciences and implemented by IMD, NCMRWF, and IITM, Mission Mausam aims to improve weather and climate services. It ensures timely and precise observation, modeling, and forecasting for agriculture, disaster management, and rural development, with a key focus on cloud physics research.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Mission Mausam: Improve weather services via IMD, NCMRWF, IITM.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched by the Ministry of Earth Sciences in 2024
  • Implemented by the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), and the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM)
  • Aims to improve weather and climate services
  • Key focus is cloud physics research for effective weather modification
• 2025-09-24 [Schemes & Programs] — Mission Mausam
  Mission Mausam, approved by the Union Cabinet in September 2024, is a ₹2,000 crore initiative by the Ministry of Earth Sciences to make India “Weather Ready” and “Climate Smart”. It aims to enhance weather and climate forecasting, especially for sectors like agriculture and disaster management, by leveraging advanced technologies and promoting collaboration with national and global research bodies.
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  UPSC Angle: Mission Mausam: ₹2,000 crore initiative for weather readiness and climate smartness.

  Key Facts:

  • Approved: September 2024
  • Budget: ₹2,000 crore
  • Ministry: Ministry of Earth Sciences
• 2025-05-28 [Science & Technology] — Bharat Forecast System Launched for Hyper-Local Weather Prediction
  The Bharat Forecast System (BFS), a high-resolution weather prediction system, was launched to provide village-level weather forecasts with greater accuracy. Developed by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, the BFS uses indigenous technologies and computing infrastructure, operating at a 6 km x 6 km resolution, improving accuracy in extreme weather predictions and benefiting sectors like agriculture and disaster management. The project was spearheaded by a team of four women scientists at IITM.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Bharat Forecast System (BFS) launched for village-level weather prediction.

  Key Facts:

  • Bharat Forecast System (BFS) launched on May 26, 2025.
  • Developed by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune.
  • Provides 6 km x 6 km resolution forecasts.
  • Uses indigenous technologies and computing infrastructure.
  • Spearheaded by a team of four women scientists at IITM.
  • 30% improved accuracy in extreme rainfall forecasts.
  • 64% enhancement in accuracy within core rainfall zones.
  • Powered by India's supercomputer Arka (11.77 PetaFLOPS, 33 Petabyte storage).

Drone Integration in Indian Precision Agriculture

Focus: The application of drone technology and precision tools in Indian agriculture for resource optimization, crop management, and environmental restoration.

UPSC Value: Relevant for GS Paper III (Agriculture and Technology), highlighting how UAVs address resource scarcity and modernize farming practices.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-10 [Science & Technology] — AviSpray-10c Spraying Drone
  AvironiX Drones, a Chennai-based company, has developed AviSpray-10c, a compact, backpack-sized spraying drone designed for precision agriculture and crop spraying that can cover up to 5 acres per battery charge.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: AviSpray-10c spraying drone developed for precision agriculture.

  Key Facts:

  • AviSpray-10c
  • AvironiX Drones
  • Chennai
  • 5 acres per battery charge
  • Precision agriculture
  • Crop spraying
• 2025-08-14 [Science & Technology] — Drone-based Cloud Seeding in Rajasthan
  The state agriculture department of Rajasthan launched the first-ever drone-based cloud seeding experiment to address the water crisis in the region and revive the Ramgarh Lake.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Rajasthan launched first drone-based cloud seeding experiment to address water crisis.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Rajasthan
  • Purpose: To address the water crisis and revive Ramgarh Lake
  • Objective: Address the water crisis and revive Ramgarh Lake
• 2025-03-17 [Agriculture] — Adoption of Technology in Indian Agriculture
  Precision agriculture techniques are projected to cover 30 million hectares of Indian farmland by 2025. Key technologies transforming Indian agriculture include precision agriculture & IoT, digital platforms & mobile applications, mechanization & modern farm equipment, biotechnology & improved seed varieties, and environmental monitoring & traceability.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Precision agriculture projected to cover 30 million hectares by 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • Precision agriculture techniques
  • Projected to cover 30 million hectares by 2025
  • IoT devices enabling farmers to reduce fertilizers, pesticides, and water waste

Strategic Integration of Circular Economy in India's Dairy Sector

Focus: The convergence of national circular economy projections, district-level economic assessments, and specific dairy cooperative initiatives to enhance rural incomes and resource efficiency.

UPSC Value: Relevant for GS-III (Economics and Environment) regarding sustainable agriculture, doubling farmers' income, and the transition to a circular economy through the livestock sector.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-07 [Agriculture] — Circular Economy in India's Dairy Sector
  The Union Minister announced that a circular economy model in India's dairy sector could increase farmers' income by 20% in the next 5 years. This announcement was made during the inauguration of Banas Dairy's bio-CNG and fertilizer plant and the groundbreaking of its milk-powder plant in Gujarat. The government is strengthening the cooperative structure by creating three agriculture cooperatives and three dairy cooperatives.
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  UPSC Angle: Circular economy in India's dairy sector could increase farmers' income.

  Key Facts:

  • Potential income increase: 20% in 5 years
  • Location: Sanadar village, Vav-Tharad district (Gujarat)
  • Inauguration: Banas Dairy's bio-CNG and fertilizer plant
  • Banas Dairy: Asia’s largest dairy cooperative
  • Government Intervention: Creation of three agriculture cooperatives and three dairy cooperatives
  • 20%
  • 5 years
• 2025-03-12 [Economy] — District-Level GDP Estimation
  India's economic growth has long been assessed through national and state-level Gross Domestic Product (GDP) estimates, leaving districts (District Domestic Product (DDP) Estimation) overlooked in economic assessments. The State of Working India (SWI 2023) report highlights that the link between GDP growth and employment is weak at the national level, and this issue is even more pronounced at the district level.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: District-Level GDP Estimation: importance for economic planning.

  Key Facts:

  • India ranks 1st in milk production, contributing 24.76% of global production.
  • Milk production increased from 146.31 million tonnes (2014-15) to 239.30 million tonnes (2023-24), growing at a CAGR of 5.62%.
  • India ranks 2nd in egg production and 5th in meat production globally.
• 2025-03-05 [Economy] — India's Circular Economy Potential
  India's circular economy is projected to generate over $2 trillion in market value and create nearly 10 million jobs by 2050. India has expressed interest in hosting the World Circular Economy Forum 2026.
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  UPSC Angle: India's circular economy potential: $2T market value, 10M jobs by 2050.

  Key Facts:

  • Circular Economy
  • $2 Trillion Market Value
  • 10 Million Jobs
  • 2050
  • World Circular Economy Forum 2026

Technological Integration in Agricultural Risk Management

Focus: The use of satellite data, space-based forecasting, and digital reporting tools to enhance the efficiency and scope of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY).

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the application of 'Agri-Tech' and 'Digital Agriculture' in improving crop loss assessment, insurance timelines, and climate resilience.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-21 [Schemes & Programs] — PMFBY Expanded to Cover Wild Animal Attacks
  The Agriculture Ministry has expanded the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) coverage by officially recognising Wild Animal Attacks and Paddy Inundation as eligible causes of crop loss from Kharif 2026. Wild Animal Attack is included as the 5th Add-on Cover under Localised Risk. Farmers must report losses within 72 hours using the Crop Insurance App with geotagged photos.
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  UPSC Angle: PMFBY expands coverage to include wild animal attacks.

  Key Facts:

  • PMFBY expanded to cover Wild Animal Attacks and Paddy Inundation from Kharif 2026.
  • Wild Animal Attack is the 5th Add-on Cover under Localised Risk.
  • Farmers must report losses within 72 hours via Crop Insurance App with geotagged photos.
• 2025-08-16 [Agriculture] — FASAL Project for Agricultural Output Forecasting
  The FASAL (Forecasting Agricultural output using Space, Agro-meteorology and Land based observations) project is implemented by the Mahalanobis National Crop Forecast Centre under the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare. It covers various crops and provides drought monitoring and technological support to Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY).
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  UPSC Angle: FASAL project for agricultural output forecasting.

  Key Facts:

  • FASAL project implemented by Mahalanobis National Crop Forecast Centre.
  • Nodal ministry is Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare.
  • Provides drought monitoring and support to PMFBY.
• 2025-04-27 [Agriculture] — Crop Health Monitoring Pilot Project
  The Ministry of Agriculture commenced a pilot project on April 27, 2025, employing satellite data to monitor crop health and expedite crop insurance timelines. This initiative leverages advanced technology to provide more accurate and timely assessments of crop conditions, potentially improving the efficiency and effectiveness of agricultural insurance processes.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Crop health monitoring pilot project using satellite data.

  Key Facts:

  • Initiated by the Ministry of Agriculture
  • Uses satellite data to monitor crop health
  • Aims to improve crop insurance timelines
  • Started by the Ministry of Agriculture
  • Pilot project
  • Using satellite data
  • To monitor crop health
  • Improve crop insurance timelines
  • Ministry of Agriculture started a pilot project on April 27, 2025.
  • The project uses satellite data to monitor crop health.
  • The goal is to improve crop insurance timelines.

Advancements in Indian Agricultural Genetic Engineering

Focus: Developments involving the research, regulatory approval, and commercial launch of genome-edited (GE) and genetically modified (GM) crops within the Indian agricultural research ecosystem.

UPSC Value: Understanding the distinction between GE and GM crops and the role of institutions like ICAR and GEAC is vital for Science & Technology and Food Security topics.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-20 [Science & Technology] — Indigenous TnpB Genome-Editing System Developed
  Indian scientists at ICAR–Central Rice Research Institute developed a new genome-editing (GE) tool based on TnpB proteins, offering a low-cost, indigenous alternative. This compact TnpB protein can be easily delivered into cells via viral vectors, enabling desirable traits without introducing foreign genes.
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  UPSC Angle: Indigenous TnpB genome-editing system developed by Indian scientists.

  Key Facts:

  • Developed at ICAR–Central Rice Research Institute.
  • Uses TnpB proteins as a compact alternative to CRISPR-Cas systems.
  • TnpB is a hypercompact protein with 408 amino acids.
  • ICAR–Central Rice Research Institute developed a new genome-editing tool based on TnpB proteins.
• 2025-07-16 [Agriculture] — Confined Field Trials Approved for GM Maize
  The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) has approved confined field trials of two varieties of genetically modified (GM) maize at the Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) for the 2025 Kharif season. These trials are for research purposes only. The GM maize variants under trial introduce herbicide tolerance (HT) and insect resistance (BT) traits.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: GEAC approved confined field trials of GM maize at PAU.

  Key Facts:

  • Trials approved by GEAC
  • Trials to be conducted at Punjab Agricultural University (PAU)
  • Trials for the 2025 Kharif season
  • Traits being tested: herbicide tolerance (HT) and insect resistance (BT)
  • Varieties being tested were developed by Bayer
• 2025-05-06 [Agriculture] — Genome-Edited Rice Varieties Launched
  India has become the first country in the world to officially launch genome-edited rice varieties. Union Agriculture Minister Shri Shivraj Singh Chouhan unveiled two innovative rice strains—DRR Rice 100 (Kamla) and Pusa DST Rice 1—developed by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) using CRISPR-Cas technology. IET-32072 'Kamala' is based on Samba Mahsuri (BPT-5204), developed by the Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR) using CRISPR-Cas12 SDN-1 technology, edited Gn1a (cytokinin oxidase 2) gene to increase grains per panicle, yields an average of 5.37 tonnes/ha (potential up to 9 tonnes/ha), matures early in 130 days, and maintains the same cooking quality as the original.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India launches genome-edited rice varieties.

  Key Facts:

  • India is the first country to launch genome-edited rice varieties.
  • Two rice strains launched: DRR Rice 100 (Kamla) and Pusa DST Rice 1.
  • Developed by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) using CRISPR-Cas technology.
  • IET-32072 'Kamala' is based on Samba Mahsuri (BPT-5204).
  • IET-32072 'Kamala' was developed by the Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR) using CRISPR-Cas12 SDN-1 technology.
  • The edited Gn1a (cytokinin oxidase 2) gene increases grains per panicle.
  • IET-32072 'Kamala' yields an average of 5.37 tonnes/ha, with a potential of up to 9 tonnes/ha.
  • IET-32072 'Kamala' matures in 130 days.
  • Yield improvements in Inland salinity: 3.508 t/ha vs 3.199 t/ha (parent), Coastal salinity: 2.493 t/ha vs 1.912 t/ha, Alkaline conditions: 3.731 t/ha vs 3.254 t/ha.
  • The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has developed and released two genome-edited (GE) rice varieties.

Modernization of the Cooperative Sector

Focus: Amit Shah driving a specific agenda of digitization and structural reform across India's cooperative societies.

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking the Ministry of Cooperation's policy push towards 'Sahakar se Samriddhi' via technology.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-12 [Economy] — Urban Cooperative Banks Digital Transformation
  Union Cooperation Minister Amit Shah launched Sahakar Digi Pay and Sahakar Digi Loan to promote digital transformation in Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) at 'Co-op Kumbh 2025'. The 'Delhi Declaration 2025' was adopted, focusing on enhancing financial stability, governance, and digitization within the cooperative banking network. The government aims to establish a UCB in every Indian city with a population exceeding two lakh within the next five years.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Sahakar Digi Pay and Sahakar Digi Loan promote digital transformation in UCBs.

  Key Facts:

  • Sahakar Digi Pay and Sahakar Digi Loan mobile apps launched
  • 'Delhi Declaration 2025' adopted by the National Federation of Urban Cooperative Banks and Credit Societies (NAFCUB)
  • NPAs in urban cooperative banks declined from 2.8% to 0.6% in two years
  • Target to open at least one new UCB in every town with a population over two lakh within five years
• 2025-07-06 [Polity & Governance] — Amit Shah Calls for Transformation in Cooperative Sector
  Union Home and Cooperation Minister Amit Shah emphasized the need for a transformation in India's cooperative sector. Speaking at the Ministry of Cooperation's foundation day in Gujarat, Shah highlighted transparency, technology adoption, and member welfare as key pillars for success. He stated that technology is essential for the prosperity of cooperatives.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Amit Shah
  • Ministry of Cooperation
  • Amul Dairy
  • Anand, Gujarat
  • Foundation day
  • Gujarat
  • Transparency
  • Technology adoption
  • Member welfare
• 2025-04-18 [Polity & Governance] — Amit Shah Addresses State Level Cooperative Conference
  Union Minister Amit Shah addressed the State Level Cooperative Conference in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, emphasizing the importance of cooperative societies in India. The event was organized under the '2025 – International Cooperative Year'.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Amit Shah addresses cooperative conference, emphasizing cooperative societies.

  Key Facts:

  • Event: State Level Cooperative Conference
  • Location: Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
  • Addressed by: Union Minister Amit Shah
  • Organized under: '2025 – International Cooperative Year'

Advancements in Indian Animal Biotechnology

Focus: Recent milestones in India involving genetic engineering, cloning, and stem cell research specifically applied to animals and livestock.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates India's progress in high-end biotechnology applications for veterinary science, conservation, and agriculture.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-08 [Science & Technology] — Dog Cloned in India
  India saw its first successful dog cloning through private research collaboration using Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT). This development raises animal welfare and bioethics concerns, particularly regarding genetic abnormality risks.
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  UPSC Angle: India saw its first successful dog cloning using SCNT.

  Key Facts:

  • Dog cloned in India for the first time
  • Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) used
  • Cloning raises animal welfare concerns
  • Cloning raises bioethics concerns
  • Cloning has genetic abnormality risks
  • Cloning regulation falls under ICMR/DBT guidelines
• 2025-08-16 [Science & Technology] — New Stem Cell Centre for Livestock Established in Hyderabad
  A new stem cell centre has been established at the National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, under the Ministry of Science & Technology. The centre will focus on regenerative medicine and cellular therapies for livestock, and store high-quality stem cells from various animal species.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: New stem cell centre for livestock established in Hyderabad.

  Key Facts:

  • New stem cell centre established at NIAB, Hyderabad.
  • Focuses on regenerative medicine and cellular therapies for livestock.
  • Nodal ministry is the Ministry of Science & Technology.
• 2025-05-28 [Science & Technology] — Gene-Edited Sheep in Kashmir
  Researchers at Kashmir University have produced India's first gene-edited sheep.
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  UPSC Angle: Researchers at Kashmir University have produced India's first gene-edited sheep.

  Key Facts:

  • India's first gene-edited sheep produced in Kashmir.
  • India's first gene edited sheep produced
  • Location: Kashmir

Emerging Technologies in India's Bio-economy and Agriculture

Focus: The application of advanced biotechnology and deep tech (AI, robotics, genome editing) to transform agricultural productivity and climate resilience in India.

UPSC Value: Connects science and technology developments directly to agriculture and food security topics.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-07 [Agriculture] — WEF Report Highlights Deep Tech for Transforming Indian Agriculture
  The World Economic Forum (WEF) released a report on November 7, 2025, citing case studies from India, that seven emerging deep technologies like generative AI, robotics, and satellite-enabled remote sensing can transform agriculture by boosting resilience and productivity. The report highlights the potential of climate-resilient rice varieties that emit 20% fewer emissions and precision agriculture in sugarcane that has improved yields by 40%.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: WEF report highlights deep tech for transforming Indian agriculture.

  Key Facts:

  • WEF report released on November 7, 2025
  • Seven emerging deep technologies poised to transform agriculture
  • Includes generative AI, robotics, satellite-enabled remote sensing, computer vision, edge IoT, CRISPR, and nanotechnology
  • Climate-resilient rice varieties emit 20% less emissions
  • Precision agriculture in sugarcane improved yields by 40%
• 2025-10-23 [Environment & Ecology] — UNEP Report: India well-positioned to advance bio-based climate tech
  The Climate Technology Progress Report 2025, released on October 23 by UNEP and CTCN, examines global progress in developing and transferring climate technologies. Sara Trærup, the report's lead author, stated that India is at the forefront of the global bioeconomy transition and is well-positioned to lead in bio-based climate technologies due to its public-private partnerships and national initiatives.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: UNEP report: India well-positioned to advance bio-based climate tech.

  Key Facts:

  • Climate Technology Progress Report 2025
  • October 23, 2025
  • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
  • Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN)
  • Sara Trærup
• 2025-05-05 [Agriculture] — Genome-edited Seeds To Mark Beginning Of The Second Green Revolution
  Genome-edited seeds to mark beginning of the second Green Revolution: Chouhan GS III (Technology).
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  UPSC Angle: Genome-edited seeds to mark beginning of the second Green Revolution.

Biotechnological Advancements and Pharmaceutical Manufacturing in Infectious Disease Control

Focus: Technological breakthroughs in malaria prevention (vaccines and monoclonal antibodies) coupled with the expansion of India's global vaccine manufacturing footprint.

UPSC Value: Understanding the intersection of biotechnology innovation and pharmaceutical manufacturing capacity is crucial for evaluating India's role as the 'pharmacy of the world' and its contributions to global health security.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-22 [Science & Technology] — Monoclonal Antibody Shows Promise Against Malaria
  A novel monoclonal antibody (mAb) named MAM01, has demonstrated strong, dose-dependent protection against malaria in an early clinical trial. Monoclonal antibodies are lab-engineered proteins designed to target specific antigens and mimic the natural immune response.
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  UPSC Angle: Monoclonal antibody MAM01 shows promise against malaria.

  Key Facts:

  • Novel monoclonal antibody (mAb) named MAM01 shows promise against malaria
  • Monoclonal antibodies are lab-engineered proteins designed to target specific antigens
  • Single injection of a long-acting antibody provide immediate, months-long protection
• 2025-09-05 [Economy] — Achievements in Ethanol Blending and Vaccine Production
  India achieved 20% ethanol blending five years ahead of schedule, resulting in significant benefits including ₹1.21 lakh crore to farmers and forex savings of ₹1.44 lakh crore. Indian vaccine manufacturers, including Serum Institute, have increased their global share.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India achieved 20% ethanol blending target.

  Key Facts:

  • 20% ethanol blending achieved 5 years ahead of target.
  • Benefits: ₹1.21 lakh crore to farmers.
  • Forex savings ₹1.44 lakh crore.
  • Crude substitution 245 LMT.
  • Serum Institute's global share rose from 19% (2021) to 24% (2024).
  • 3 Indian firms (Serum, Bharat Biotech, Biological E) among world's top 10.
  • Supplied 40% of WHO vaccines; 20% exports went to Africa.
• 2025-08-01 [Science & Technology] — Malaria Vaccine Advancements
  New malaria vaccine approaches are showing promise, including Pfs230D1 which blocks fertilization in the mosquito gut with a 78% reduction in transmission in Phase 2 trials in Mali. India's TBV candidate, AdFalciVax, combines PfCSP + Pfs230/Pfs48/45 and has completed preclinical testing in 2025, showing >90% protection with long immune memory in mice and is room temperature stable for 9 months, making it ideal for rural India.
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  UPSC Angle: New malaria vaccine approaches show promise, including Pfs230D1.

  Key Facts:

  • Pfs230D1 (Mali): Blocks fertilization in mosquito gut; 78% reduction in transmission (Phase 2)
  • India's TBV candidate – AdFalciVax: Combines PfCSP + Pfs230/Pfs48/45; Completed preclinical testing in 2025
  • AdFalciVax showed >90% protection with long immune memory (4+ months) in mice
  • AdFalciVax is room temp stable (9 months)

Implementation Challenges and Diversification of India's Biofuel Policy

Focus: The items track the scaling of ethanol production, the socio-political resistance to petrol blending (E20), and the technical pivot to isobutanol for diesel blending under the National Biofuel Policy.

UPSC Value: Provides a comprehensive view of the technical, economic, and political hurdles in achieving India's 2025-2030 biofuel blending targets.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-13 [Science & Technology] — Isobutanol Trials for Bio-Diesel
  The Indian government is conducting trials to blend isobutanol with diesel fuel after ethanol-diesel blends failed. Trials are testing a 10% isobutanol-diesel blend for performance, emissions, and efficiency to support the National Biofuel Policy.
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  UPSC Angle: Isobutanol trials for biodiesel explore alternative fuel blending options.

  Key Facts:

  • Isobutanol-diesel blend trials
  • 10% isobutanol-diesel blend
  • National Biofuel Policy
  • 20% (E20) ethanol blending by 2025-26
  • 5% biodiesel blending by 2030
• 2025-08-07 [Economy] — Gadkari Blames Petrol Lobbies for E20 Fuel Concerns
  Nitin Gadkari blamed petrol lobbies for social media outrage against the new E20 fuel blend, asserting tests show older vehicles are not damaged by it.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Nitin Gadkari attributed E20 fuel concerns to a 'political conspiracy' by petrol lobbies.
• 2025-04-19 [Economy] — Drishti IAS: Increased Ethanol Production
  Around 35 lakh tonnes of sugar is expected to be diverted towards ethanol production in 2024-25, up from 21.5 lakh tonnes in 2023-24, reflecting India's continued focus on biofuel adoption and energy diversification.
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  UPSC Angle: Increased sugar diversion towards ethanol production in 2024-25.

  Key Facts:

  • Ethanol Production: 35 lakh tonnes (expected in 2024-25)
  • Previous Year: 21.5 lakh tonnes (2023-24)

Technological and Regulatory Modernization of Northwest Indian Agriculture

Focus: The adoption of advanced biotechnology, digital tools, and international safety standards in the Punjab-Haryana agricultural region.

UPSC Value: Highlights how India's primary agricultural hub is evolving through technology and regulation to meet modern productivity and export demands.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-06-25 [Agriculture] — Haryana to Ban 11 Pesticides for Basmati Exports
  Haryana will ban 11 pesticides in Basmati rice to meet global MRL norms, similar to Punjab's move, to reduce export rejections from EU, US, and Japan. The banned pesticides include Acephate, Chlorpyriphos, and Imidacloprid. The move aligns with Good Agricultural Practices and will improve global credibility.
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  UPSC Angle: Haryana to ban 11 pesticides for Basmati exports.

  Key Facts:

  • State: Haryana
  • Action: Ban 11 pesticides in Basmati rice
  • Reason: Meet global MRL norms
  • Objective: Reduce export rejections from EU, US, and Japan
  • Banned pesticides: Acephate, Chlorpyriphos, and Imidacloprid
  • Goal: Align with Good Agricultural Practices and improve global credibility
• 2025-06-18 [Agriculture] — Baljinder Singh: Punjab Farmer Using Digital Farming
  Baljinder Singh, a Punjab farmer, uses a digital platform to provide localized weather forecasts to farmers, combining ground-level data with global analysis. On June 18, 2025, he accurately predicted increased monsoon intensity and potential flooding in Punjab, even before official agencies. His platform reaches 2.25 lakh followers on Facebook and 1.78 lakh on Instagram.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Baljinder Singh
  • Predicted monsoon intensity increase in Punjab on June 18, 2025
  • 2.25 lakh followers on Facebook
  • 1.78 lakh on Instagram
  • Uses ground-level data with global analysis for forecasts
• 2025-03-05 [Agriculture] — Bollgard-3 Demand in Punjab
  Ahead of the cotton sowing season, there has been an increasing demand for Bollgard-3 in Punjab. Bollgard-3 is a pest-resistant genetically-modified (GM) cotton variety developed by Monsanto that contains three Bt proteins (Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab and Vip3A).
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Bollgard-3
  • Punjab
  • Genetically-modified (GM) cotton
  • Monsanto
  • Cry1Ac
  • Cry2Ab
  • Vip3A