Biocultural Heritage and Global Recognition 2025: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

The 2025-2026 cycle marks a fundamental shift from preserving 'dead' monuments to recognizing 'living' biocultural systems. UNESCO and IUCN are increasingly converging, where traditional indigenous knowledge is no longer viewed as 'lore' but as a sophisticated technology for climate resilience and biodiversity management. This is evident in the transition from recognizing isolated structures to entire 'cultural landscapes' like Meghalaya's root bridges and the Maratha Military Landscapes.

Cross-Theme Insight

These threads reveal that India is strategically leveraging 'Soft Power' (Deepavali, Natyashastra) to build 'Institutional Power' (Election to MAB Council, Ambedkar statue at UNESCO). By linking natural conservation (IUCN/IBAT) with cultural identity (Indigenous Knowledge), India is positioning itself as a leader of the Global South, bridging the gap between environmental sustainability and cultural continuity.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks like 'Environment, Shankar IAS Academy (10th ed.)' on page 434 list individual sites like Kaziranga or Keoladeo as isolated natural units. However, current trends in Thread 4 and 8 show a shift toward 'Cultural Landscapes' (e.g., Jingkieng Jri) which integrate human activity as a preservation factor. Furthermore, while Majid Hussain (p. 37) notes the World Heritage List's responsibility is safeguarding 'sites of great biodiversity,' the 2025 inclusion of 'Italian Cuisine' and 'Deepavali' shows the framework has expanded significantly into the socio-cultural ecosystem beyond physical geography.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The theme has evolved from mere 'listing' of monuments to 'active governance' of heritage, characterized by the 2025 expansion of India’s Tentative List to 69 sites and the integration of digital archives for African oral heritage.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

The UPSC has consistently shifted from asking 'where' a site is located (CDS 2013, NID 11835) to asking about the 'category' of heritage (IAS 2024, NID 6200). Recent questions focus on the Intangible Cultural Heritage List (Garba, Durga Puja) and the unique ecological features of indigenous technologies like the Meghalaya root bridges (IAS 2015, NID 5515).

Probable Prelims Angles

• Total number of Indian UNESCO World Heritage Sites (44 as of mid-2025).
• The nodal agency for World Heritage nominations in India (Archaeological Survey of India).
• Identification of specific sites on the 2025 Tentative List: Erra Matti Dibbalu and Naga Hill Ophiolite.
• The eight primary Rasas recognized in the Natyashastra (newly added to Memory of the World Register).
• The theme of World Wetlands Day 2026: 'Wetlands and traditional knowledge'.

Mains Answer Framework

• The recent inscription of the Maratha Military Landscapes and Deepavali onto UNESCO lists signifies India’s transition from a passive recipient of global recognition to an active shaper of biocultural diplomacy.
• Traditional knowledge as a tool for modern conservation: Example of Meghalaya's Living Root Bridges (Jingkieng Jri).. The economic dimension of intangible heritage: How 'Craftkatha 2025' supports artisan livelihoods through heritage branding.. The role of the IUCN and IBAT Alliance in providing data-driven biodiversity investments (record $2.5 million in 2024).
• Recognition must move beyond symbolic inscription to the implementation of sustainable management plans that balance tourism with indigenous rights.

Essay Connections

• Heritage as the Soul of a Nation: Use the inclusion of Natyashastra and Deepavali to argue how cultural continuity fuels national identity and soft power.

Preparation Strategy

Reading Approach

Begin with the Shankar IAS chapter on Protected Area Networks to understand UNESCO/IUCN criteria, then map the 2025 news items (Deepavali, Maratha Landscapes) as current case studies of these frameworks.

Textbook Roadmap

• Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy (ed 10th) > Chapter 15: Protected Area Network > p. 223. Criteria for World Heritage Sites (1-10). Threads 4 & 7 regarding the Maratha Military Landscapes
• FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, NCERT (2025 ed.) > Chapter 14 > p. 117. IUCN Red List categories and biodiversity hotspots. Thread 3 regarding the IBAT Alliance

Revision Bullets

• 44: Total UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India in 2025.
• 69: Total properties on India's UNESCO Tentative List.
• 26%: Percentage of species loss in biodiversity hotspots due to farming.
• November 26, 2025: Date Ambedkar's statue was installed at UNESCO HQ, Paris.
• Jingkieng Jri: The Khasi name for the nominated 'Living Root Bridges' cultural landscape.
• IBAT Alliance 2024 investment: $2.5 million for biodiversity data.

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (10 themes, 43 news items)

India's 2025-2026 Expansion of UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Focus: Updates on the lifecycle of Indian sites seeking or achieving UNESCO World Heritage status, covering tentative list additions, dossier submissions, and final inscriptions.

UPSC Value: Essential for tracking India's cultural diplomacy and the specific sites (both cultural and natural) moving through the UNESCO recognition pipeline.

10 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-21 [History & Heritage] — UNESCO adds Indian site to Tentative World Heritage List
  UNESCO has added a new Indian cultural landscape to its Tentative World Heritage List, acknowledging its historical, architectural, and cultural significance. This inclusion represents a preliminary step towards potential inscription on the World Heritage List and strengthens India's cultural diplomacy.
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  UPSC Angle: UNESCO added a new Indian cultural landscape to its Tentative list.

  Key Facts:

  • New Indian cultural landscape: Added to the list
  • Tentative World Heritage List: List name
  • UNESCO: Organization
  • Historical significance: Reason for inclusion
  • Architectural significance: Reason for inclusion
  • Cultural significance: Reason for inclusion
• 2026-01-19 [Society & Culture] — India Submits Nomination for Meghalaya's Living Root Bridges to UNESCO
  India's nomination dossier on the 'living root bridges' of the Khasi Hills, 'Jingkieng Jri / Lyu Chrai Cultural Landscape, Meghalaya', was formally submitted to UNESCO for consideration as a World Heritage Site in the 2026-27 evaluation cycle. The nominated property represents a living cultural landscape shaped by Indigenous Khasi and Jaintia communities.
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  UPSC Angle: India nominates Meghalaya's living root bridges to UNESCO.

  Key Facts:

  • The nomination dossier was submitted by Vishal V Sharma, ambassador/permanent representative of India to Unesco to Lazare Assomo Eloundou, director of Unesco's World Heritage Centre.
  • The site is located across the Khasi and Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya.
  • The landscape reflects a relationship between people, nature, and spirituality, embodied in traditional systems of land use, governance, and ecological stewardship.
• 2026-01-19 [Society & Culture] — Seven Natural Sites from India Added to UNESCO's Tentative World Heritage List
  Seven natural heritage sites across India have been added to UNESCO's Tentative List of World Heritage Sites, bringing the country's total to 69. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) compiled and submitted the nominations.
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  UPSC Angle: Seven natural sites from India added to UNESCO's Tentative World Heritage List.

  Key Facts:

  • India now has 49 cultural, 17 natural and three mixed heritage properties under consideration by UNESCO.
  • The newly listed sites include the Deccan Traps in Maharashtra, the geological heritage of St Mary's Island in Karnataka, Meghalayan Age caves in Meghalaya.
  • Other sites include Naga Hill Ophiolite in Nagaland, Erra Matti Dibbalu and the natural heritage of Tirumala Hills in Andhra Pradesh, and the Varkala Cliffs in Kerala.
• 2026-01-04 [Society & Culture] — India Nominates Meghalaya's Living Root Bridges for UNESCO World Heritage Site
  India has submitted the nomination dossier for Meghalaya's living root bridges to UNESCO for consideration as a World Heritage Site in 2026-27. The bridges, located in the Khasi and Jaintia Hills, represent a living cultural landscape shaped by indigenous communities.
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  UPSC Angle: India nominates Meghalaya's living root bridges for UNESCO World Heritage Site.

  Key Facts:

  • India submitted the nomination of Meghalaya's living root bridges to UNESCO.
  • The bridges are for consideration to be included in the World Heritage list 2026-27.
  • The bridges are located across the southern slopes of the Khasi and Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya.
  • The nominated property represents a living cultural landscape shaped by Khasi and Jaintia communities.
• 2025-11-29 [History & Heritage] — Sirpur Archaeological Site Pushed for UNESCO World Heritage Tag
  Sirpur, a 5th Century archaeological site in Chhattisgarh, is being pushed for a UNESCO World Heritage tag. The site, along the Mahanadi River, features notable structures like the Lakshmana Temple (dedicated to Vishnu) and the Surang Tila complex. Sirpur's location along the Mahanadi creates a sacred riverine cultural landscape with ghats and temple clusters, aligning with UNESCO's concept of a combined work of nature and humankind, enhancing the site's value.
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  UPSC Angle: Sirpur archaeological site in Chhattisgarh pushed for UNESCO World Heritage tag.

  Key Facts:

  • Site: Sirpur Archaeological Site
  • Location: Chhattisgarh
  • Era: 5th Century
  • Notable Structures: Lakshmana Temple (dedicated to Vishnu), Surang Tila complex, Tivaradeva Mahavihara
  • Alignment: Mahanadi River
• 2025-09-19 [History & Heritage] — Seven Indian Sites Added to UNESCO's Tentative List
  Seven natural heritage sites from across India have been included in UNESCO's Tentative List of World Heritage Sites, increasing India's count from 62 to 69 properties. These sites include Deccan Traps, St. Mary's Island, Meghalayan Age Caves, Naga Hill Ophiolite, and Erra Matti Dibbalu.
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  UPSC Angle: Seven Indian sites added to UNESCO's Tentative List.

  Key Facts:

  • Seven natural heritage sites from across India have been included in UNESCO's Tentative List of World Heritage Sites, increasing India's count on the Tentative List from 62 to 69 properties.
  • Deccan Traps at Panchgani and Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra: The sites form part of the massive Deccan Traps and are located within the Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary, already a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
  • Geological Heritage of St.
  • Seven new natural heritage sites from India have been added to UNESCO's Tentative List.
  • India now has a total of 69 properties under consideration.
• 2025-06-12 [History & Heritage] — Maratha Military Landscapes Added to UNESCO World Heritage List
  The 'Maratha Military Landscapes' have been added to the UNESCO World Heritage List, becoming India's 44th site on the list. India now ranks 6th globally and 2nd in the Asia Pacific Region for the most number of World Heritage Sites. The Archaeological Survey of India is the nodal agency for all World Heritage related matters in the country.
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  UPSC Angle: Maratha Military Landscapes added to UNESCO World Heritage List.

  Key Facts:

  • The 'Maratha Military Landscapes' is India's 44th UNESCO World Heritage Site.
  • India ranks 6th globally and 2nd in the Asia Pacific Region for the most World Heritage Sites.
  • The Archaeological Survey of India is the nodal agency for World Heritage matters.
  • UNESCO inscribed 12 forts of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
  • Forts listed under 'Maratha Military Landscapes of India'
  • Forts located in Raigad, Rajgad, Pratapgad, Panhala, Shivneri, Lohagad, Salher, Sindhudurg, Suvarnadurg, Vijaydurg, Khanderi, and Gingee (Tamil Nadu)
  • UNESCO 47th session held on July 11, 2025
• 2025-04-10 [History & Heritage] — Maratha Military Landscapes added to UNESCO World Heritage List
  India's Maratha Military Landscapes, showcasing defensive architecture from the 17th to 19th centuries, has been inscribed as UNESCO's 44th World Heritage Site. The decision was announced at the 47th Session of the World Heritage Committee in Paris and includes 12 forts across Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
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  UPSC Angle: Maratha Military Landscapes inscribed as UNESCO's 44th World Heritage Site.

  Key Facts:

  • Maratha Military Landscapes of India has been inscribed as UNESCO's 44th World Heritage Site.
  • The decision was announced at the 47th Session of the World Heritage Committee in Paris.
  • It includes 12 forts across Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
• 2025-03-23 [History & Heritage] — Mudumal Megalithic Menhirs nominated for UNESCO World Heritage Site
  The Standing Stones of Mudumal in Telangana's Narayanpet district have been added to the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These menhirs, some reaching heights of 10 to 14 feet, were likely erected by prehistoric communities and arranged in a pattern. The largest known menhir is the Grand Menhir Brisé in France, which was once 20.6 meters tall.
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  UPSC Angle: Mudumal Megalithic Menhirs nominated for UNESCO World Heritage Site.

  Key Facts:

  • Mudumal Megalithic Menhirs: Located in Telangana's Narayanpet district
  • Menhir Heights: Some reach 10 to 14 feet
  • Grand Menhir Brisé: Largest known menhir, located in France, once 20.6 meters tall
• 2025-03-17 [Society & Culture] — Six Indian sites added to UNESCO's Tentative List
  In March 2025, six Indian sites were included in UNESCO's Tentative List of World Heritage Sites, a prerequisite for potential nomination to the World Heritage List. The addition brings the total number of Indian sites on the tentative list to 62.
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  UPSC Angle: Six Indian sites added to UNESCO's Tentative List.

  Key Facts:

  • Six Indian sites added to UNESCO's Tentative List in March 2025
  • India now has 62 sites on the Tentative List
  • Sites included: Kanger Valley National Park (Chhattisgarh), Mudumal Megalithic Menhirs (Telangana), Ashokan Edict Sites along the Mauryan Routes (Multiple States), Chausath Yogini Temples (Multiple States), Gupta Temples in North India (Multiple States), Palace-Fortresses of the Bundelas in Madhya Pradesh (MP) and Uttar Pradesh (UP)
  • As of March 2025, India has 43 properties inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List: 35 Cultural Sites, 7 Natural Sites and 1 Mixed Site (Khangchendzonga National Park)
  • The most recent addition to India's World Heritage Sites was the Moidams – the mound-burial system of the Ahom Dynasty in Assam, which was inscribed during the World Heritage Committee meeting hosted by India in 2024

UNESCO's 2025 Strategic Focus on African Heritage Preservation

Focus: A series of UNESCO-led initiatives in late 2025 that specifically advance the recognition, protection, and institutional representation of African cultural and natural heritage across various programs.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the implementation of UNESCO's 'Priority Africa' strategy, demonstrating how international governance, archival digitization, and localized conservation awards work in tandem to protect Global South heritage.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-17 [Society & Culture] — UNESCO Project to safeguard Africa's oral and written heritage
  A UNESCO project, concluded in December 2025 in Abidjan, aimed to safeguard Africa's heritage through digitization. The project conserved and digitized the archives of the Amadou Hampâté Bâ Foundation with support from UNESCO and the National Archives of the Republic of Korea. More than 2,100 manuscripts were digitized, and nearly 4,000 documents cataloged.
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  UPSC Angle: UNESCO project safeguards Africa's heritage through digitization.

  Key Facts:

  • Project completion: December 2025, Abidjan
  • Focus: Safeguarding African heritage through digitization
  • Archives: Amadou Hampâté Bâ Foundation
  • Support from: UNESCO and National Archives of the Republic of Korea
  • Manuscripts digitized: 2,100+
  • Documents cataloged: 4,000+
• 2025-11-25 [International Relations] — UNESCO General Assembly addresses World Heritage protection
  The 25th session of the General Assembly of States Parties to the World Heritage Convention convened at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris on November 24-25, 2025. The session, which followed an initial meeting in Samarkand, Uzbekistan, on November 11, involved the election of twelve new members to the World Heritage Committee, including Bangladesh.
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  UPSC Angle: UNESCO General Assembly addresses World Heritage protection.

  Key Facts:

  • 25th session of the General Assembly of States Parties to the World Heritage Convention meeting from 24 to 25 November 2025
  • UNESCO Headquarters in Paris, France
  • Convening the 196 States Parties to the World Heritage Convention
  • General Assembly elected twelve members to the World Heritage Committee: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Czechia, Grenada, Kuwait, Mongolia, Peru, Poland, Switzerland, Togo, United Republic of Tanzania
• 2025-11-07 [Society & Culture] — UNESCO-Greece Melina Mercouri Prize Awarded
  Wazee wa Mazingira, the Council of Elders, has been awarded the 2025 UNESCO–Greece Melina Mercouri International Prize for the Safeguarding and Management of Cultural Landscapes, which carries a US$30,000 award. The recognition honours their enduring leadership in safeguarding and managing the Mount Kulal Biosphere Reserve in northern .
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  UPSC Angle: Wazee wa Mazingira wins UNESCO–Greece Melina Mercouri Prize.

  Key Facts:

  • Wazee wa Mazingira, the Council of Elders, has been awarded the 2025 edition of the UNESCO–Greece Melina Mercouri International Prize for the Safeguarding and Management of Cultural Landscapes
  • Prize carries a US$30,000 award.
  • Honoured for safeguarding and managing the Mount Kulal Biosphere Reserve in northern
• 2025-09-23 [History & Heritage] — Namibia's Dâures/Brandberg nominated for UNESCO World Heritage Site listing
  Namibia's Cabinet approved the nomination of the Dâures/Brandberg national monument area for inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List on September 23, 2025. The ministry awaits UNESCO's decision, expected by July 2027. The African World Heritage Fund provided over N$1 million in financial and technical support for the nomination.
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  UPSC Angle: Namibia nominates Dâures/Brandberg for UNESCO World Heritage Site listing.

  Key Facts:

  • Cabinet approval on 2025-09-23 for UNESCO nomination of Dâures/Brandberg.
  • Decision expected by UNESCO by July 2027.
  • African World Heritage Fund provided over N$1 million in support.
  • Dâures/Brandberg is located approximately 30km northwest of Uis in the Erongo region.
  • The area features over 900 rock art sites.
• 2025-09-08 [History & Heritage] — UNESCO Adds New Landmarks to World Heritage Sites
  UNESCO added 26 new sites to its list of World Heritage Sites, including the Golola Ty complex in Sierra Leone, four grand palaces of King Lewig II in Germany, and a desert archaeological site in the United Arab Emirates. These sites are marked as protected zones to shield them from damage.
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  UPSC Angle: UNESCO adds new landmarks to World Heritage Sites.

  Key Facts:

  • 26 new sites added to UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites
  • Golola Ty complex in Sierra Leone
  • four grand palaces of King Lewig II in Germany
  • desert archaeological site in the United Arab Emirates
  • Early writing Architecture
  • Art of manoan civilization

World Heritage Preservation Initiatives

Focus: Events and observances dedicated to the protection, promotion, and management of cultural and natural heritage sites under UNESCO frameworks.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding the international mechanisms (UNESCO, ICOMOS) and national efforts (China) involved in heritage conservation.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-24 [Society & Culture] — UNESCO fights illicit trafficking of Sudanese cultural property
  UNESCO is leading a high-level gathering in Sudan focused on combating the looting and illegal trafficking of Sudanese cultural heritage, from February 16-20, 2026. Discussions are centered around improving documentation, strengthening legal frameworks, and emphasizing the role of communities in safeguarding heritage.
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  UPSC Angle: UNESCO fights illicit trafficking of Sudanese cultural property.

  Key Facts:

  • UNESCO is leading a gathering focused on fighting illicit trafficking of Sudanese cultural heritage.
  • The gathering is taking place from February 16–20, 2026.
  • Discussions focus on combating illicit trafficking and reinforcing legal frameworks.
  • 28 technical papers were examined by 30 experts.
• 2025-10-14 [Environment & Ecology] — UNESCO World Heritage Events at IUCN World Conservation Congress
  The UNESCO World Heritage Convention calendar notes World Heritage-related events taking place at the IUCN World Conservation Congress from October 8-15, 2025, in Abu Dhabi. Highlights include the launch of the 4th IUCN World Heritage Outlook.
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  UPSC Angle: UNESCO World Heritage events at IUCN World Conservation Congress.

  Key Facts:

  • October 8-15, 2025
  • Abu Dhabi
  • 4th IUCN World Heritage Outlook
• 2025-06-06 [Society & Culture] — China to Celebrate Cultural and Natural Heritage Day
  China will celebrate its annual Cultural and Natural Heritage Day on June 14, 2025, with the main event in Changsha, Hunan Province. The theme is "revitalizing cultural heritage to showcase new brilliance," and celebrations include forums and exhibitions.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Event date: June 14, 2025
  • Location: Changsha, Hunan Province, China
  • Theme: revitalizing cultural heritage to showcase new brilliance
• 2025-04-18 [Society & Culture] — World Heritage Day 2025
  World Heritage Day, also known as the International Day for Monuments and Sites, is observed on April 18 each year to raise awareness about protecting cultural and natural heritage. The theme for 2025 is “Heritage under Threat from Disasters and Conflicts: Preparedness and Learning from 60 years of ICOMOS Actions,” emphasizing the need to protect heritage sites facing threats. The International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) proposed the day in 1982, and UNESCO approved it in 1983.
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  UPSC Angle: World Heritage Day observed on April 18 to protect heritage.

  Key Facts:

  • Observed on: April 18
  • Theme 2025: Heritage under Threat from Disasters and Conflicts: Preparedness and Learning from 60 years of ICOMOS Actions
  • Proposed by: ICOMOS in 1982
  • Approved by: UNESCO in 1983

IUCN-Linked Conservation Initiatives (2025)

Focus: Strategic developments, assessments, and membership changes directly tied to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and its frameworks.

UPSC Value: Highlights the role of the IUCN as a central node for global conservation data (Red List, IBAT) and international cooperation.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-26 [Environment & Ecology] — Down to Earth: Biodiversity loss due to farming
  A global study indicates a 26% species loss in biodiversity hotspots due to farming, with the Western Ghats in India being significantly impacted by land-use changes. The conversion of natural habitats into farmland is driven by rising food demand and is causing a decline in wildlife and ecosystem diversity.
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  UPSC Angle: Biodiversity loss in Western Ghats due to farming.

  Key Facts:

  • Farming causes a 26% decline in species in biodiversity hotspots.
  • Cropland inside biodiversity hotspots grew by 12% between 2000 and 2019.
  • Land-use change is accelerating in the Northern Western Ghats, with areas being converted into orchards.
  • The IUCN has rated the Western Ghats as being of “significant concern” in its 2025 World Heritage Outlook 4 report, specifically citing land-use change and development pressures.
• 2025-11-07 [Environment & Ecology] — India to Assess Extinction Risk of 11,000 Plant and Animal Species
  India has launched its first comprehensive effort to assess the extinction risk of approximately 11,000 species of plants and animals, known as the National Red List Assessment (NRLA). Announced by Union MoS for environment Kirti Vardhan Singh at the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Abu Dhabi, the project will evaluate roughly 7,000 flora and 4,000 fauna species by 2030 with technical support from the Wildlife Institute of India and the Botanical Survey of India.
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  UPSC Angle: India to assess extinction risk of 11,000 species.

  Key Facts:

  • National Red List Assessment (NRLA) launched
  • Will assess extinction risk of 11,000 species
  • 7,000 flora and 4,000 fauna species
  • Project led by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)
  • To run until 2030
  • Technical support from Wildlife Institute of India and Botanical Survey of India
  • Announced at IUCN World Conservation Congress in Abu Dhabi by Kirti Vardhan Singh
• 2025-10-21 [International Relations] — Armenia Joins IUCN
  Armenia became the newest State Member of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) during the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Abu Dhabi, highlighting its commitment to biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. The membership will provide Armenia access to global expertise, innovative tools, and international partnerships, supporting its preparations to host COP17 of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2026.
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  UPSC Angle: Armenia joins IUCN as a State Member.

  Key Facts:

  • Armenia joined the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
  • During IUCN World Conservation Congress in Abu Dhabi
  • Will support preparations to host COP17 of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2026
• 2025-06-26 [Environment & Ecology] — Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool Alliance
  The Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT) Alliance announced that its 2024 investment in biodiversity data reached a record level of $2.5 million, an increase from $1.2 million in 2023. IBAT was founded in 2008 as a collaboration between BirdLife International, Conservation International, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, and the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre.
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  UPSC Angle: IBAT Alliance investment in biodiversity data reaches record level.

  Key Facts:

  • Investment in biodiversity data (2024): $2.5 million
  • Investment in biodiversity data (2023): $1.2 million
  • Founded in: 2008
  • Organizations: BirdLife International, Conservation International, the International Union for Conservation of Nature and the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre
  • 2024 investment in biodiversity data: $2.5 million
  • Founded in 2008
  • Collaboration between: BirdLife International, Conservation International, IUCN, UNEP-WCMC

UNESCO's 2025 Recognition of Indian Cultural Heritage

Focus: The procedural examination and subsequent inclusion of various Indian cultural elements—including festivals, ancient texts, and heritage sites—into distinct UNESCO international registers in 2025.

UPSC Value: Understanding the distinctions between UNESCO's various heritage frameworks (Intangible Cultural Heritage, World Heritage, and Memory of the World) and their role in India's soft power and cultural diplomacy.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-18 [Society & Culture] — UNESCO Recognizes Natyashastra in Memory of the World Register
  UNESCO added Natyashastra to its Memory of the World Register, recognizing its global cultural significance. Natyashastra identifies eight primary Rasas (Shringara, Hasya, Karuna, Raudra, Veera, Bhayanaka, Bibhatsa, and Adbhuta) and explains how performers evoke these sentiments through emotional expression (bhava).
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  UPSC Angle: UNESCO recognizes Natyashastra in Memory of the World Register.

  Key Facts:

  • Natyashastra added to UNESCO Memory of the World Register
  • 8 primary Rasas: Shringara (love), Hasya (humor), Karuna (compassion), Raudra (anger), Veera (heroism), Bhayanaka (fear), Bibhatsa (disgust), and Adbhuta (wonder)
  • Bharata Muni identified the Rasas
• 2025-12-11 [Society & Culture] — Deepavali Inscribed on UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage List
  Deepavali has been inscribed on UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2025. The inscription strengthens India's soft power and highlights the country's living traditions, building global awareness of its cultural ecosystems. The festival embodies the philosophical message “Tamso Ma Jyotirgamaya” (from darkness to light) and is sustained by various communities including potters, artisans, farmers, and priests.
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  UPSC Angle: Deepavali inscribed on UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage List.

  Key Facts:

  • Deepavali inscribed on UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
  • Decision made during the 20th Session of the Intergovernmental Committee in New Delhi.
  • UNESCO
  • Deepavali
  • Intangible Cultural Heritage list
  • Deepavali inscribed on UNESCO's Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage
  • Strengthens India's soft power and civilizational diplomacy
  • Highlights India's living traditions
  • Embodies the philosophical message “Tamso Ma Jyotirgamaya” (from darkness to light)
  • Sustained by potters, artisans, farmers, sweet-makers, florists, priests, and households
• 2025-10-24 [Society & Culture] — Examination of Nominations for Intangible Cultural Heritage List
  Nominations for the 2025 inscription on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity are under examination. Each nomination file includes a nomination form, evidence of community consent, an extract of the inventory, ten photos, and a video.
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  UPSC Angle: Nominations for Intangible Cultural Heritage List are under examination.

  Key Facts:

  • Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
  • Nominations under examination for 2025 inscription
  • Nomination file requirements: Form ICH-02, community consent, inventory extract, ten photos, and a video
• 2025-08-19 [International Relations] — UN in India Digest: August 2025
  The UN in India Digest for August 2025 highlights India's presentation of its Voluntary National Review of SDGs at the High Level Political Forum in New York. It also mentions new heritage sites added to UNESCO's World Heritage List and the transformation of tourism by women in Madhya Pradesh.
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  UPSC Angle: India presented its Voluntary National Review of SDGs at UN forum.

  Key Facts:

  • India presented its Voluntary National Review of SDGs at the High Level Political Forum in New York.
  • New heritage sites added to UNESCO's World Heritage List.
  • Women in Madhya Pradesh transforming tourism.

UNESCO Global Heritage and Cultural Recognition Frameworks

Focus: Items documenting UNESCO's 2025 administrative actions, prizes, and support mechanisms for recognizing Intangible Cultural Heritage, Cultural Landscapes, and World Heritage sites.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the institutional mechanisms of international cultural diplomacy and the diverse frameworks used to preserve global biocultural and artistic diversity.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-15 [Society & Culture] — UNESCO Recognizes Italian Cuisine
  UNESCO has recognized Italian cooking between sustainability and biocultural diversity as part of its Intangible Cultural Heritage. Italian cuisine emphasizes conviviality (people eating together), informally passed down recipes, and is the first time an entire food culture has been recognized.
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  UPSC Angle: UNESCO recognizes Italian cuisine as Intangible Cultural Heritage.

  Key Facts:

  • Recognized: Italian cooking between sustainability and biocultural diversity
  • Recognized by: UNESCO
  • As: Intangible Cultural Heritage
  • Features: Conviviality, informally passed down recipes
• 2025-11-28 [Society & Culture] — UNESCO Recognizes Naive Painting of Kovačica
  UNESCO recognized the naïve painting practices of Kovačica, Serbia, on its list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity; it originated in the town of Kovačica in the 1930s and involves self-taught practitioners using bright oil paints to depict traditional culture.
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  UPSC Angle: UNESCO Recognizes Naive Painting of Kovačica.

  Key Facts:

  • UNESCO
  • Kovacica painters
  • Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
  • Kovačica, Serbia
  • 1930s
• 2025-11-25 [Society & Culture] — UNESCO-Greece Melina Mercouri Prize: Call for nominations
  UNESCO is calling on communities to protect cultural landscapes, nominations are now open for the UNESCO-Greece Melina Mercouri International Prize for the Safeguarding and Management of Cultural Landscapes.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Nominations must be submitted by governments, National Commissions for UNESCO, or professional organizations.
  • Nominated cultural landscapes do not need to be inscribed on the World Heritage List to be eligible.
  • Sites under review for possible inscription on the World Heritage List in 2025 are not eligible.
• 2025-08-11 [Society & Culture] — UNESCO supports Equatorial Guinea in World Heritage nomination
  UNESCO is supporting Equatorial Guinea in developing and submitting its first Tentative List for World Heritage sites. Equatorial Guinea is the only African country without a Tentative List and one of the only nine countries with no sites on the World Heritage List in Africa.
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  UPSC Angle: UNESCO supports Equatorial Guinea in developing its first World Heritage list.

  Key Facts:

  • UNESCO support: Assisting Equatorial Guinea in developing Tentative List
  • Equatorial Guinea: Only African country without a Tentative List

Indigenous Peoples and Traditional Knowledge in Global Observances

Focus: 2025-2026 observances that explicitly integrate indigenous rights and traditional knowledge into diverse sectors like conservation and technology.

UPSC Value: Highlights the growing global recognition of indigenous communities as central stakeholders in sustainable development and biodiversity conservation.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-02 [Environment & Ecology] — World Wetlands Day 2026 Theme
  World Wetlands Day, celebrated annually on February 2nd, highlights the theme “Wetlands and traditional knowledge: Celebrating cultural heritage” in 2026, emphasizing the connections between wetlands, people, and culture. Many World Heritage properties are closely associated with wetlands, with almost 120 overlapping with more than 170 Ramsar Convention wetlands.
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  UPSC Angle: World Wetlands Day 2026 theme: Wetlands and traditional knowledge.

  Key Facts:

  • Theme: “Wetlands and traditional knowledge: Celebrating cultural heritage”
  • Celebrated on February 2nd each year
  • Almost 120 World Heritage properties overlap with more than 170 Ramsar Convention wetlands
• 2025-08-08 [Society & Culture] — World Tribal Day 2025 Theme
  World Tribal Day is observed on August 9 every year to support and protect the rights of the world's indigenous people. The theme for World Tribal Day 2025 is "Indigenous Peoples and Artificial Intelligence – Defending Rights, Shaping the Future".
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  UPSC Angle: World Tribal Day 2025 theme: Indigenous Peoples and Artificial Intelligence.

  Key Facts:

  • World Tribal Day is observed on August 9 every year.
  • The theme for World Tribal Day 2025 is "Indigenous Peoples and Artificial Intelligence – Defending Rights, Shaping the Future".
  • Indigenous communities comprise around 6% of the worldwide population.
• 2025-07-30 [Environment & Ecology] — India Celebrates International Tiger Day 2025
  India joined 12 other nations on July 29 to mark International Tiger Day 2025, a global event to raise awareness about tiger conservation. The theme for International Tiger Day 2025 is “Securing the future of Tigers with Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities at the heart”.
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  UPSC Angle: International Tiger Day 2025 theme: “Securing the future of tigers”.

  Key Facts:

  • International Tiger Day is observed on July 29 each year.
  • Theme of International Tiger Day 2025: “Securing the future of Tigers with Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities at the heart“.
  • India holds the largest population of wild tigers in the world.
  • India accounts for 75% of the world's wild tigers.
  • More than 3,600 tigers now roam the country's forests.

2025 National Initiatives for Cultural Heritage Preservation

Focus: National-level exhibitions and institutional campaigns organized in late 2025 specifically to showcase and preserve India's tangible and intangible heritage, including handicrafts, scripts, and cultural mementos.

UPSC Value: This thread is significant for GS Paper I (Art and Culture) as it illustrates the government's multi-pronged strategy to promote heritage through public engagement, exhibitions, and the support of traditional artisan ecosystems.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-16 [Society & Culture] — Craftkatha 2025 Inaugurated
  Rajya Sabha MP Sudha Murty inaugurated the “Craftkatha – 2025” exhibition in New Delhi, showcasing artisans from across India as part of National Handicrafts and Heritage Week 2025. The exhibition aims to celebrate India's artistic heritage, support sustainable livelihoods, encourage young artisans, and strengthen grassroots craft ecosystems.
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  UPSC Angle: Craftkatha 2025 exhibition showcases artisans during National Handicrafts Week.

  Key Facts:

  • Sudha Murty inaugurated the “Craftkatha – 2025” exhibition in New Delhi
  • Showcasing artisans from across India as part of National Handicrafts and Heritage Week 2025
  • Aims to celebrate India's artistic heritage, support sustainable livelihoods, encourage young artisans, and strengthen grassroots craft ecosystems
• 2025-11-13 [Society & Culture] — National Museum to Host Akshar Mahotsav 2025
  The National Museum will host Akshar Mahotsav 2025, celebrating India's Scriptural Heritage.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • National Museum to Host Akshar Mahotsav 2025
  • Celebrating India's Scriptural Heritage
• 2025-10-31 [Society & Culture] — Ministry of Culture Undertaking Special Campaign 5.0
  The Ministry of Culture is undertaking the Special Campaign 5.0 from October 2nd to 31st, 2025. The campaign aligns with the Ministry's ongoing efforts to promote and preserve Indian culture and heritage. The Ministry had also launched the 7th edition of PM's Mementos E-Auction from 17th Sept – 24th Oct 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: Ministry of Culture undertaking Special Campaign 5.0 to promote Indian culture.

  Key Facts:

  • Ministry of Culture
  • Special Campaign 5.0
  • October 2nd
  • October 31st 2025
  • PM's Mementos E-Auction
  • 17th Sept – 24th Oct 2025

UNESCO Institutional Governance and Commemorations

Focus: Administrative proceedings, council elections, and diplomatic commemorative activities occurring at UNESCO headquarters or under its auspices in late 2025.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the diverse operational facets of UNESCO as a specialized UN agency, ranging from scientific programs (MAB) to cultural diplomacy and internal governance.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-26 [Polity & Governance] — Installation of Dr. Ambedkar's Statue at UNESCO Headquarters
  On November 26, 2025, the government presented a half-bust statue of Dr. Ambedkar to the UNESCO headquarters in Paris to mark 75 years of the Constitution of India. Dr. Ambedkar's ideals of social justice, equality, fraternity, and empowerment through education resonate with UNESCO's mission.
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  UPSC Angle: Dr. Ambedkar's statue installed at UNESCO HQ to mark Constitution's 75th.

  Key Facts:

  • Event: Installation of Dr. Ambedkar's statue
  • Location: UNESCO headquarters, Paris
  • Date: November 26, 2025
  • Occasion: 75 years of the Constitution of India
  • Ideals: Social justice, equality, fraternity, and empowerment through education
• 2025-11-13 [International Relations] — Oman Elected to UNESCO Council
  Oman was elected as a member of the Man and Biosphere (MAB) Council of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The election grants Oman a seat on the council for a four-year term, effective from 2025 to 2029.
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  UPSC Angle: Oman elected to UNESCO's Man and Biosphere (MAB) Council.

  Key Facts:

  • Four-year term, effective from 2025 to 2029
  • The Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme was created by UNESCO in 1971
• 2025-11-07 [International Relations] — Election of Members of the Executive Board at UNESCO
  The election of Members of the Executive Board was held on Friday, 7 November 2025, with the ballot taking place from 9 am to 1 pm (UZT-GMT+5) in Room IV, Congress Centre. The results of the vote will be announced in the Plenary Meeting (Room I) on the same day, Friday 7 November 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Election of Members of the Executive Board held on Friday, 7 November 2025
  • Ballot held from 9 am to 1 pm (UZT-GMT+5) in Room IV, Congress Centre
  • Results of the vote announced in the Plenary Meeting (Room I) on the same day, Friday 7 November 2025

North American Indigenous Cultural Preservation and Education

Focus: Events and conferences in 2025 dedicated to the promotion of Indigenous history, treaty rights, and the integration of traditional knowledge into modern education.

UPSC Value: Analyzing these items together demonstrates how Indigenous communities utilize both public celebrations and academic conferences to assert cultural identity and educate the broader public on historical treaties and traditional knowledge.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-22 [Society & Culture] — Native American Heritage Day
  The St. Louis County Historical Society is holding its annual Native American Heritage Day on November 22, 2025, in Duluth, MN. The event includes cultural sharing, activities for kids, food, and performances, aiming to educate the public about local Ojibwe heritage. Elders of the Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa will discuss the Sandy Lake Tragedy and the 1854 Treaty of LaPointe.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Event: Native American Heritage Day
  • Date: November 22, 2025
  • Location: St. Louis County Depot, Duluth, MN
  • Organized by: St. Louis County Historical Society (SLCHS)
  • Keynote Speakers: Marvin DeFoe and Hereditary Chief Robert Buffalo
  • Focus: Sandy Lake Tragedy and the 1854 Treaty of LaPointe
  • New exhibit: Sovereign Nations: Discovering the Treaty Story of Minnesota's Indigenous Peoples by Sam Zimmerman
  • Sponsored by: Enbridge, Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, The Bois Forte Band of Chippewa
• 2025-11-22 [Society & Culture] — 30th Annual American Indian Heritage Celebration
  The 30th Annual American Indian Heritage Celebration will be held on November 22, 2025. It will highlight the artistic, historical, and cultural contributions of American Indian communities in North Carolina. The event includes both virtual and in-person activities, aiming to increase the visibility of Indigenous people.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Event: 30th Annual American Indian Heritage Celebration
  • Date: November 22, 2025
  • Location: North Carolina
  • Organizers: Community partners, the North Carolina Commission of Indian Affairs, and the North Carolina American Indian Commission
  • Theme: Visibility of Indigenous people
  • Activities: Virtual education day and in-person festival
• 2025-05-22 [Society & Culture] — Sealaska Heritage Institute Announces Conference
  Sealaska Heritage Institute (SHI) will hold its eighth annual education conference, Our Cultural Landscape, from Aug. 6–8 at Centennial Hall in downtown Juneau. The conference centers Indigenous knowledge, language, and values in education, and this year's theme is Strength in Unity: Innovating Together for Culturally Responsive Education. Robin Zape-tah-hol-ah Minthorn, Ph.D., is the keynote speaker.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • The 2025 conference will be held Aug. 6–8 at Centennial Hall in downtown Juneau.
  • The keynote speaker is Robin Zape-tah-hol-ah Minthorn, Ph.D.
  • This year's theme is Strength in Unity: Innovating Together for Culturally Responsive Education.
  • In 2024, the conference served approximately 250 participants from nearly 70 towns across the U.S., Canada and Australia.