Democratic Foundations and Institutional Legacies: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy
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ExploreKey Takeaways
- India is transitioning from defensive responses to global indices to offensive 'index-building' with the International Governance Index proposal.
- The Bharat Ratna remains limited to 3 per year, serving as a tool for honoring grassroots socialist leaders like Karpoori Thakur in 2026.
- Republic Day tableaux have evolved into visual reports of legislative progress (e.g., MHA's new criminal laws tableau).
- Constitutional literacy campaigns (National Voters' Day) are being coupled with technology and international cooperation (Delhi Declaration).
In-Depth Analysis
The Big Picture
The 2025-2026 period highlights a significant tension between India's assertion of institutional sovereignty and the scrutiny of international democratic indices. While the government celebrates milestone anniversaries of historic leaders (Naoroji, Ambedkar) and constitutional bodies (Lokpal, ECI) to reinforce domestic democratic credentials, it is simultaneously challenging global assessments like the RSF Index by proposing its own 'International Governance Index'.
Cross-Theme Insight
Together, these threads reveal a 'Heritage-based Governance' strategy where India uses historical milestones (200th birth anniversary of Naoroji, 70th Mahaparinirvan Diwas) to frame its current democratic journey as an indigenous evolution rather than a Western-standardized one. This is evidenced by the 'Vande Mataram' theme in the 2026 Republic Day parade and the 'Delhi Declaration' on election management, which seeks to export Indian electoral best practices to the global stage.
Textbook vs Reality Gap
Static textbooks define the Bharat Ratna as being restricted to a maximum of three individuals per year (Laxmikanth, p. 85), a rule reaffirmed in the 2026 Karpoori Thakur announcement. However, while textbooks like M. Laxmikanth describe the Lokpal as a 'sui generis' institution legally established in 2014, the current 2026 observance emphasizes its integration into the 'Viksit Bharat' vision, shifting its role from a mere watchdog to a proactive symbol of constitutional integrity during Republic Day celebrations.
How This Theme Is Evolving
In 2025-2026, the focus has shifted from mere institutional existence to 'institutional diplomacy' (e.g., India-FAO 80-year partnership) and the use of cultural tableaux to signal specific policy implementations like the new Criminal Laws (MHA Tableau 2026).
UPSC Exam Intelligence
Previous Year Question Pattern
Constitutional awards and institutional structures are high-frequency topics. IAS 2021 (NID 5997) specifically tested the number of Bharat Ratna awards and their legal status under Article 18. CDS-I 2024 (NID 13145) scrutinized the monetary nature of the Bharat Ratna. Historical leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji are consistently tested regarding their 'Drain Theory' (NDA-II 2013, NID 16247; CAPF 2012, NID 10314), moving from simple identification to complex critiques of their economic thought.
Probable Prelims Angles
- Maximum of 3 Bharat Ratna awards per year (re-verified in 2026 news item).
- Balaji Raghavan vs. Union of India (1995) case regarding the validity of National Awards.
- First Indian to be elected to the British Parliament: Dadabhai Naoroji (1892).
- Statutory status of Lokpal vs. Constitutional status of Election Commission of India.
- Implementation date of new criminal laws: July 1, 2024 (as featured in MHA Tableau).
Mains Answer Framework
- The vibrancy of India's democracy is increasingly defined by its ability to synthesize historical legacies with institutional reforms in an era of global democratic scrutiny.
- The role of the Lokpal as an anti-corruption ombudsman in achieving the 'Viksit Bharat' goal by 2047.. Critique of international press freedom indices versus domestic governance indices proposed by bodies like IIAS.. The use of 'soft power' through cultural commemorations (e.g., Bharat Parv at Red Fort) to foster national integration.
- Sustainable democratic growth requires strengthening domestic accountability mechanisms like the Lokpal while actively engaging in global democratic discourse through initiatives like the Delhi Declaration 2026.
Essay Connections
- ‘The Soul Cry of a Nation’: Analyzing the role of cultural symbols (Vande Mataram) in modern nation-building.
- Corruption as a hurdle to 'Viksit Bharat': The institutional journey from Lokpal to transparent governance.
Preparation Strategy
Reading Approach
Begin with Laxmikanth Chapter 8 and 66 to establish the legal framework of awards and the Lokpal. Then, pivot to Spectrum for the economic legacy of Naoroji. Finally, layer these with the 2026 news items to see how these legacy institutions are performing in the current 'Viksit Bharat' narrative.
Textbook Roadmap
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth (7th ed.) > Chapter 66. Composition and jurisdiction of Lokpal. Thread 1 & 6
- Rajiv Ahir, Spectrum History > Chapter 28. Dadabhai Naoroji’s Drain Theory components. Thread 10
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth (7th ed.) > Chapter 8. Abolition of Titles and Bharat Ratna restrictions. Thread 2
Revision Bullets
- Karpoori Thakur: Bharat Ratna (posthumous) 2026.
- Delhi Declaration 2026: Adopted by 40+ Election Management Bodies.
- World Press Freedom Index 2025: India 151st rank (RSF).
- Padma Awards 2026: 131 total (5 Vibhushan, 13 Bhushan, 113 Shri).
- Dadabhai Naoroji: 200th birth anniversary; first Indian MP (1892).
- Lokpal Foundation Day: January 16 (Legally effective since 2014).
- Republic Day 2026 Winners: Maharashtra (States), Ministry of Culture (Ministries).
Sub-Themes and News Coverage (16 themes, 77 news items)
Republic Day 2026: Celebrations, Themes, and Outcomes
Focus: Items detailing the preparations, participants, specific themes (Vande Mataram), and winners of the 77th Republic Day celebrations.
UPSC Value: Provides a comprehensive view of the 2026 Republic Day, including the 'Vande Mataram' theme, key tableaux (Maharashtra, Culture Ministry), and associated events like Bharat Parv.
12 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-13 [Society & Culture] — Directive on Vande Mataram
A January 28, 2026 directive from the Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) mandates the playing of all six stanzas of Vande Mataram at official functions with everyone standing at attention. In October 1937, the Congress Working Committee decided that only the first two stanzas of the song should be used at national gatherings. The meeting included prominent leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.More details
UPSC Angle: Directive mandates playing all stanzas of Vande Mataram.
Key Facts:
- Directive date: January 28, 2026
- Issuing authority: Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
- Congress Working Committee decision: October 1937
- 2026-02-01 [Society & Culture] — Maharashtra Tableau Wins Republic Day Parade 2026
Maharashtra's state tableau secured first place among states and union territories at the Republic Day Parade 2026. The state's tableau showcased its cultural heritage and advancements.More details
UPSC Angle: Maharashtra's tableau secured first place at Republic Day Parade 2026.
Key Facts:
- Event: Republic Day Parade 2026
- Winner (States/UTs): Maharashtra
- 2026-01-27 [Society & Culture] — Republic Day Parade 2026: Ministry of Culture's Tableau Wins
The Ministry of Culture was declared the winner in the Central Ministries and Departments category for its tableau titled “Vande Mataram, The Soul Cry of a Nation” at the Republic Day Parade. Among the three Services, the Indian Navy was adjudged the Best Marching Contingent, while Delhi Police won the top honour among the Central Armed Police Forces.More details
UPSC Angle: Ministry of Culture's tableau wins Republic Day Parade.
Key Facts:
- The Ministry of Culture was declared the winner for its tableau titled “Vande Mataram, The Soul Cry of a Nation”.
- The Indian Navy was adjudged the Best Marching Contingent.
- Delhi Police won the top honour among the Central Armed Police Forces.
- 2026-01-26 [Polity & Governance] — Lokpal of India Celebrates 77th Republic Day
The Lokpal of India celebrated the 77th Republic Day, reaffirming constitutional values, the rule of law, and its anti-corruption mandate, aligning with the vision of Viksit Bharat. The event underscored a commitment to Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity as enshrined in the Constitution, highlighting the Constitution as a living document of collective wisdom.More details
UPSC Angle: Lokpal of India celebrated 77th Republic Day.
Key Facts:
- Republic Day 2026 marked the 77th anniversary of the Constitution of India coming into force on 26th January 1950
- Celebrated around the theme “150 Years of Vande Mataram”
- Featured 30 tableaux from States, Union Territories, and Ministries
- Sub-themes: Swatantrata ka Mantra – Vande Mataram and Samriddhi ka Mantra – Atmanirbhar Bharat
- Parade debut of the newly raised Bhairav Battalion
- Military contingent from the European Union participated, first participation at such an event outside Europe
- Chief Guests: Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission, and António Costa, President of the European Council
- EU leaders' official visit to India: 25 to 27 January 2026
- 16th India-EU Summit to be co-chaired during the visit
- India observed its 77th Republic Day on January 26, 2026.
- The President of India unfurled the national flag at Kartavya Path.
- Republic Day marks the adoption of the Constitution in 1950.
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi extended greetings and urged citizens to renew their commitment to a 'Viksit Bharat'.
- 77th Republic Day celebrated at Lokpal of India
- Reaffirmed constitutional values and rule of law
- Celebration aligned with Viksit Bharat vision
- Commitment to Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity
- Constitution highlighted as a living document
- 2026-01-25 [Polity & Governance] — Ministry of Home Affairs Tableau at Republic Day Parade
The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) will display a tableau on the nationwide implementation of the three new criminal laws — the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam — at the Republic Day parade. The laws came into force on July 1, 2024.More details
UPSC Angle: MHA tableau at Republic Day parade on new criminal laws implementation.
Key Facts:
- Tableau by MHA will highlight the implementation of three new criminal laws.
- The laws are: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam.
- The laws came into force on July 1, 2024.
- 2026-01-25 [Society & Culture] — Ministry of Tourism to organise Bharat Parv 2026 at Red Fort
The Ministry of Tourism will organize Bharat Parv 2026 at Red Fort as part of Republic Day celebrations. The event will exemplify how cultural heritage, cooperative federalism, and tourism-led growth can strengthen national integration and India's soft power.More details
UPSC Angle: Ministry of Tourism to organise Bharat Parv 2026 at Red Fort.
Key Facts:
- Bharat Parv 2026 will be organized by the Ministry of Tourism
- Venue: Lawns & Gyan Path, Red Fort, New Delhi
- Republic Day Parade 2026 will pay tribute to India's rivers and community-based river guardians
- 163 water warriors invited as Special Guests, highlighting Jan Bhagidari in river conservation
- Enclosures at Kartavya Path named after major Indian rivers: Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Sindhu (Indus), Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Narmada, Mahanadi, Teesta, Sutlej, Ravi, Chenab, Jhelum, Chambal, Gandak, etc.
- 2026-01-24 [Society & Culture] — Traffic Restrictions in Delhi for Republic Day Rehearsal
In preparation for the Republic Day Parade on January 24, 2026, traffic restrictions were implemented from 10:15 AM to 12:30 PM on Kartavya Path & India Gate stretch. Suggested alternate routes included Mother Teresa Crescent, Mathura Rd & Firoz Shah Rd.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Event: Republic Day Parade Rehearsal
- Date: January 24, 2026
- Time: 10:15 AM – 12:30 PM
- Location: Kartavya Path & India Gate stretch
- Alternate Routes: Mother Teresa Crescent, Mathura Rd & Firoz Shah Rd
- 2026-01-23 [Agriculture] — Manipur's Republic Day Tableau Showcases GI-Tagged Farm Exports
Manipur's tableau at the Republic Day parade highlighted the state's journey of transforming indigenous agricultural produce into economic drivers, emphasizing the role of GI-tagged products. The tableau featured Sirarakhong Hathei chilli, Chak-Hao black rice, and Tamenglong Orange.More details
UPSC Angle: Manipur's Republic Day tableau showcases GI-Tagged farm exports.
Key Facts:
- Manipur's tableau showcased GI-tagged agricultural products
- Featured Sirarakhong Hathei chilli from Ukhrul hills
- Showcased Chak-Hao, Manipur's aromatic black rice
- Displayed Tamenglong Orange
- Organic certification across more than 400 hectares under NPOP
- 2026-01-17 [Schemes & Programs] — Republic Day 2026 preparations and related key facts
News mentions '77th Republic Day highlights' without providing specific details. Mentions 'Scheme to Promote Registration of Employers/Employees (SPREE)' without details.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
- 2026-01-15 [International Relations] — Celebration of 77th Republic Day of India in The Netherlands
The Embassy of India in The Hague, The Netherlands, celebrated the 77th Republic Day of India on January 26, 2026. The celebration marks the nation's democratic values and achievements, and the strengthening of the India-Netherlands partnership.More details
UPSC Angle: Celebration of 77th Republic Day of India in The Netherlands.
Key Facts:
- The Embassy of India celebrated the 77th Republic Day of India on January 26, 2026
- Celebration was held at India House, Wassenaar
- Highlights the democratic values, achievements, and the India - Netherlands partnership
- 2025-12-05 [Society & Culture] — For Republic Day Celebrations 2026, Online Contests to be Organized
For Indian citizens living abroad, various online competitions, contests, and activities will be organized on the MyGov portal during Republic Day Celebrations 2026.More details
UPSC Angle: Online contests for Republic Day Celebrations 2026 for citizens abroad.
Key Facts:
- Various online competitions, contests, and activities on MyGov portal will be organized.
- Event: Republic Day Celebrations 2026.
- For: Indian citizens living abroad.
- 2025-11-08 [Society & Culture] — BJP Celebrates 150 Years of 'Vande Mataram'
The Bharatiya Janata Party organized events at 150 locations on November 7 to commemorate the 150th anniversary of “Vande Mataram.” In Maharashtra, the main event was led by Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis in Mumbai.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- BJP organized events at 150 locations
- Celebrated 150th anniversary of “Vande Mataram”
- Main event in Mumbai led by Devendra Fadnavis
Humanitarian, Rights, and Social Welfare Observances
Focus: International days designated by the UN and other bodies to raise awareness for human rights, social justice, and the protection of vulnerable populations.
UPSC Value: Useful for understanding the global calendar of social advocacy, specifically regarding the protection of children, refugees, and fundamental human rights.
8 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-22 [Environment & Ecology] — World Pangolin Day: Illegal Trade
On World Pangolin Day, it was reported that over 500,000 pangolins were seized globally between 2016 and 2024, highlighting unique trade routes and complex networks driving the illegal global trade.More details
UPSC Angle: Over 500,000 pangolins seized globally between 2016 and 2024.
Key Facts:
- Over 500,000 pangolins seized globally between 2016 and 2024
- 2026-01-06 [Society & Culture] — World Day of War Orphans Observed
World Day of War Orphans is observed annually on January 6 to raise awareness about children who have lost parents to war, armed conflict, or political violence. The day was first proposed in 1994 by a French NGO and first observed on January 6, 1995.More details
UPSC Angle: World Day of War Orphans observed on January 6.
Key Facts:
- Event: World Day of War Orphans 2026
- Date: January 6, 2026
- Purpose: Raise awareness about children who lost parents to war
- Proposed: 1994 by French NGO SOS Enfants en Detresse
- First Observed: January 6, 1995
- 2026-01-01 [Society & Culture] — Global Family Day
Global Family Day is observed on January 1st every year to promote peace, unity, and harmony within families worldwide.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Global Family Day is observed on 1 January
- To promote peace, unity, and harmony within families worldwide
- 2025-12-09 [Society & Culture] — Human Rights Day 2025
Observed every year on 10th December, Human Rights Day highlights the importance of human rights as a foundation for justice, peace, and equality. President Droupadi Murmu will be the Chief Guest at the National Human Rights Commission’s (NHRC) Human Rights Day function on 10th December at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Observed every year on 10th December
- Established in 1950 to commemorate the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), adopted by the United Nations on 10th December 1948
- President Droupadi Murmu will be the Chief Guest at the National Human Rights Commission’s (NHRC) Human Rights Day function on 10th December at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi
- 2025-12-09 [Society & Culture] — International Anti-Corruption Day
International Anti-Corruption Day is observed on December 9 to raise awareness about the harmful effects of corruption and promote transparency, integrity, and accountability.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- International Anti-Corruption Day observed on December 9
- Aims to raise awareness about the harmful effects of corruption
- Promotes transparency, integrity, and accountability
- 2025-08-19 [Society & Culture] — World Humanitarian Day
World Humanitarian Day is observed annually on August 19 to pay tribute to aid workers who risk their lives in humanitarian service. The theme for 2025 is “Strengthening Global Solidarity and Empowering Local Communities”.More details
UPSC Angle: World Humanitarian Day observed on August 19; theme is global solidarity.
Key Facts:
- Observed annually on August 19
- Tribute to aid workers
- Theme 2025 – Strengthening Global Solidarity and Empowering Local Communities
- 2025-06-20 [Society & Culture] — World Refugee Day 2025
June 20th is observed as World Refugee Day, an international day designated by the United Nations to honour refugees around the globe. It was first observed globally on June 20, 2001, marking the 50th anniversary of the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees. According to the UN, every minute, 20 people leave everything to flee conflict, persecution, or terror, and World Refugee Day serves as an opportunity to build empathy and understanding for their predicament.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- World Refugee Day: June 20
- First observed: June 20, 2001
- Marks 50th anniversary of 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees
- 20 people flee conflict every minute (UN data)
- 2025-06-12 [Society & Culture] — World Day Against Child Labour 2025
World Day Against Child Labour is observed on June 12 each year to highlight the need to protect children from exploitation. The theme for 2025 is 'Progress is clear, but there's more to do: let's speed up efforts!'. Globally, nearly 138 million children were engaged in child labor in 2024, with 54 million in hazardous work.More details
UPSC Angle: World Day Against Child Labour 2025 theme: 'Progress is clear...'.
Key Facts:
- World Day Against Child Labour is observed on June 12.
- The 2025 theme is 'Progress is clear, but there's more to do: let's speed up efforts!'.
- In 2024, nearly 138 million children were engaged in child labor worldwide.
- Africa has the highest child labor rates with 72 million children.
- India's National Policy on Child Labour was implemented in 1987.
- Observed on: June 12
- Purpose: raise awareness and mobilize efforts to end child labor
- 2025 Theme: “Progress is clear, but there's more to do: let's speed up efforts!”
- First observed: June 12, 2002 by ILO
- Around 160 million children worldwide are engaged in child labour
2026 Republic Day Honours & Awards
Focus: Official civilian and gallantry awards announced by the Government of India during the Republic Day 2026 period, including the Bharat Ratna and related discourse.
UPSC Value: Useful for understanding the specific cohort of awardees and the political/social context of the 2026 honours list.
7 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-07 [Society & Culture] — Bharat Ratna to Karpoori Thakur (posthumous)
Karpoori Thakur, a socialist leader and former Chief Minister of Bihar, will be posthumously conferred with the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award. The announcement coincides with the eve of his 100th birth anniversary. In a year, a maximum of 3 people is awarded the Bharat Ratna award.More details
UPSC Angle: Karpoori Thakur posthumously conferred with Bharat Ratna.
Key Facts:
- Awarded to: Karpoori Thakur (posthumous)
- Award: Bharat Ratna
- Reason: Exceptional public service
- Maximum awards per year: 3
- Awarded by: President of India
- Sanad (certificate) signed by the president and a medal is given to the recipient
- Award cannot be used as a prefix or suffix to the recipient's name
- 48 persons have received the Bharat Ratna award and 17 have been awarded posthumously
- Another recipient of the Bharat Ratna Award for the year 2024 is Lal Krishna Advani
- Veer Savarkar wasn't an RSS member or founder
- 2026-01-28 [Sports & Awards] — Jeevan Raksha Padak Awards Announced
The Jeevan Raksha Padak awards are a series of civilian life-saving honours presented by the Government of India for meritorious acts of courage in saving a person's life. Instituted in 1961, these awards are traditionally announced on Republic Day.More details
UPSC Angle: Jeevan Raksha Padak Awards announced for life-saving acts.
Key Facts:
- The Jeevan Raksha Padak awards are civilian life-saving honours presented by the Government of India.
- Originally instituted in 1961, these awards are traditionally announced on Republic Day.
- 2026-01-27 [Sports & Awards] — Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar 2026
The Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar honors Indian nationals and institutions for exceptional contributions to disaster management. The Sikkim State Disaster Management Authority (SSDMA) was recognized for its work in community-centered disaster resilience in the Himalayan ecosystem. The award for institutions includes a certificate and ₹51 lakh.More details
UPSC Angle: Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar 2026 winners.
Key Facts:
- Honors Indian nationals and institutions for disaster management
- Awarded annually on January 23 (Parakram Diwas)
- Sikkim State Disaster Management Authority (SSDMA) recognized for its work
- SSDMA has trained and deployed 1,185 Aapda Mitras across all Gram Panchayats
- Institutional award: certificate and ₹51 Lakh
- Individual award: certificate and ₹5 Lakh
- 2026-01-27 [Defense & Security] — 70 Armed Forces Personnel Awarded Gallantry Awards
On Republic Day 2026, 70 Armed Forces personnel were awarded gallantry medals, including the Ashok Chakra, Kirti Chakra, Shaurya Chakra, Sena Medal, Nao Sena Medal, and Vayu Sena Medal. These awards recognize acts of bravery, valor, and self-sacrifice during both wartime and peacetime. The President of India, as the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, confers these awards.More details
UPSC Angle: 70 Armed Forces personnel awarded gallantry awards.
Key Facts:
- 70 Armed Forces personnel awarded gallantry medals
- Awards include Ashok Chakra, Kirti Chakra, Shaurya Chakra, Sena Medal, Nao Sena Medal, and Vayu Sena Medal
- Awards recognize acts of bravery and self-sacrifice
- Conferred by the President of India
- 2026-01-26 [Sports & Awards] — Padma Awards 2026 Announced
On the eve of the 77th Republic Day, the President of India approved the conferment of 131 Padma Awards for 2026, recognizing exceptional contributions in various fields. The awards include 5 Padma Vibhushan, 13 Padma Bhushan, and 113 Padma Shri awards, with a significant representation of women, NRIs/PIOs/OCIs, and posthumous recipients, to be presented in March/April at Rashtrapati Bhawan.More details
UPSC Angle: President approved conferment of 131 Padma Awards for 2026.
Key Facts:
- Padma Awards 2026: Announced on the eve of Republic Day
- President approved 131 awards
- Awards across Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri categories
- Conferred by the President of India at ceremonial functions at Rashtrapati Bhavan
- Awardees receive a Sanad (certificate) and a medallion
- Total annual awards capped at 120, excluding posthumous and foreign/NRI/OCI awardees
- Selection is based on recommendations of the Padma Awards Committee, constituted annually by the Prime Minister and headed by the Cabinet Secretary
- Public nominations, including self-nominations, are permitted
- Padma Awards 2026 approved for 131 recipients
- 5 Padma Vibhushan
- 13 Padma Bhushan
- 113 Padma Shri
- 19 women awardees
- 6 persons from Foreigners/NRI/PIO/OCI category
- 16 Posthumous awardees
- Awards to be conferred by the President of India
- Ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhawan in March/April
- Announced on the eve of the 77th Republic Day
- Dharmendra Singh Deol (Posthumous) – Art (Padma Vibhushan)
- K T Thomas – Public Affairs (Padma Vibhushan)
- N Rajam – Art (Padma Vibhushan)
- P Narayanan – Literature & Education (Padma Vibhushan)
- V S Achuthanandhan (Posthumous) – Public Affairs (Padma Vibhushan)
- Alka Yagnik – Art (Padma Bhushan)
- Bhagat Singh Koshyari – Public Affairs (Padma Bhushan)
- Kallipatti Ramasamy Palaniswamy – Medicine (Padma Bhushan)
- Mammootty – Art (Padma Bhushan)
- Nori Dattatreyudu – Medicine (Padma Bhushan)
- Piyush Pandey (Posthumous) – Art (Padma Bhushan)
- S K M Maeilanandhan – Social Work (Padma Bhushan)
- Shatavadhani R Ganesh – Art (Padma Bhushan)
- Shibu Soren (Posthumous) – Public Affairs (Padma Bhushan)
- Uday Kotak – Trade & Industry (Padma Bhushan)
- V K Malhotra (Posthumous) – Public Affairs (Padma Bhushan)
- Vellappally Natesan – Public Affairs (Padma Bhushan)
- Vijay Amritraj – Sports (Padma Bhushan)
- A E Muthunayagam (Padma Shri)
- Anil Kumar Rastogi (Padma Shri)
- Anke Gowda M (Padma Shri)
- Armida Fernandez (Padma Shri)
- Arvind Vaidya (Padma Shri)
- Ashok Khade (Padma Shri)
- Ashok Kumar Singh (Padma Shri)
- Asok Kumar Haldar (Padma Shri)
- Baldev Singh (Padma Shri)
- Bhagwandas Raikwar (Padma Shri)
- Bharat Singh Bharti (Padma Shri)
- Bhiklya Ladakya Dhinda (Padma Shri)
- Bishwa Bandhu (Posthumous) (Padma Shri)
- Brij Lal Bhat (Padma Shri)
- Buddha Rashmi Mani (Padma Shri)
- Chandramouli Gaddamanugu (Padma Shri)
- Charan Hembram (Padma Shri)
- Chiranji Lal Yadav (Padma Shri)
- Deepika Reddy (Padma Shri)
- Dharmiklal Chunilal Pandya (Padma Shri)
- Gadde Babu Rajendra Prasad (Padma Shri)
- Gafruddin Mewati Jogi (Padma Shri)
- Gambir Singh Yonzone (Padma Shri)
- Garimella Balakrishna Prasad (Posthumous) (Padma Shri)
- Gayatri Balasubramanian (Padma Shri)
- Gopal Ji Trivedi (Padma Shri)
- Guduru Venkat Rao (Padma Shri)
- H V Hande (Padma Shri)
- Hally War (Padma Shri)
- Hari Madhab Mukhopadhyay (Posthumous) (Padma Shri)
- 2026-01-18 [History & Heritage] — Call for Bharat Ratna to Veer Savarkar
RSS Chief Mohan Bhagwat advocated for Bharat Ratna for Veer Savarkar, emphasizing Savarkar's influence and contributions. National Scheduled Castes Alliance President Paramjit Singh Kainth supported the proposal, highlighting Savarkar's reformist views against caste practices and the need to recognize social justice along with Ambedkar's legacy. However, Congress leader Priyank Kharge criticized the demand.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- RSS Chief Mohan Bhagwat advocated for Bharat Ratna for Savarkar
- Savarkar (1883–1966) was a freedom fighter from Maharashtra
- Ambedkar was given the Bharat Ratna posthumously in 1990
- Mohan Bhagwat stated that if Savarkar is given Bharat Ratna, then the prestige of the honour will increase
- 2026-01-10 [Sports & Awards] — Padma Awards 2026 Announced
President Droupadi Murmu approved the conferment of 131 Padma Awards for 2026, including 5 Padma Vibhushan, 13 Padma Bhushan, and 113 Padma Shri awards, which were announced on the eve of the 77th Republic Day. The awards recognize exceptional and distinguished service in various fields.More details
UPSC Angle: Padma Awards 2026: 5 Vibhushan, 13 Bhushan, 113 Shri announced.
Key Facts:
- President approved 131 Padma Awards for 2026
- 5 Padma Vibhushan, 13 Padma Bhushan, and 113 Padma Shri awards
- Awards announced on the eve of the 77th Republic Day
- 19 awardees are women
- 6 are Foreigners/NRI/PIO/OCI
- 16 Posthumous awardees
- Dharmendra Singh Deol (Posthumous) – Art (Padma Vibhushan)
- K T Thomas – Public Affairs (Padma Vibhushan)
- N Rajam – Art (Padma Vibhushan)
- P Narayanan – Literature & Education (Padma Vibhushan)
- V S Achuthanandhan (Posthumous) – Public Affairs (Padma Vibhushan)
- Alka Yagnik – Art (Padma Bhushan)
- Bhagat Singh Koshyari – Public Affairs (Padma Bhushan)
- Kallipatti Ramasamy Palaniswamy – Medicine (Padma Bhushan)
- Mammootty – Art (Padma Bhushan)
- Dr. Nori Dattatreyudu – Medicine (Padma Bhushan)
- Piyush Pandey (Posthumous) – Art (Padma Bhushan)
- S K M Maeilanandhan – Social Work (Padma Bhushan)
- Shatavadhani R Ganesh – Art (Padma Bhushan)
- Shibu Soren (Posthumous) – Public Affairs (Padma Bhushan)
- Uday Kotak – Trade & Industry (Padma Bhushan)
- V K Malhotra (Posthumous) – Public Affairs (Padma Bhushan)
- Vellappally Natesan – Public Affairs (Padma Bhushan)
- Vijay Amritraj – Sports (Padma Bhushan)
- Rohit Sharma - Sports (Padma Shri)
- Harmanpreet Kaur - Sports (Padma Shri)
- Savita Punia - Sports (Padma Shri)
- Vladimir Mestvirishvili (Posthumous) - Wrestling (Padma Shri)
- Baldev Singh - Padma Shri
- Bhagwandas Raikwar - Padma Shri
- K Pajanivel - Padma Shri
- Praveen Kumar - Padma Shri
- A E Muthunayagam (Padma Shri)
- Anil Kumar Rastogi (Padma Shri)
- Anke Gowda M (Padma Shri)
- Armida Fernandez (Padma Shri)
- Arvind Vaidya (Padma Shri)
- Ashok Khade (Padma Shri)
- Ashok Kumar Singh (Padma Shri)
- Asok Kumar Haldar (Padma Shri)
- Bharat Singh Bharti (Padma Shri)
- Bhiklya Ladakya Dhinda (Padma Shri)
- Bishwa Bandhu (Posthumous) (Padma Shri)
- Brij Lal Bhat (Padma Shri)
- Buddha Rashmi Mani (Padma Shri)
- Chandramouli Gaddamanugu (Padma Shri)
- Charan Hembram (Padma Shri)
- Chiranji Lal Yadav (Padma Shri)
- Deepika Reddy (Padma Shri)
- Dharmiklal Chunilal Pandya (Padma Shri)
- Gadde Babu Rajendra Prasad (Padma Shri)
- Gafruddin Mewati Jogi (Padma Shri)
- Gambir Singh Yonzone (Padma Shri)
- Garimella Balakrishna Prasad (Posthumous) (Padma Shri)
- Gayatri Balasubramanian (Padma Shri)
- Gopal Ji Trivedi (Padma Shri)
- Guduru Venkat Rao (Padma Shri)
- H V Hande (Padma Shri)
- Hally War (Padma Shri)
- Hari Madhab Mukhopadhyay (Posthumous) (Padma Shri)
India's 2025 Press Freedom and Democracy Assessments
Focus: A collection of 2025 reports (RSF, V-Dem, South Asia Press Freedom) assessing India's democratic standing, along with the Indian government's specific policy response proposing a new governance index.
UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing the friction between international democratic indices and India's domestic policy narratives regarding governance and media freedom.
7 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-07 [Polity & Governance] — India's Position in Democracy Indices
Various democracy indices show a mixed picture of democracy in India. While India is considered a multiparty democracy, it has faced concerns regarding discriminatory policies, harassment of government critics, and a decline in democratic rankings. India's democracy is tested by tensions between power and accountability, regulation and liberty.More details
UPSC Angle: Democracy indices show mixed picture; concerns raised on discriminatory policies.
Key Facts:
- Economist Democracy Index: Flawed democracy
- Freedom House: Partly free
- V-Dem Institute: Electoral autocracy
- Liberal Democracy Index: Ranks 100 of 179 countries
- 2026-01-02 [Polity & Governance] — India's Position on World Press Freedom Index
India has climbed to the 151st position out of 180 countries in the 2025 World Press Freedom Index released by Reporters Without Borders (RSF). Despite the upward trend, India continues to be classified under the “very serious” category.More details
UPSC Angle: India's rank in World Press Freedom Index 2025: 151.
Key Facts:
- India's ranking has fallen to 161 in the World Press Freedom Index-2023
- The report by global media watchdog Reporters Sans Frontiers (RSF) assessed the state of freedom for media countries
- In 2021, the V-Dem Institute downgraded India from 'flawed democracy' to 'electoral autocracy'
- In 2023, India was ranked 161 out of 180 countries in the World Press Freedom Index
- India ranked 151st out of 180 countries in the 2025 World Press Freedom Index
- Classified under the “very serious” category
- Editorial interference by media owners reported as “always” or “often” present in 92 of the 180
- 2025-10-04 [Polity & Governance] — India's IIAS Presidency
India is proposing to introduce an International Governance Index. The move comes as India faces criticism in several global governance and democracy indexes. The Indian Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS) founded in 1930 has 31 member countries including India Japan China Germany Saudi Arabia.More details
UPSC Angle: India's IIAS Presidency proposes to introduce an International Governance Index.
Key Facts:
- Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Institute has listed India as an electoral autocracy since 2017
- In V-Dem's 2025 report, India was ranked 100 out of 179 countries in the liberal democracy index
- Economic Advisory Council to PM (2022) highlighted lack of transparency in methodologies of existing indices
- The Indian Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS) founded in 1930 has 31 member countries
- India
- global governance index
- IIA presidency
- 2025-28
- Austria
- Vm institute (University of Gothenberg, Sweden)
- electoral autocracy (since 2017)
- Liberal Democracy Index
- Ranked 100 out of 179 countries (in 2025 report)
- World Governance Index (WGI)
- World Bank
- 2025-07-19 [Polity & Governance] — India's Press Freedom Ranking
India ranked 151st out of 180 countries in the World Press Freedom Index 2025, a marginal improvement from 159th in 2024. Despite this, India remains in the 'very serious' category, with concerns about media autonomy, economic pressures, and threats against journalists. The report raises alarm over media ownership concentration and political influence.More details
UPSC Angle: India ranked 151st in World Press Freedom Index 2025.
Key Facts:
- India's Rank: 151st out of 180 countries
- Rank in 2024: 159th
- Category: Very Serious
- Published by: Reporters Without Borders (RSF)
- Journalists in India face threats, violence, and intimidation
- Economic Pressures: Financial instability and dominance of tech giants
- Legal Challenges: Restrictive laws, criminal defamation
- Media Plurality: Monopoly of a few media houses reduces diversity
- 2025-05-10 [Polity & Governance] — South Asia Press Freedom Report 2024–25
The 23rd Annual South Asia Press Freedom Report 2024–25, titled “Frontline Democracy: Media and Political Churn”, has flagged India as part of a wider trend of shrinking press freedom. The report, published by Asia Press Freedom group, covers 8 South Asian countries and recorded over 250 media rights violations. India was ranked 151st globally, and major risks stem from disinformation, legal suppression, surveillance, and AI-related threats.More details
UPSC Angle: South Asia Press Freedom Report flags shrinking press freedom in India.
Key Facts:
- The report is titled “Frontline Democracy: Media and Political Churn”.
- The report is the 23rd Annual South Asia Press Freedom Report 2024–25.
- The report is published by the Asia Press Freedom group.
- The report covers 8 South Asian countries – India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives.
- The report recorded 250+ media rights violations.
- India was ranked 151st globally in press freedom.
- 69 journalists were jailed/detained and 20 were killed in the line of duty.
- Report title: “Frontline Democracy: Media and Political Churn”.
- Countries covered: India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Maldives.
- 2025-05-09 [Polity & Governance] — India's Press Freedom Ranking Improves Slightly, but Concerns Remain
India's ranking in the 2025 World Press Freedom Index has improved to 151 out of 180 countries, up from 159 in 2024, according to Reporters Without Borders. Despite this marginal improvement, RSF warns that press freedom in India is still in crisis, citing economic pressures, concentration of media ownership, and safety concerns for journalists.More details
UPSC Angle: India's press freedom ranking improves slightly to 151.
Key Facts:
- India ranked 151 out of 180 countries in the 2025 World Press Freedom Index.
- India's rank improved from 159th in 2024.
- Reporters Without Borders (RSF) publishes the World Press Freedom Index.
- RSF stated that “press freedom is in crisis in the world's largest democracy.
- India is listed among countries where the “concentration of media ownership in the hands of political magnates threatens media plurality.
- Mukesh Ambani owns more than 70 media outlets that are followed by at least 800 million Indians.
- India faces substantial challenges to press freedom and media independence.
- 2025-04-15 [Polity & Governance] — Democracy Report 2025 Highlights Democratic Decline
The Democracy Report 2025 indicates a global decline in democracies, with a rise in closed autocracies, particularly in West Asia, North Africa, and South Asia. India has been classified as an electoral autocracy since 2017, with a significant decline in freedom of expression, clean elections, and freedom of association.More details
UPSC Angle: Democracy Report 2025 indicates a global decline in democracies.
Key Facts:
- India has been classified as an electoral autocracy since 2017.
- India ranked 159/180 in the World Press Freedom Index 2024.
Commemoration of Institutional Foundation Days in India
Focus: Reports on the anniversary celebrations of various Indian statutory, political, and educational organizations during 2025-2026.
UPSC Value: Understanding the historical milestones and the evolving mandates of key Indian institutions is essential for the Governance and Polity sections of the UPSC syllabus.
5 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-17 [Polity & Governance] — Lokpal of India observed Foundation Day on January 16, 2026
The Lokpal of India, a statutory anti-corruption ombudsman, observed its Foundation Day on January 16, 2026, marking the date the institution legally came into force in 2014. Designed as a sui generis institution, it investigates corruption allegations against public functionaries, including high-level political and bureaucratic figures. Maharashtra was the first state to establish a Lokayukta in 1971.More details
UPSC Angle: Lokpal of India observed Foundation Day on January 16, 2026.
Key Facts:
- Lokpal of India Foundation Day: January 16, 2026
- Institution legally came into force in 2014
- Maharashtra established Lokayukta in 1971
- The Lokpal consists of a Chairperson and up to eight Members
- At least 50% of Lokpal members must be Judicial Members
- Mandatory 50% representation from SC, ST, OBC, minorities, and women in Lokpal
- Lokpal of India observed its Foundation Day on 16 January 2026.
- Lokpal of India observed its Foundation Day on: January 16, 2026
- New IT Infrastructure & Data Centre inaugurated for end-to-end digitised, paperless complaint processing
- Core values emphasized: Independence, Objectivity, Fairness, Rule of law
- Budgetary austerity and expenditure control led to a modest in-house celebration
- 2025-12-29 [History & Heritage] — 140th Foundation Day of Indian National Congress (INC)
The Indian National Congress (INC) commemorated its 140th Foundation Day on December 28, 2025, which has led to reflection on the party's historical role in India's freedom struggle and its politics after India gained independence. The INC is one of India's oldest and most influential political parties, leading the national movement against British colonial rule and dominating India's political landscape post-independence.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- The Indian National Congress (INC) marked its 140th Foundation Day on December 28, 2025.
- Indian National Congress (INC) marked its 140th Foundation Day on December 28, 2025.
- 2025-09-11 [Economy] — IEPFA Celebrates 9th Foundation Day
The Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (IEPFA), under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, celebrated its 9th Foundation Day on September 8, 2025, in New Delhi. The event featured a Round Table Conference on “Claiming the Unclaimed: Unlocking the Potential of Idle Financial Assets in India”.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Celebrated on September 8, 2025, in New Delhi.
- Celebrated its 9th Foundation Day.
- Theme of the conference was “Claiming the Unclaimed: Unlocking the Potential of Idle Financial Assets in India”.
- Celebrated its 9th Foundation Day on September 8, 2025, in New Delhi.
- The event featured a Round Table Conference on the theme “Claiming the Unclaimed: Unlocking the Potential of Idle Financial Assets in India”.
- 2025-09-02 [Schemes & Programs] — NCERT Launches Initiatives Aligned with NEP 2020
On September 1, 2025, NCERT celebrated its 65th Foundation Day by launching initiatives aligned with NEP 2020, including the Bal Vatika TV Channel for early learners and DIKSHA 2.0 with AI-driven multilingual support. PRASHAST 2.0 was launched for disability screening.More details
UPSC Angle: NCERT initiatives align with NEP 2020 on its 65th Foundation Day.
Key Facts:
- NCERT Foundation Day: September 1, 2025 (65th)
- Initiatives: Bal Vatika TV Channel, DIKSHA 2.0, PRASHAST 2.0
- 2025-05-05 [Polity & Governance] — ED Celebrates 69th Foundation Day
The Enforcement Directorate (ED) celebrated its 69th Foundation Day in New Delhi, reaffirming its role in combating economic offences and money laundering as India strives toward Viksit Bharat 2047. Established on 1st May 1956 as the 'Enforcement Unit', it was renamed as the Enforcement Directorate in 1957.More details
UPSC Angle: ED's role in combating economic offences for Viksit Bharat 2047.
Key Facts:
- ED Foundation Day: Celebrated 69th Foundation Day.
- Establishment: 1st May 1956 as 'Enforcement Unit'.
- Renamed: Enforcement Directorate in 1957.
Indian Constitutional & Democratic Initiatives (2025-26)
Focus: Official observances, campaigns, and declarations in India aimed at strengthening constitutional literacy and democratic values.
UPSC Value: Useful for tracking government and ECI initiatives designed to enhance citizen engagement with the Constitution.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-25 [Polity & Governance] — National Voters' Day 2026
National Voters' Day is observed on January 25th every year in India to commemorate the foundation day of the Election Commission of India, encourage youth participation, and strengthen democratic values. The theme for National Voters' Day 2026 is "My India, My Vote" with a tagline of "Citizen at the Heart of Indian Democracy".More details
UPSC Angle: National Voters' Day observed on January 25th to commemorate ECI foundation.
Key Facts:
- Celebrated annually on January 25th since 2011
- Commemorates the foundation day of the Election Commission of India
- Theme for 2026: "My India, My Vote"
- Tagline: "Citizen at the Heart of Indian Democracy"
- Celebrated annually on January 25th since 2011.
- Commemorates the foundation day of the Election Commission of India (ECI).
- ECI was founded on January 25, 1950.
- Theme for 2026: “My India, My Vote”.
- Tagline: Citizen at the Heart of Indian Democracy.
- Observed on January 25th across India every year since 2011
- Theme for National Voters' Day 2026 is "My India, My Vote"
- 2026-01-24 [Polity & Governance] — Delhi Declaration 2026 Adopted
The Election Commission of India (ECI) concluded the International Conference on Democracy and Election Management (IICDEM) 2026 in New Delhi with the unanimous adoption of the Delhi Declaration 2026 by over 40 Election Management Bodies (EMBs) to strengthen democratic processes through cooperation, innovation, and measurable actions. A follow-up meet is scheduled for December 3–5, 2026, at the India International Institute of Democracy and Election Management (IIIDEM), New Delhi.More details
UPSC Angle: Delhi Declaration 2026 adopted at IICDEM.
Key Facts:
- Delhi Declaration 2026
- Election Commission of India (ECI)
- International Conference on Democracy and Election Management (IICDEM) 2026
- Over 40 Election Management Bodies (EMBs)
- December 3–5, 2026 (Follow-up meet)
- India International Institute of Democracy and Election Management (IIIDEM), New Delhi
- 2025-11-26 [Polity & Governance] — "Hamara Samvidhan-Hamara Swabhiman" Campaign
The government launched the next phase of the nationwide constitutional outreach program "Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Swabhiman" on January 24, 2025. Building on the previous "Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Samman" campaign from 2024-25, it aims to deepen constitutional literacy, legal empowerment, and citizen engagement as part of the DISHA Scheme (2021-26).More details
UPSC Angle: "Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Swabhiman" is a constitutional outreach program.
Key Facts:
- Campaign: Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Swabhiman
- Launched: January 24, 2025
- Builds on: Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Samman (2024-25)
- Aims to: Deepen constitutional literacy, legal empowerment, and citizen engagement
- Part of: DISHA Scheme (2021-26)
- Reached: Over 1 crore citizens
- Events: More than 13,700 events
- Outreach: 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats
- 2025-11-26 [Polity & Governance] — Constitution Day 2025
India celebrated Constitution Day on November 26, 2025, marking 76 years since the adoption of the Indian Constitution in 1949. The day commemorates the Constituent Assembly's adoption of the Constitution and honors its values, vision, and architects, especially Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.More details
UPSC Angle: Constitution Day marks the adoption of the Indian Constitution.
Key Facts:
- Constitution Day celebrated on November 26, 2025.
- Marks 76 years since the adoption of the Indian Constitution in 1949.
- Commemorates the Constituent Assembly's adoption of the Constitution.
- Honors Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and other architects of the Constitution.
Milestone Anniversaries of Global and National Institutions
Focus: Commemoration of significant founding anniversaries (40th, 80th, and 120th) of major international organizations and historic socio-political societies occurring in 2025-2026.
UPSC Value: Highlights the longevity, historical evolution, and sustained relevance of institutional frameworks in global and national governance.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-21 [International Relations] — UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 80th Anniversary
The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) will commemorate its 80th anniversary on January 23, 2026. Established in 1945, ECOSOC is a principal organ of the UN responsible for coordinating economic, social, humanitarian, and cultural activities.More details
UPSC Angle: ECOSOC is a principal organ of the UN established in 1945.
Key Facts:
- Established: 1945
- Members: 54 members elected for three-year terms by the General Assembly
- Headquarters: New York (USA)
- 2025-12-08 [International Relations] — SAARC Commemorates 40th Anniversary
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) observed the 40th anniversary of the adoption of the SAARC Charter, which was signed on December 8, 1985, in Dhaka. The Heads of State/Government and Foreign Ministers of SAARC Member States emphasized SAARC's importance as a platform for fostering understanding, collaboration, and solidarity to build a peaceful, prosperous, and integrated South Asia.More details
UPSC Angle: SAARC commemorates 40th anniversary of the SAARC Charter.
Key Facts:
- SAARC Charter was adopted on 08 December 1985.
- 8 December is commemorated as the SAARC Charter Day every year.
- Secretary General of SAARC is H.E. Mr. Md. Golam Sarwar.
- A diplomatic reception will be hosted in Kathmandu on 9 December 2025 to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the SAARC Charter.
- 2025-10-19 [International Relations] — India-FAO Partnership Celebrates 80 Years
India and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) celebrated 80 years of partnership on World Food Day 2025. The FAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Established in October 1945, it is the oldest permanent specialized agency of the UN.More details
UPSC Angle: India and FAO celebrated 80 years of partnership.
Key Facts:
- India
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
- 80 years of partnership celebration
- World Food Day 2025
- FAO established: October 1945
- 195 members: 194 countries and the European Union
- FAO
- 80 years of partnership
- 2025-06-14 [History & Heritage] — Servants of India Society (SIS) Marks 120th Anniversary
The Servants of India Society (SIS) is celebrating its 120th Anniversary in 2025, as it was established on June 12, 1905, in Pune, Maharashtra. Founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, G.K. Devadhar, A.V. Patwardhan, and N.A. Dravid, the SIS is a historic socio-political organisation committed to public service, civic engagement, and national education.More details
UPSC Angle: Servants of India Society (SIS) marks 120th Anniversary.
Key Facts:
- Servants of India Society (SIS): Established on June 12, 1905
- Place: Pune, Maharashtra
- Founders: Gopal Krishna Gokhale, G.K. Devadhar, A.V. Patwardhan, N.A. Dravid
- Objectives: Train individuals for public service in a religious and nationalistic spirit
- 2025 marks its 120th Anniversary
2025 Institutional Heritage Observance Calendars
Focus: Official time-bound observances, including World Heritage Weeks and National Heritage Days, organized by cultural trusts and government ministries throughout 2025.
UPSC Value: Illustrates how national and international heritage bodies utilize synchronized public programming and commemorative dates to promote conservation awareness and cultural diplomacy.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-11-21 [Society & Culture] — Project Gaja-Lok: Elephant Lands and Cultural Symbolism in Asia
The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH), under the Ministry of Culture, launched “Project Gaja-Lok: Elephant Lands and their Cultural Symbolism in Asia”. The project aims to document and celebrate the cultural, historical, and ecological relationship between Asian elephants and human societies in India. An exhibition was held from November 19 to 25, 2025, at INTACH headquarters in New Delhi.More details
UPSC Angle: Project Gaja-Lok documents elephant lands and cultural symbolism.
Key Facts:
- “Project Gaja-Lok: Elephant Lands and their Cultural Symbolism in Asia” launched by INTACH.
- Aims to document the relationship between Asian elephants and human societies.
- Exhibition held from November 19 to 25, 2025, in New Delhi.
- 2025-11-19 [Society & Culture] — INTACH to observe World Heritage Week 2025 in Mangaluru
The Mangaluru Chapter of INTACH, in association with Art Kanara Trust, will observe World Heritage Week from November 19 to 25 at the Kodialguthu Centre for Art and Culture. The week-long program includes talks, workshops, demonstrations, and an exhibition highlighting the region's art and cultural heritage.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- INTACH observing World Heritage Week from Nov 19-25
- Location: Kodialguthu Centre for Art and Culture, Mangaluru
- Talk by Ganesh Amin Sankamar on Tulu language and culture
- Talk by M Prashanth Shet on Western Ganga Dynasty Coins
- Talk by Shruti Bangera on Streevesha in Yakshagana
- Art exhibition 'Namma Ooru Namma Nela' opening on Nov 22
- Basket-weaving workshop by Babu Koraga Kadtala and Ammi Koraga Kadtala on Nov 23
- Demonstration of traditional Kadegol making by Sadananda Gudiga Keruwashe and Prashant Gudiga Keruwashe on Nov 23
- Basket-weaving workshop for schoolchildren at BEM High School on Nov 24, led by Guruamma
- Screening of the 2023 documentary 'The Word and The Teacher: Journey of Ferdinand Kittel as a Lexicographer' on Nov 25
- 2025-09-20 [Society & Culture] — Ministry of Culture (MOC) to celebrate National Day for Cultural Heritage
The Bureau of Cultural Heritage (BOCH) of the Ministry of Culture (MOC) will host a series of events in September, including the National Day for Cultural Heritage on Sept. 20 and 21. The theme focuses on architectural heritage. Celebrations will kick off with the “International Forum on Taiwan Cultural Heritage: FORWARD ⇒ with Flexibility×Originality×Resilience” on Sept. 5 and 6.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Ministry of Culture (MOC)
- National Day for Cultural Heritage
- Sept. 20
- Sept. 21
- architectural heritage
- International Forum on Taiwan Cultural Heritage: FORWARD ⇒ with Flexibility×Originality×Resilience”
- Sept. 5
- Sept. 6
- 2025-05-22 [Society & Culture] — World Heritage Week Event in Philadelphia
The 10th Annual World Heritage Week, curated by Global Philadelphia Association, will return from May 18–24, celebrating Philadelphia as the country's first World Heritage City. The celebration includes events such as a tour at the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Organization of World Heritage Cities flag raising at City Hall on May 22.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- The Organization of World Heritage Cities flag raising at City Hall is on May 22, 2025 at 12pm.
- The 10th Annual World Heritage Week is from May 18–24.
- Philadelphia is the country's first World Heritage City.
2025 Global Health Awareness and Disease Prevention Initiatives
Focus: A collection of 2025 international health days focusing on disease eradication, maternal health, and food safety standards.
UPSC Value: Relevant for analyzing public health policy, the burden of infectious diseases, and India's progress toward national health targets like TB elimination.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-11-12 [Society & Culture] — World Pneumonia Day 2025
World Pneumonia Day 2025 was observed on 12th November to create awareness about Pneumonia, one of the world's deadliest yet preventable and treatable infectious diseases. The day encourages public and private organizations to organize awareness campaigns, promote preventive measures, provide health facilities, and ensure universal access to vaccinations.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- World Pneumonia Day 2025 observed on 12th November
- Aims to create awareness about Pneumonia
- Encourages awareness campaigns and preventive measures
- 2025-06-09 [Schemes & Programs] — World Food Safety Day 2025 focuses on science and grassroots engagement.
NIFTEM-Kundli, in collaboration with FSSAI, observed World Food Safety Day 2025 with the theme "Food Safety: Science in Action", training over 100 street food vendors in Delhi-NCR and Sonipat on hygienic practices. The event featured demonstrations of rapid adulteration testing kits and promoted healthy eating through public health messages.More details
UPSC Angle: World Food Safety Day 2025 focuses on science and grassroots engagement.
Key Facts:
- World Food Safety Day observed on 8th June 2025.
- Theme: “Food Safety: Science in Action”.
- Organized by NIFTEM-Kundli and FSSAI.
- Over 100 street food vendors trained.
- Training included FSSAI licensing requirements.
- Rapid adulteration testing kits demonstrated.
- “Thoda Kam” and “Eat Right” messages promoted.
- Certified FoSTaC resource persons facilitated sessions.
- 2025-04-11 [Schemes & Programs] — World Health Day 2025: Focus on Maternal and Newborn Health
Observed annually on April 7th, World Health Day 2025 focuses on "Healthy Beginnings, Hopeful Futures", emphasizing maternal and newborn health. India is aligning with this vision through initiatives like Ayushman Bharat and the National Health Mission.More details
UPSC Angle: World Health Day 2025 focuses on maternal and newborn health.
Key Facts:
- World Health Day theme 2025: “Healthy Beginnings, Hopeful Futures”
- Over 40 crore Ayushman Cards have been issued as of 3rd April 2025
- Over 8.50 crore authorised hospital admissions throughout the country
- 31,846 hospitals empanelled under Ayushman Bharat (17,434 public and 14,412 private) as of 3rd April 2025
- Over 76 crore Ayushman Bharat Health Accounts (ABHA) have been created under the ABDM as of April 5, 2025
- Over 2.5 lakh Ni-kshay Mitra volunteers are supporting over 15 lakh TB patients under the Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan as of 6th April, 2025
- 2025-03-26 [Schemes & Programs] — World TB Day 2025 Theme
The theme for World Tuberculosis Day 2025 is “Yes, We Can End TB: Commit, Invest, and Deliver”. India aims to eliminate TB by 2025, ahead of the global target of 2030 set by the WHO End TB Strategy.More details
UPSC Angle: World TB Day 2025 theme: Yes, We Can End TB.
Key Facts:
- The theme for World Tuberculosis Day 2025 is “Yes, We Can End TB: Commit, Invest, and Deliver”.
- India aims to eliminate TB by 2025.
2025 International Observances and Advocacy Themes
Focus: Global awareness days in 2025 that have established specific, quoted themes to direct international policy and public discourse.
UPSC Value: Identifying the specific advocacy priorities of global organizations in 2025 is a key component of the 'Important Days and Themes' syllabus in competitive exams.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-11-01 [Society & Culture] — World Vegan Day 2025
World Vegan Day 2025 is observed on November 1st. The 2025 World Vegan Day theme is expected to focus on “veganism and its positive impact on the planet, animals, and human health.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- The 2025 World Vegan Day theme is expected to focus on “veganism and its positive impact on the planet, animals, and human health.
- 2025-10-29 [Society & Culture] — World Stroke Day 2025
World Stroke Day (WSD) is observed on October 29, 2025, to raise awareness about stroke prevention, symptoms, and timely treatment. The 2025 theme is “Every Minute Counts”. The day is organized by the World Stroke Organization (WSO), which was established in 2006, and the awareness campaign is #ActFAST.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- World Stroke Day (WSD): October 29, 2025
- 2025 Theme: “Every Minute Counts”
- Organized by: World Stroke Organization (WSO) (2006)
- Awareness Campaign: #ActFAST
- 2025-08-21 [Society & Culture] — World Senior Citizen's Day 2025
World Senior Citizens' Day 2025, observed on August 21, honors the wisdom, resilience, and contributions of the elderly, while raising awareness of challenges like health issues, social isolation, and financial insecurity. The 2025 theme, “Empowering Elderly Voices for an Inclusive Future,” urges active participation of seniors in policy-making.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Observed on August 21.
- 2025 theme: “Empowering Elderly Voices for an Inclusive Future”.
- 2025-05-06 [Society & Culture] — World Asthma Day 2025
World Asthma Day is observed on May 6, 2025, with the theme 'Make inhaled treatments accessible for all', emphasizing the need for universal access to inhaled medications for asthma control and treatment. The first World Asthma Day was organized in 1998 by the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA).More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- World Asthma Day was celebrated on May 6, 2025.
- The 2025 theme was "Make Inhaled Treatments Accessible for ALL".
- World Asthma Day 2025 is observed on May 6.
- The theme for World Asthma Day 2025 is 'Make inhaled treatments accessible for all'.
- The first World Asthma Day took place in 1998, organized by the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA).
Commemoration of Milestone Anniversaries of Key Indian State Institutions
Focus: Events specifically marking significant milestone anniversaries (Centenary, 75th, 62nd) of Indian constitutional, security, or administrative bodies to celebrate their historical legacy.
UPSC Value: Understanding the historical trajectory and milestone anniversaries of key Indian institutions is essential for GS Paper II (Governance) and Paper III (Security).
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-12-22 [Defense & Security] — 2025 Raising Day of SSB
The 2025 Observance marks the 62nd Raising Day, formed after the India-China Conflict (1962), held at SSB's CTC in Kangra district, HP. Union Minister Amit Shah, MHA, was the Chief Guest.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- 2025
- 62nd Raising Day
- India-China Conflict (1962)
- SSB's CTC
- Kangra district, HP
- Amit Shah
- MHA
- 2025-11-26 [Polity & Governance] — UPSC to Organize 'Shatabdi Sammelan'
The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) will organize a two-day 'Shatabdi Sammelan' as part of its centenary year celebrations on November 26th and 27th, 2025, in New Delhi. The event will include a conference called 'Chintan' on Constitution Day to commemorate the constitutional legacy of public service commissions in India.More details
UPSC Angle: UPSC's 'Shatabdi Sammelan' is a centenary year celebration event.
Key Facts:
- Event: Shatabdi Sammelan
- Organizer: Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)
- Dates: November 26th and 27th, 2025
- Location: Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi
- Chief Guest: Shri Om Birla
- Guest of Honour: Dr. Jitendra Singh
- Includes: Conference 'Chintan' on Constitution Day
- 2025-06-28 [Economy] — Statistics Day 2025 Theme: 75 Years of National Sample Survey
Statistics Day is celebrated annually on 29th June to commemorate the birth anniversary of Prof. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, and the theme for Statistics Day 2025 is “75 Years of National Sample Survey”. The day aims to create awareness about the importance of statistics in socio-economic planning and evidence-based policymaking.More details
UPSC Angle: Statistics Day 2025 theme: 75 Years of National Sample Survey.
Key Facts:
- Statistics Day is celebrated on 29th June every year in India.
- It commemorates the birth anniversary of Prof. P.C. Mahalanobis.
- The theme for Statistics Day 2025 is “75 Years of National Sample Survey”.
Economic and Constitutional Legacies of Indian National Leaders
Focus: Commemorative events in 2025 highlighting the specific economic theories, labor reforms, and constitutional frameworks established by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Dadabhai Naoroji.
UPSC Value: Useful for synthesizing the intellectual history of Indian economic thought and the evolution of social justice frameworks (GS Paper 1 and 3).
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-12-08 [History & Heritage] — 200th Anniversary of Dadabhai Naoroji
India is celebrating the 200th birth anniversary of Dadabhai Naoroji, recognizing his contributions as a nationalist leader, economic thinker, and key figure in the Indian independence movement. Naoroji (1825–1917) was also the first Indian Member of British Parliament.More details
UPSC Angle: 200th birth anniversary of Dadabhai Naoroji.
Key Facts:
- Dadabhai Naoroji's birth year: 1825
- He was the first Indian Member of British Parliament.
- Dadabhai Naoroji (1825–1917)
- First Indian Member of British Parliament.
- 2025-12-06 [History & Heritage] — 70th Death Anniversary of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
India observed the 70th death anniversary (Mahaparinirvan Diwas) of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, commemorating his lasting contributions to constitutional governance, social justice, and economic thought. Ambedkar (1891–1956) was a jurist, economist, social reformer, and chief architect of the Indian Constitution. He led pioneering movements against caste discrimination and laid the foundations of India’s modern democratic and economic institutions.More details
UPSC Angle: 70th death anniversary (Mahaparinirvan Diwas) of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
Key Facts:
- Event: 70th Mahaparinirvan Diwas
- Date: December 6, 2025
- Tribute paid by: President Droupadi Murmu and Prime Minister Narendra Modi
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (1891–1956): Jurist, economist, social reformer, and chief architect of the Indian Constitution
- Bharat Ratna (Posthumous): 1990
- Observed by: Dr. Ambedkar Foundation under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
- Observed the 70th death anniversary (Mahaparinirvan Diwas) of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
- B.R. Ambedkar (1891–1956) was a jurist, economist, social reformer, and chief architect of the Indian Constitution
- Born on 14 April 1891 in Mhow (MP)
- Led the Mahad Satyagraha (1927)
- Spearheaded the Kalaram Temple Satyagraha (1930) in Nashik
- Represented Depressed Classes at Round Table Conferences (1930–32) in London
- 2025-04-17 [Economy] — Ambedkar's Contributions to Indian Economy
On Ambedkar Jayanti 2025, renewed attention is being given to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's contributions to India's economic thought, including his work in monetary policy, labour reforms, and land rights for Dalits.More details
UPSC Angle: Ambedkar's contributions to Indian economy are being highlighted.
Key Facts:
- Contributions to India's economic thought: monetary policy, labour reforms, and land rights for Dalits
2025 Urban Resilience and Sustainable City Observances
Focus: International awareness days in 2025 specifically focused on the ecological, structural, and social sustainability of urban environments.
UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding Sustainable Development Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and the multi-sectoral approach to urban planning.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-12-05 [Environment & Ecology] — World Soil Day 2025: "Healthy Soils for Healthy Cities"
World Soil Day 2025 is observed on December 5th, focusing on the theme “Healthy Soils for Healthy Cities”. The day aims to highlight the importance of healthy soil and advocate for the sustainable management of soil resources. The observance was proposed by the International Union of Soil Sciences in 2002 and officially declared by the United Nations General Assembly in 2013.More details
UPSC Angle: World Soil Day 2025 theme: “Healthy Soils for Healthy Cities”.
Key Facts:
- December 5th: Date of World Soil Day
- Healthy Soils for Healthy Cities: Theme for World Soil Day 2025
- Date: December 5
- Theme: Healthy Soils for Healthy Cities
- FAO: The Food and Agriculture Organization
- Urban soil is among the most degraded natural resources
- FAO reports that nearly one-third of global soils are already compromised, a condition amplified in urban environments.
- Industrial contamination, compaction from construction, loss of organic matter, and extensive soil sealing by asphalt and concrete suffocate soil ecosystems.
- World Soil Day held annually on December 5.
- Theme for 2025: “Healthy Soils for Healthy Cities”.
- First celebration held in 2014.
- 2025-10-31 [Society & Culture] — UNESCO Highlights People-Centred Smart Cities on World Cities Day
On World Cities Day 2025, UNESCO's World Heritage Cities Programme released new case studies on the UNESCO Urban Heritage Atlas. These case studies highlight how GIS and mobile data capture assist site managers and local authorities in inventory and monitoring efforts. The theme for World Cities Day 2025 was “People-Centred Smart Cities”.More details
UPSC Angle: UNESCO highlights people-centred smart cities on World Cities Day.
Key Facts:
- World Cities Day 2025
- UNESCO
- World Heritage Cities Programme
- UNESCO Urban Heritage Atlas
- GIS
- mobile data capture
- 2025-10-12 [Schemes & Programs] — Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs Celebrates World Habitat Day 2025
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) celebrated World Habitat Day 2025 at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi, with the theme "Urban Solutions to Crisis". The event highlighted the importance of making cities more resilient, inclusive, and sustainable in addressing challenges like climate change, migration, and rapid urbanisation. The UN-Habitat Scroll of Honour Award, launched in 1989, acknowledged exceptional contributions in areas such as shelter provision, highlighting the plight of the homeless, leadership in post-conflict reconstruction, and improving urban life quality and human settlements.More details
UPSC Angle: World Habitat Day theme: 'Urban Solutions to Crisis'.
Key Facts:
- World Habitat Day 2025 theme: "Urban Solutions to Crisis"
- Celebrated at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi
- UN-Habitat Scroll of Honour Award launched in 1989
UN-Sanctioned International Awareness Observances 2025
Focus: Items representing specific weeks or days established by the UN or its agencies to promote human rights, accessibility, and information literacy.
UPSC Value: Understanding the calendar of international observances helps in tracking global advocacy priorities and the role of UN resolutions in setting human rights agendas.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-10-26 [Society & Culture] — Global Media and Information Literacy (MIL) Week 2025
The Global Media and Information Literacy (MIL) Week 2025 is observed from 24 – 31 October 2025, organized by UNESCO. The theme is “Minds Over AI – MIL in Digital Spaces”.More details
UPSC Angle: Global MIL Week 2025 theme: Minds Over AI – MIL in Digital Spaces.
Key Facts:
- Global Media and Information Literacy (MIL) Week 2025
- Observed: 24 – 31 October 2025
- Theme: “Minds Over AI – MIL in Digital Spaces”
- Organiser: UNESCO
- 2025-09-22 [Society & Culture] — International Week of the Deaf 2025
The International Week of the Deaf took place from 22nd to 28th September 2025, with the theme for 2025 being “No Human Rights Without Sign Language Rights”. It commemorates the formation of the World Federation of the Deaf in 1951 and was established in 2017 through a UN General Assembly Resolution.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Theme 2025: “No Human Rights Without Sign Language Rights”.
- Established in 2017, through UN General Assembly Resolution.
- Commemorates the Formation of World Federation of the Deaf, 1951.
- 2025-05-03 [Society & Culture] — World Press Freedom Day 2025
May 3, 2025, marked World Press Freedom Day, highlighting the role of a free, independent, and pluralistic media in a democratic society. Celebrated annually since 1993, the day addresses challenges faced by journalists, from censorship to violence, and calls for the protection of press freedom as a fundamental human right.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- World Press Freedom Day
- May 3
- Celebrated since 1993
Indian National Observances and Awareness Days 2025
Focus: Official commemorative days designated by the Indian government or health authorities to highlight national identity, public health priorities, and scientific milestones.
UPSC Value: Crucial for the 'Current Events of National Importance' syllabus, specifically regarding themes, institutional roles (ISRO, Ministry of Health), and national development goals.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-08-23 [Science & Technology] — National Space Day Celebrated on August 23rd
August 23rd is celebrated as National Space Day, with ISRO leading the celebrations. The specific theme for the year is to be determined.More details
UPSC Angle: August 23rd is celebrated as National Space Day.
Key Facts:
- August 23rd is celebrated as National Space Day.
- ISRO celebrates National Space Day.
- 2025-08-15 [Society & Culture] — India Celebrates 79th Independence Day
India celebrated its 79th Independence Day on August 15, 2025, with Prime Minister Narendra Modi delivering his 12th consecutive speech from the Red Fort. The theme for the celebrations was 'Naya Bharat,' focusing on achieving a prosperous and self-reliant nation by 2047. The event included parades, cultural shows, and around 5,000 attendees.More details
UPSC Angle: India celebrated its 79th Independence Day on August 15, 2025.
Key Facts:
- 79th Independence Day
- August 15, 2025
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi
- 12th Independence Day speech
- Red Fort
- Theme: Naya Bharat
- Goal: Prosperous, self-reliant nation by 2047
- 5,000 attendees
- Prime Minister's address at Red Fort
- President Droupadi Murmu paid homage at the National War Memorial
- Special guests honored for empowering women and children
- India to become a developed nation by 2047
- First Made in India semiconductor chip by the end of 2025
- Tenfold increase in nuclear power generation capacity by 2047
- Next-generation GST reforms to be unveiled on Diwali, reducing taxes on essential goods and providing relief to MSMEs, local vendors, and consumers.
- ₹1 lakh crore PM Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana for youth employment (₹15,000 for newly employed youth, benefiting 3 crore young Indians)
- High-Powered Demography Mission to address demographic imbalance due to infiltration and illegal migration in border areas
- National Deepwater Exploration Mission to tap ocean resources
- 2025-05-17 [Society & Culture] — National Dengue Day 2025
National Dengue Day is observed on May 16th with the theme 'Act Early, Prevent Dengue: Clean Surroundings, Healthy Living' to raise awareness about dengue and promote early prevention and treatment.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Celebrated on May 16th
- Theme of National Dengue Day 2025: 'Act Early, Prevent Dengue: Clean Surroundings, Healthy Living'
- Declared May 16 as 'National Dengue Day' in 2010 to raise awareness about dengue
Commemoration of Shramana Philosophical Foundations
Focus: Official 2025 observances and government reporting on the foundational milestones and ethical tenets of the Shramana traditions (Buddhism and Jainism).
UPSC Value: This grouping is useful for comparing the core doctrines (Five Vows vs. Dharma), historical origins, and modern state-led cultural preservation of Jainism and Buddhism under Art and Culture.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-07-11 [Society & Culture] — Celebration of Ashadha Purnima
The International Buddhist Confederation (IBC), under the Ministry of Culture, celebrated Ashadha Purnima, marking Dhammachakra Pravartana Divas. This day commemorates Lord Buddha's first discourse after enlightenment, delivered to his five ascetic disciples at Deer Park in Sarnath, near Varanasi. The day symbolizes the 'Turning of the Wheel of Dharma,' initiating the propagation of Buddhist teachings.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- International Buddhist Confederation (IBC)
- Ministry of Culture
- Ashadha Purnima
- Dhammachakra Pravartana Divas
- Lord Buddha's first discourse after enlightenment
- Deer Park (Ṛiṣipatana Mrigadaya) in Sarnath, near Varanasi
- 2025-04-11 [Society & Culture] — Mahavir Jayanti
Mahavir Jayanti is being celebrated across India, commemorating the birth of Lord Mahavir, the 24th and last Jain Tirthankar. The celebration involves prayers, meditation, and compassionate deeds and is primarily observed by Jains in India, Nepal, the US, and the UK.More details
UPSC Angle: Mahavir Jayanti commemorates the birth of Lord Mahavir.
Key Facts:
- Mahavir Jayanti commemorates the birth of Lord Mahavir
- Lord Mahavir was the 24th and last Jain Tirthankar
- Celebration involves prayers, meditation, and compassionate deeds
- Observed by Jains in India, Nepal, the US, and the UK
- Mahavira was born in 599 BC at Vaishali
- 2025-04-11 [Society & Culture] — PIB Highlights Mahavir Jayanti and Jain Principles
PIB reports on Navkar Mahamantra Divas, celebrating Mahavir Jayanti, emphasizing Mahavir's teachings of non-violence, truth, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-possessiveness. Mahavir promoted equality, compassion, and self-discipline, rejecting caste distinctions.More details
UPSC Angle: PIB highlights Mahavir Jayanti and Jain principles.
Key Facts:
- Mahavir emphasized the Five Great Vows (Mahavratas): Ahimsa (Non-violence), Satya (Truth), Asteya (Non-stealing), Brahmacharya (Celibacy), Aparigraha (Non-possessiveness)
- Liberation (moksha) is possible through Right Faith (Samyak Darshan), Right Knowledge (Samyak Jnana), and Right Conduct (Samyak Charitra)
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