Governance 2.0: Mission-Mode Welfare & Institutional Reforms: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

The Indian governance landscape in 2025-2026 reflects a transition from infrastructure creation to 'Saturation and Sustainability' (Mission-mode). There is a concerted effort to move beyond basic service delivery toward high-quality, tech-enabled institutional frameworks, as seen in the modernization of the NPS and the evolution of the Swachh Bharat Mission into structured leagues. This era is defined by the 'Whole-of-Government' approach, where departmental silos are being dissolved through platforms like PRAGATI and the expansion of the Mission Karmayogi framework into specific sectors like Tribal Affairs.

Cross-Theme Insight

Together, these threads reveal a shift toward 'Guaranteed Welfare' and 'Professionalized Grassroots.' The transition from voluntary NPS to 'Guaranteed Return' frameworks (SAARG Committee) and the completion of the 10,000 FPO target signify a move toward providing small-scale actors (farmers, unorganized workers) with the same institutional security as the formal sector. Furthermore, the convergence of nutrition (Poshan), water security (Jal Suraksha), and education (ULLAS) under 'Abhiyan' and 'Sankalp' brands indicates that the government is utilizing behavioral change and community participation (Jan Bhagidari) as its primary implementation engine.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks like 'Indian Economy' by Vivek Singh (p. 268) describe the National Pension System (NPS) primarily as a voluntary, market-linked investment vehicle. However, the current reality in 2026 (MS Sahoo Committee) shows a shift towards 'legally enforceable, market-based guaranteed payments,' a significant departure from the pure defined-contribution model. Similarly, while older editions of Nitin Singhania (p. 240) list the Atal Pension Yojana (APY) as open to all citizens aged 18-40, current policy (2026 Cabinet approval) now strictly excludes income tax payers, reflecting a refined focus on the bottom-of-the-pyramid.

How This Theme Is Evolving

In 2025-26, government schemes shifted from 'coverage expansion' (Quantitative) to 'quality benchmarks and saturation' (Qualitative). The focus moved from simply enrolling subscribers to ensuring 'dignified aging' (NPS Swasthya) and from building toilets to the 'Super Swachh League' competition.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

Civil service reforms and social security are recurring themes. IAS 2016 (NID: 5622) and CDS 2021 (NID: 12888) both tested the specific eligibility and guaranteed nature of APY. Recent trends in CDS 2023 (NID: 13032) show a shift toward testing the 'implementation strategy' of missions (e.g., ICT and convergence in POSHAN). This suggests that future questions will likely target the 'Sankalp' branding and the convergence of schemes (e.g., BBBP under Mission Shakti).

Probable Prelims Angles

• Eligibility criteria for APY (Specifically the exclusion of income tax payers).
• Structure of the SAARG and MS Sahoo Committees regarding NPS modernization.
• The 'Mizoram' literacy milestone (98.2%) under the ULLAS scheme.
• Components of the 'Super Swachh League' in Swachh Survekshan 2025.
• Specific targets of 'Sampoornata Abhiyan 2.0' in Aspirational Districts.

Mains Answer Framework

• The transition from 'policy formulation' to 'mission-mode saturation' defines the current paradigm of Indian welfare governance, as evidenced by the convergence of the Sankalp and Abhiyan initiatives.
• Institutional Professionalization: Capacity building of civil servants (Mission Karmayogi) and farmers (FPOs) creates a skilled execution layer.. The shift from 'Contribution-based' to 'Guarantee-based' social security (NPS reforms) addresses the vulnerability of the unorganized sector.. Regional Federalism: The contrast between Mizoram’s success and Bihar’s reluctance in the ULLAS scheme highlights the challenges of federal implementation in social sectors.
• By integrating technology-driven monitoring (PRAGATI) with community-led behavioral change (SBCC), India is moving toward a resilient and inclusive welfare state by 2030.

Essay Connections

• 'The Civil Servant of the 21st Century: From Authority to Karmayogi' — Use the evolution of Mission Karmayogi and PRAGATI.
• 'Digital India and the Last Mile: Bridging the Literacy and Pension Gaps' — Use ULLAS and NPS Swasthya as examples.

Preparation Strategy

Reading Approach

Begin with Vivek Singh’s chapter on 'Inclusive Growth' to understand the baseline of NPS/APY and agricultural marketing (FPOs). Then, overlay the 2025-26 updates regarding the SAARG committee and the completion of the 10,000 FPO target to understand the 'saturation' strategy.

Textbook Roadmap

• Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed.), p. 312. Thread 1 (FPOs). Detailed functions of Farmer Producer Organizations in the value chain.
• Economics, Class IX NCERT (2025 ed.), p. 21. Threads 10, 15, 16 (Literacy/NEP). Foundational importance of education for human capital formation.

Revision Bullets

• APY Milestone: Crossed 8 crore enrolments by July 2025.
• Jan Dhan Status: 55.02 crore accounts as of March 2025.
• FPO Achievement: 10,000 FPOs formed, including 21.96 lakh women farmers.
• Literacy: Mizoram declared first fully literate state (98.2% rate).
• Nutrition: Child stunting remained at 37% by June 2025 (target was 25% by 2022).
• SBM Winners: Indore, Surat, and Navi Mumbai (Super Swachh League).

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (18 themes, 71 news items)

Expansion and Implementation of the Mission Karmayogi Framework

Focus: Adoption of the Mission Karmayogi capacity-building framework by specific ministries (Tribal Affairs, Ayush) and updates to its digital infrastructure (iGOT).

UPSC Value: Illustrates how the central civil service reform framework (Mission Karmayogi) is being operationalized across different sectors and platforms.

8 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-10 [Polity & Governance] — Mission Karmayogi
  Mission Karmayogi, also known as the National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building, is a capacity-building scheme for civil servants aimed at upgrading the post-recruitment training mechanism. The Capacity Building Commission (CBC) was constituted in 2021, and Karmayogi Bharat Special Purpose Vehicle (KB-SPV) was set up in 2022 as part of the implementation.
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  UPSC Angle: Mission Karmayogi: National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building.

  Key Facts:

  • Mission Karmayogi is a capacity-building scheme for civil servants.
  • The Capacity Building Commission (CBC) was constituted in 2021.
  • Karmayogi Bharat Special Purpose Vehicle (KB-SPV) was set up in 2022.
• 2025-12-27 [Polity & Governance] — Digital Transformation in Governance Initiatives
  As part of Good Governance Week, the Union Minister addressed the National Workshop on Good Governance Practices, launching several initiatives by the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT). These initiatives emphasize digital governance and continuous capacity building for civil servants.
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  UPSC Angle: Good Governance Week: Initiatives by DoPT for governance practices.

  Key Facts:

  • Launch of Compendium on Reservation for Ex-Servicemen (ESM).
  • AI Powered Recruitment Rules Generator Tool launched.
  • Mobile App for eHRMS 2.0 launched.
  • New Features on iGOT Karmayogi Portal and Karmayogi Digital Learning Lab 2.0.
• 2025-09-23 [Schemes & Programs] — Adi Yuva Fellowship & Adi Karmayogi Volunteers Programme
  The Ministry of Tribal Affairs, in partnership with the United Nations in India, has launched the Adi Yuva Fellowship and the Adi Karmayogi Volunteers Programme. 82 UN Community Volunteers as Adi Karmayogi Volunteers have been deployed across 82 blocks in 13 districts of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan for a two-month grassroots engagement. The Adi Karmayogi Volunteers Programme is supported by UNFPA and aims to equip tribal youth to act as catalysts for grassroots change and strengthen last-mile service delivery in tribal regions.
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  UPSC Angle: Adi Yuva Fellowship & Adi Karmayogi Volunteers Programme launched.

  Key Facts:

  • Ministry of Tribal Affairs and UN in India partnership
  • Launched Adi Yuva Fellowship and Adi Karmayogi Volunteers Programme
  • 82 UN Community Volunteers deployed
  • Deployment across 82 blocks in 13 districts of MP and Rajasthan
  • Adi Karmayogi Volunteers Programme supported by UNFPA
  • Adi Karmayogi Volunteers Programme to equip tribal youth
  • Supported by UNFPA
  • Fellows receive monthly allowances, health and life insurance
  • Linked to PMKVY 4.0, NAPS, and PM Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana
  • Fellows selected through a competitive process
• 2025-08-28 [Schemes & Programs] — Dharti Aba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyaan
  The Government of India has launched the Dharti Aba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyaan, a tribal welfare program aimed at ensuring last-mile delivery and saturation of government schemes in tribal villages. It includes the Adi Karmayogi initiative, training tribal 'change leaders' at the village level to drive development and encourages participatory governance.
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  UPSC Angle: Dharti Aba Abhiyaan aims for last-mile delivery of schemes in tribal villages.

  Key Facts:

  • Aims to ensure last-mile delivery and saturation of government schemes in tribal villages
  • Includes the Adi Karmayogi initiative
  • Adi Karmayogi initiative trains tribal “change leaders” at the village level
  • Encourages preparation of “Village Vision 2030” documents and community murals
  • Establishes Adi Seva Kendras as single-window service centres for welfare schemes
• 2025-08-20 [Schemes & Programs] — Adi Karmayogi Abhiyan Launched
  The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has launched the Adi Karmayogi Abhiyan, envisioned as the world's largest tribal grassroots leadership programme. The program aims to empower tribal communities and promote responsive, people-centric governance by building a network of 20 lakh change leaders across 1 lakh villages. It is guided by Sewa (Service), Sankalp (Resolve), and Samarpan (Dedication) and embodies the principle of “Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Prayas, Sabka Vishwas”.
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  UPSC Angle: Ministry of Tribal Affairs launched Adi Karmayogi Abhiyan.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs
  • Aims to empower tribal communities and promote responsive governance
  • Targets building a network of 20 lakh change leaders across 1 lakh villages
  • Guided by Sewa (Service), Sankalp (Resolve), Samarpan (Dedication)
  • Embodies the principle of “Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Prayas, Sabka Vishwas”
  • Officers and community members dedicate 1–2 hours fortnightly (Adi Sewa Samay) to address local issues, mentor youth, and support governance through Adi Sewa Kendra
• 2025-06-28 [Schemes & Programs] — Adi Karmyogi Programme for Tribal Welfare
  The Ministry of Tribal Affairs launched the Adi Karmyogi Programme to capacitate nearly 20 lakh stakeholders involved in tribal welfare delivery, including bureaucrats, block officials, and frontline workers. The program will focus on improving outcomes in critical areas such as healthcare gaps (with special attention to Sickle Cell Disease) and school staffing shortages and aligns with Mission Karmayogi.
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  UPSC Angle: Adi Karmyogi Programme launched for tribal welfare delivery.

  Key Facts:

  • The Adi Karmyogi Programme was launched by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
  • It aims to capacitate nearly 20 lakh stakeholders.
  • It focuses on healthcare gaps and school staffing shortages.
  • It aligns with Mission Karmayogi, launched in 2020.
• 2025-05-23 [Polity & Governance] — i-GOT Karmayogi Course on Unified Pension Scheme (UPS)
  i-GOT Karmayogi Course on Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) for PAOs and DDOs was held on May 23, 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • i-GOT Karmayogi Course
  • Unified Pension Scheme (UPS)
  • PAOs
  • DDOs
  • May 23, 2025
• 2025-03-20 [Schemes & Programs] — Ministry of Ayush Inaugurates Rashtriya Karmayogi Jan Seva Programme
  The Ministry of Ayush inaugurated the first batch of the Rashtriya Karmayogi Jan Seva Programme, launched and anchored by the Capacity Building Commission. The program aims to strengthen the spirit of service ('Seva Bhav') and foster a more accountable workforce by using interactive methodology.
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  UPSC Angle: Rashtriya Karmayogi Jan Seva Programme aims to strengthen public service spirit.

  Key Facts:

  • Programme: Rashtriya Karmayogi Jan Seva Programme
  • Inaugurated by: Ministry of Ayush
  • Anchored by: Capacity Building Commission
  • Aim: Strengthen 'Seva Bhav' and foster accountable workforce
  • Methodology: Interactive and engaging

Strategic Rural Development Missions (Sankalp & Abhiyan)

Focus: A cluster of government campaigns launched in 2025-26 sharing the 'Sankalp' or 'Abhiyan' nomenclature focused on rural and agricultural saturation.

UPSC Value: Helps track the specific branding and convergence strategies (Aspirational Districts, S&T integration) in recent welfare governance.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-09 [Schemes & Programs] — Sankalp Se Siddhi 2.0
  On February 9, 2026, the Union Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare introduced 'Sankalp Se Siddhi 2.0', aiming to double farmers' income by 2028 through technology adoption, market linkages, and crop diversification.
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  UPSC Angle: 'Sankalp Se Siddhi 2.0' aims to double farmers' income by 2028.

  Key Facts:

  • On February 9, 2026, the Union Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare introduced 'Sankalp Se Siddhi 2.0'.
  • The scheme aims to double farmers' income by 2028.
• 2026-02-06 [Schemes & Programs] — DST's Mission सह-SANKALP Invites Proposals for Sustainable Livelihoods
  The Department of Science & Technology (DST), in collaboration with the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser (O/o PSA), has launched Mission सह-SANKALP to integrate S&T solutions with rural and tribal livelihoods. A call for proposals has been announced, inviting eligible institutions to submit proposals for piloting STI-based livelihood interventions in NITI Aayog-identified Aspirational Blocks, to enhance socio-economic conditions of Scheduled Caste (SC) communities.
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  UPSC Angle: DST's Mission सह-SANKALP invites proposals for sustainable livelihoods.

  Key Facts:

  • Mission सह-SANKALP launched by DST and O/o PSA
  • Aims to integrate S&T solutions with rural and tribal livelihoods
  • Call for Proposals invites institutions to pilot STI-based livelihood interventions in Aspirational Blocks
  • Focus on enhancing socio-economic conditions of Scheduled Caste (SC) communities
• 2026-01-29 [Schemes & Programs] — NITI Aayog Launches Sampoornata Abhiyan 2.0
  NITI Aayog launched Sampoornata Abhiyan 2.0 on January 28, 2026, as a national campaign to saturate critical development indicators in Aspirational Districts and Blocks. The three-month initiative aims to improve nutrition, health, sanitation, and education in underserved regions through intensive monitoring and convergence.
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  UPSC Angle: NITI Aayog launched Sampoornata Abhiyan 2.0 for Aspirational Districts and Blocks.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched by NITI Aayog
  • Sampoornata Abhiyan 2.0
  • In Aspirational Districts and Aspirational Blocks
  • Launched on January 28, 2026.
  • Aims for saturation of critical development indicators.
  • Targets 112 Aspirational Districts and 513 Aspirational Blocks.
  • Runs for three months, from January 28 to April 14, 2026.
• 2025-05-30 [Schemes & Programs] — Viksit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan Launched
  The Union Agriculture Minister launched the Viksit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan (VKSA-2025) at ICAR-CIFA, Bhubaneswar, to empower over 1.5 crore farmers across India by linking advanced agri-tech and fisheries innovations with grassroots adoption. The campaign aims to accelerate India's agricultural transformation by disseminating cutting-edge technologies to rural communities and promoting self-reliance, sustainability, and resilience in the farming and aquaculture sectors.
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  UPSC Angle: Viksit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan launched to empower farmers.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched by: Union Agriculture Minister
  • Location: ICAR-CIFA, Bhubaneswar
  • Target: 1.5 crore farmers across India
  • Aim: To link advanced agri-tech and fisheries innovations with grassroots adoption
  • Objectives: Disseminate agricultural and fisheries technologies to rural communities, promote self-reliance, sustainability, and resilience
  • Target: Empower over 1.5 crore farmers across India
  • Aim: Link advanced agri-tech and fisheries innovations with grassroots adoption
• 2025-05-21 [Schemes & Programs] — Viksit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan to Start Nationwide
  The "Viksit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan" will start nationwide from May 29 to June 12, 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: "Viksit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan" to start nationwide.

  Key Facts:

  • Viksit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan start date: May 29, 2025.
  • Viksit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan end date: June 12, 2025.

Water Conservation and Security Initiatives (2025)

Focus: A series of national and state-level campaigns launched in 2025 focusing on rainwater harvesting, water security, and community participation (Jan Bhagidari).

UPSC Value: Useful for studying the government's multi-pronged strategy to address water scarcity through conservation, traditional restoration, and citizen engagement.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-29 [Schemes & Programs] — Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari (JSJB) Initiative
  Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari (JSJB) Initiative was Introduced on 6 September 2024 in Surat, Gujarat, as a community-driven extension of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain campaign, inspired by Gujarat's Jal Sanchay model. The objective is ensure “every drop is conserved” through a whole-of-society, whole-of-government approach, fostering community ownership.
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  UPSC Angle: Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari is a community-driven extension of Jal Shakti Abhiyan.

  Key Facts:

  • Launch: Introduced on 6 September 2024 in Surat, Gujarat
  • Awarding body: Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation
  • Objective: Ensure “every drop is conserved”
  • Inspiration: Gujarat's Jal Sanchay model
• 2025-09-28 [Schemes & Programs] — National Initiative on Water Security Launched
  The Government launched the National Initiative on Water Security in New Delhi to promote sustainable water management across rural India. The initiative aims to ensure that every drop of water is conserved through collective efforts, following a whole-of-society and whole-of-government approach.
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  UPSC Angle: National Initiative on Water Security launched for sustainable water management.

  Key Facts:

  • National Initiative on Water Security
  • Promote sustainable water management
  • Focus on rural India
• 2025-08-20 [Schemes & Programs] — Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain
  An initiative under Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain (JSA: CTR) addresses water scarcity in state-managed resources. Implementation in rural areas remains a challenge. It aligns with the National Water Policy 2012 and the Jal Jeevan Mission for sustainable development goals (SDG 6).
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  UPSC Angle: Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain addresses water scarcity challenges.

  Key Facts:

  • Initiative under Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain (JSA: CTR)
  • Addresses water scarcity in state-managed resources
  • Aligns with National Water Policy 2012 and Jal Jeevan Mission
• 2025-04-20 [Schemes & Programs] — Jal Suraksha Abhiyan Launched to Address Water Crisis
  The Indian government launched "Jal Suraksha Abhiyan," a national campaign focusing on rainwater harvesting, restoring traditional water bodies, and promoting efficient water use to address the water crisis in drought-affected regions. This initiative aims to improve water management at the grassroots level.
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  UPSC Angle: "Jal Suraksha Abhiyan" launched to address the water crisis.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched on April 20, 2025
  • Aims to address the growing water crisis
  • Focuses on rainwater harvesting
  • Restores traditional water bodies
  • Promotes efficient water use at the grassroots level
  • Launched by: Indian government
  • Name: Jal Suraksha Abhiyan
  • Focus: Rainwater harvesting, restoration of traditional water bodies, efficient water use
  • Objective: To address the growing water crisis in drought-affected regions
• 2025-04-10 [Environment & Ecology] — Uttarakhand Launches Bhagirath Mobile App for Water Conservation
  Uttarakhand Chief Minister Pushkar Singh Dhami launched the Bhagirath mobile app as part of the Jal Sanrakshan Abhiyan 2025 (Water Conservation Campaign). The app enables citizens to report endangered water sources, facilitating prompt government action. The campaign emphasizes collective action for preserving water resources with the theme “Dhara Mera, Naula Mera, Gaon Mera, Prayas Mera”.
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  UPSC Angle: Uttarakhand launches Bhagirath app for water conservation.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched by Uttarakhand Chief Minister Pushkar Singh Dhami
  • Part of Jal Sanrakshan Abhiyan 2025 (Water Conservation Campaign)
  • Allows citizens to report endangered water sources
  • Campaign theme: “Dhara Mera, Naula Mera, Gaon Mera, Prayas Mera”

Implementation of NEP 2020 in Language and Literacy

Focus: State and Central initiatives executing National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 mandates regarding adult literacy (ULLAS) and the three-language formula in schools.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the practical application of NEP 2020 through specific schemes like ULLAS and curriculum adjustments in states like Maharashtra.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-21 [Society & Culture] — International Mother Language Day and Multilingual Education
  International Mother Language Day highlights the importance of valuing each child's language to enhance academic success and promote well-being. The National Education Policy (2020) and the National Curriculum Frameworks (2022, 2023) emphasize the child's home language in early education to improve comprehension. Odisha runs a multilingual education program covering 21 tribal languages in 17 districts, benefiting nearly 90,000 children.
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  UPSC Angle: International Mother Language Day promotes multilingual education and academic success.

  Key Facts:

  • International Mother Language Day theme for 2026: “Youth voices on multilingual education”
  • Odisha's multilingual program covers 21 tribal languages in 17 districts, benefiting nearly 90,000 children
  • UNESCO's Bhasha Matters (2025) outlines 10 policy recommendations, including state-level language policies and teacher training reforms
• 2025-06-19 [Society & Culture] — Maharashtra makes Hindi the third language in schools
  The Maharashtra government has issued a government resolution making Hindi the third language in schools. This decision is part of the implementation of the state curriculum framework for school education 2024, which is aligned with the national education policy or NEP 2020. Hindi will now be taught as a third language to students of classes 1 to five in both Marathi and English medium schools across the state.
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  UPSC Angle: Maharashtra makes Hindi the third language in schools.

• 2025-06-09 [Schemes & Programs] — ULLAS Adult Literacy Programme
  Mizoram and Goa declared themselves “fully literate” under the ULLAS adult literacy programme, with literacy rates of 98.2% and 99.72%, respectively. ULLAS - Nav Bharat Saaksharta Karyakram, also known as the New India Literacy Programme (NILP), is a centrally sponsored initiative that aligns with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. It aims to provide functional literacy (reading, writing, numeracy) and life skills to adults aged 15+ who missed formal education.
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  UPSC Angle: Mizoram and Goa declared “fully literate” under the ULLAS programme.

  Key Facts:

  • Programme: ULLAS - Nav Bharat Saaksharta Karyakram (New India Literacy Programme)
  • Status: Mizoram and Goa declared "fully literate"
  • Literacy rates: Mizoram (98.2%), Goa (99.72%)
  • Objective: Provide functional literacy and life skills to adults aged 15+
  • Alignment: National Education Policy (NEP) 2020
• 2025-05-22 [Society & Culture] — Mizoram Declared India's First Fully Literate State
  Mizoram has been declared India's first fully literate state, achieving a literacy rate of 98.2% according to the PLFS 2023–24 survey, surpassing the 95% threshold set by the Ministry of Education under the ULLAS scheme. The state's achievement marks a historic milestone in its educational journey, with earlier efforts made by Ladakh, which became the first administrative unit to declare full functional literacy. India's total literacy rate for individuals aged 7 and above stands at 80.9% for the period 2023–24.
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  UPSC Angle: Mizoram declared India's first fully literate state with 98.2% literacy.

  Key Facts:

  • Mizoram literacy rate: 98.2%
  • India's total literacy rate (2023-24): 80.9%
  • ULLAS scheme threshold: 95%
  • ULLAS Launched: FY 2022–2027
  • ULLAS Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme
  • ULLAS Ministry: Ministry of Education
  • ULLAS Budget Outlay: ₹1037.90 crore (₹700 Cr Centre + ₹337.90 Cr State share)
  • Andhra Pradesh literacy rate: 72.6%
  • Bihar literacy rate: 74.3%
  • Mizoram declared fully literate on May 22, 2025
  • First state in India to achieve complete literacy
  • India's literacy rate for individuals aged 7 and above is 80.9% for 2023-24

Expansion and Evolution of India's Social Security Net (2025-2026)

Focus: A collection of data points and policy initiatives tracking the quantitative increase in social security coverage and qualitative improvements like the NPS Swasthya scheme and MSME-focused reforms.

UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing the formalization of the workforce and the widening of the social safety net (GS-3 Inclusive Growth, GS-2 Welfare Schemes).

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-31 [Schemes & Programs] — NPS Swasthya Pension Scheme Launched
  The Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) has launched the NPS Swasthya Pension Scheme as a pilot project under its Regulatory Sandbox Framework. This integrates healthcare expense coverage with pension savings, providing financial support for medical expenses using pension-linked savings.
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  UPSC Angle: PFRDA launches NPS Swasthya Pension Scheme under Regulatory Sandbox Framework.

  Key Facts:

  • The Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) has launched the NPS Swasthya Pension Scheme as a pilot project.
  • It is designed to provide financial support for medical expenses—both outpatient (OPD) and inpatient (IPD)—using pension-linked savings.
  • It is open to all Indian citizens on a voluntary basis, with flexible contribution amounts.
  • Partial withdrawals are allowed for OPD and IPD expenses, up to 25% of subscriber's own contributions can be withdrawn.
• 2026-01-14 [Economy] — Pension Reforms Aimed at MSME Sector for Dignified Aging
  Encouraging retirement savings among MSME owners and workers can help reduce future financial insecurity and ensure dignified aging. The MSME sector contributes nearly 30% to India's GDP and is a critical target for achieving "Pensioned India" goals.
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  UPSC Angle: Pension reforms aimed at MSME sector.

  Key Facts:

  • MSME sector contributes nearly 30% to India's GDP
  • PFRDA Act, 2013
  • NPS is regulated on the basis of PRAN (Permanent Retirement Account Number)
• 2025-07-02 [Economy] — Formal Sector Growth in First Half of 2024-25
  Employees' Provident Fund (EPF) enrollments rose by 2.3%, reaching 6.1 million, Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) enrollments grew 5.2% to 9.3 million, and National Pension System (NPS) enrollments increased 6.8%. These indicators point to improving job quality and expanding social security coverage.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Employees' Provident Fund (EPF) enrollments rose by 2.3%, reaching 6.1 million.
  • Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) enrollments grew 5.2% to 9.3 million.
  • National Pension System (NPS) enrollments increased 6.8%.
• 2025-06-12 [Economy] — India's Social Security Coverage Expansion
  According to the ILO, India's social security coverage has surged from 19% in 2015 to 64.3% in 2025, covering over 94 crore people. This increase of 45 percentage points places India second globally in terms of social protection coverage. The core pillars of social protection include social assistance, social insurance, and labor market programs.
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  UPSC Angle: India's social security coverage surged to 64.3% in 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • India's social security coverage reached 64.3% in 2025.
  • The coverage includes over 94 crore people.
  • India ranks second globally in social protection coverage.
  • The Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan Yojana (PM-SYM) offers old age protection for workers aged 18 to 40.

NPS Structural Reforms and Expansion (Jan 2026)

Focus: A concentrated wave of PFRDA initiatives in January 2026 aimed at expanding NPS eligibility and modernizing its investment and payout architecture.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the regulator's simultaneous push to widen the pension net (minors, banks) while refining the product (guaranteed returns, investment framework).

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-27 [Economy] — PFRDA Constitutes SAARG Committee to Modernise NPS
  The Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) has constituted a Strategic Asset Allocation and Risk Governance (SAARG) Committee to review, recommend, and modernize the investment framework under the National Pension System (NPS). The objective is to strengthen the long-term investment architecture of NPS by improving diversification, enhancing risk management practices, and expanding investment choices available to subscribers.
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  UPSC Angle: PFRDA constitutes SAARG Committee to modernize NPS.

  Key Facts:

  • Strategic Asset Allocation and Risk Governance (SAARG) Committee constituted by PFRDA
  • Objective: Strengthening the long-term investment architecture of NPS
  • Improving diversification and enhancing risk management practices
  • Expanding investment choices available to subscribers
  • The PFRDA recently constituted a committee of Investment Experts for Strategic Asset Allocation and Risk Governance (SAARG).
  • The SAARG will review, recommend and modernize the investment framework under the NPS.
• 2026-01-16 [Economy] — MS Sahoo Committee on NPS
  A 15-member panel, led by M. S. Sahoo, former chairman of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI), has been formed to create guidelines for legally enforceable, market-based guaranteed payments under the National Pension System (NPS). The committee aims to enhance retirement income certainty and strengthen financial security in old age.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: M. S. Sahoo Committee formed to create NPS guidelines.

  Key Facts:

  • The panel is led by M. S. Sahoo
  • It will create guidelines for legally enforceable, market-based guaranteed payments under the NPS
• 2026-01-14 [Schemes & Programs] — National Pension System (NPS) Vatsalya
  Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) has issued guidelines for the NPS Vatsalya Scheme, 2025, expanding the National Pension System (NPS) framework to enable early-life pension inclusion for minors. NPS Vatsalya is a contributory savings scheme specially designed for minors to build long-term financial security.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: PFRDA issues guidelines for NPS Vatsalya Scheme.

  Key Facts:

  • NPS Vatsalya Scheme
  • Launched in September 2024
  • Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Finance
  • Regulated and administered by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA)
• 2026-01-04 [Economy] — Banks Can Now Manage Assets in NPS
  Banks are now permitted to manage assets in the National Pension System (NPS).
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Banks are now permitted to manage assets in the National Pension System (NPS).

  Key Facts:

  • Banks can now manage assets in the National Pension System (NPS)

Expansion of India's Social Security and Financial Inclusion Net

Focus: Quantitative updates on the reach, subscriber growth, and coverage expansion of major government-led social security and financial inclusion initiatives.

UPSC Value: Provides empirical data for evaluating the effectiveness of welfare schemes and the formalization of the Indian economy.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-16 [Economy] — Economic Survey on PM Jan Dhan Yojana
  According to the Economic Survey 2026, 55.02 crore bank accounts have been opened as of March 2025 under PM Jan Dhan Yojana, with 36.63 crore in rural and semi-urban areas.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: 55.02 crore bank accounts opened under PM Jan Dhan Yojana.

  Key Facts:

  • 55.02 crore bank accounts opened as of March 2025 under PM Jan Dhan Yojana
  • 36.63 crore in rural and semi-urban areas
• 2025-12-02 [Economy] — Atal Pension Yojana enrolments cross 8.34 crore
  As of December 2025, Atal Pension Yojana has over 8.34 crore subscribers, with women accounting for 48% of the total enrolments. The scheme is implemented pan-India through Banks (PSBs/Private/RRBs/SFBs), Cooperative banks, Payments banks, and the Department of Posts.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Atal Pension Yojana has over 8.34 crore subscribers as of December 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • Total enrolments: 8,34,13,738 (8.34 crore).
  • Women subscribers: 4.04 crore (48% share).
  • Implemented through: Banks (PSBs/Private/RRBs/SFBs), Cooperative banks, Payments banks, Department of Posts.
• 2025-06-30 [Schemes & Programs] — India's Social Security Coverage Expansion
  India's social security coverage has significantly increased from 19% to 64.3% in the last decade, benefiting over 94 crore people through schemes like PMJDY, PMJJBY, PMSBY, PM-SYM, e-Shram Portal, EPFO, ESIC, and AB-PMJAY. This expansion reflects the government's effort to formalize the workforce and provide a safety net for citizens.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's social security coverage increased from 19% to 64.3%.

  Key Facts:

  • Social security coverage increased from 19% to 64.3%
  • Benefited over 94 crore people in the last 10 years
  • Key schemes: Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY), Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY), Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan (PM-SYM), e-Shram Portal, Employees' Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO), Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC), Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)
• 2025-05-27 [Economy] — Government Retains Interest Rate on EPF
  The Government of India has retained the 8.25% interest rate on EPF deposits for FY2024–25, affecting over 7 crore subscribers and reinforcing its commitment to stable retirement savings.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Government retains 8.25% interest rate on EPF deposits for FY2024–25.

  Key Facts:

  • Government of India
  • 8.25% interest rate on EPF deposits for FY2024–25
  • 7 crore subscribers

PRAGATI Platform Meetings and Impact

Focus: A chronological series of updates regarding the Prime Minister's PRAGATI platform, specifically tracking the 48th, 49th, and 50th meetings and a cumulative performance summary.

UPSC Value: Tracks the evolution and specific focus areas (infrastructure, grievance redressal) of the government's primary mechanism for pro-active governance and project monitoring.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-14 [Polity & Governance] — PIB Summary: PRAGATI Initiative
  According to a PIB summary from January 14, 2026, the PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation) initiative, launched in 2015, has expedited projects worth over ₹85 lakh crore, reviewed 382+ major national projects, and resolved ~93% of identified issues, significantly reducing delays and cost escalations.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: PRAGATI initiative expedited projects worth over ₹85 lakh crore since 2015.

  Key Facts:

  • PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation) is India's flagship multi-purpose digital platform for project monitoring, grievance redressal, and fast-tracking decisions.
  • Launched in 2015.
  • Expedited projects worth over ₹85 lakh crore.
  • Reviewed 382+ major national projects.
  • Resolved ~93% (2,958+) of identified issues.
• 2026-01-01 [Polity & Governance] — Prime Minister Chairs 50th PRAGATI Meeting
  The Prime Minister chaired the 50th meeting of PRAGATI, a technology-driven governance platform launched in 2015 by the PMO, to improve public administration and accelerate the implementation of government programs and projects. PRAGATI integrates the PMO, Union Government Secretaries, and State Chief Secretaries for real-time monitoring and grievance resolution.
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  UPSC Angle: PRAGATI: technology-driven governance platform for project implementation.

  Key Facts:

  • 50th meeting of PRAGATI was chaired by the Prime Minister
  • PRAGATI stands for Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation
  • PRAGATI is a technology-driven governance and monitoring platform
  • Launched in 2015 by the Prime Minister's Office (PMO)
  • It integrates the Prime Minister's Office, Union Government Secretaries, and State Chief Secretaries
• 2025-09-25 [Economy] — PM Modi Reviews Infrastructure Projects in PRAGATI Meeting
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi chaired the 49th PRAGATI meeting to review eight critical infrastructure projects across various sectors, spanning 15 States and UTs, with a combined investment of over ₹65,000 crore.
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  UPSC Angle: PM Modi reviewed infrastructure projects in PRAGATI meeting.

  Key Facts:

  • The 49th PRAGATI meeting was chaired by PM Narendra Modi.
  • Reviewed eight critical infrastructure projects across Mines, Railways, Water Resources, Industrial Corridors, and Power sectors.
  • The projects span 15 States and UTs with a combined investment of over ₹65,000 crore.
• 2025-06-26 [Polity & Governance] — PRAGATI Meeting Focused on Infrastructure Projects
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi chaired the 48th PRAGATI meeting focused on accelerating critical infrastructure projects in Mines, Railways, and Water Resources. PRAGATI is an interactive platform designed to address citizens' grievances while monitoring and reviewing key government programmes and projects at both Central and State levels, launched in 2015.
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  UPSC Angle: PRAGATI meeting focused on infrastructure projects in key sectors.

  Key Facts:

  • Meeting: 48th PRAGATI meeting
  • Chaired by: Prime Minister Narendra Modi
  • Focus: Accelerating critical infrastructure projects in Mines, Railways, and Water Resources
  • Launched in: 2015
  • Purpose: Address citizens' grievances, monitor key government programs and projects at both Central and State levels
  • 48th PRAGATI meeting chaired by PM Modi
  • Focus on infrastructure projects in Mines, Railways, and Water Resources
  • PRAGATI launched in 2015

NEP 2020: Implementation Progress and Foundational Outcomes

Focus: Assessment of the National Education Policy 2020 through curriculum updates, foundational literacy/numeracy data (ASER), and institutional progress reports.

UPSC Value: Essential for evaluating the effectiveness of primary and secondary education reforms, specifically the shift toward competency-based learning and the NIPUN Bharat Mission.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-25 [Society & Culture] — Numeracy Gap in India
  A recent opinion piece highlights India's widening numeracy gap, despite improvements under the NIPUN Bharat Mission. ASER 2024 data shows that 48.7% of Class 5 students can read fluently, but only 30.7% can solve basic division, indicating an ~18% gap.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • ASER 2024: 48.7% of Class 5 students can read fluently, 30.7% can solve basic division
  • NIPUN Bharat Mission (2021): National programme for Foundational Literacy & Numeracy for Classes 1–3
• 2025-08-25 [Society & Culture] — New NCERT Arts Textbooks
  NCERT has included Indian classical music, dance, theatre, and visual arts in new textbooks for classes 3 to 8. This step aligns with the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: NCERT includes arts in textbooks, aligning with NEP 2020.

  Key Facts:

  • Covers classes 3 to 8
  • Aligned with NEP 2020
• 2025-07-29 [Polity & Governance] — National Education Policy (NEP) Progress and Challenges
  As the National Education Policy completes 5 years, its progress and implementation challenges are being assessed. The policy was drafted by a committee headed by Dr. K. Kasturiranjan. The policy emphasizes a multi-disciplinary approach but also recognizes the need for domain expertise. Improvement in digital infrastructure is required for effective implementation of Bharatnet project to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 4 in rural areas.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: NEP completes 5 years, progress and implementation challenges assessed.

  Key Facts:

  • National Education Policy (NEP) completed 5 years.
  • Drafted by a committee headed by Dr. K. Kasturiranjan.
  • Need to improve digital infrastructure for Bharatnet project.
  • Focus on multi-disciplinary approach and domain expertise.
• 2025-07-29 [Polity & Governance] — India's National Education Policy (NEP) 2020
  ASER 2024 data indicates that 23.4% of Class III students can read Grade II text, compared to 16.3% in 2022, showcasing progress in foundational literacy. Additionally, 32 crore Academic Bank of Credit (ABC) IDs have been created, with 2,556 institutions onboarded, promoting credit flexibility.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ASER 2024 data indicates progress in foundational literacy.

  Key Facts:

  • National Education Policy 2020
  • ASER 2024
  • 23.4% Class III students read Grade II text
  • 16.3% in 2022
  • 32 crore
  • Academic Bank of Credit (ABC) IDs
  • 2,556 institutions

Expansion of Insurance Penetration and Social Security in India

Focus: These items track the quantitative growth, policy incentives, and coverage expansion of India's insurance and social security sectors during 2025.

UPSC Value: Analyzing these together provides a comprehensive view of India's strategy to achieve universal social security and insurance penetration through both market growth and fiscal intervention.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-24 [Economy] — Health Insurance Claims Increase in India
  Health insurance claims in India have jumped 21% in fiscal year 2025, indicating greater awareness and enrollment in health insurance schemes. While the number of settled claims increased to 3.26 crore in 2025, settlements are lagging, raising concerns flagged by the industry regulator.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Health insurance claims in India jump 21% in fiscal year 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • Health insurance claims jumped 21% in fiscal year 2025
  • 3.26 crore claims settled in 2025
  • Settlements are lagging
• 2025-10-04 [Economy] — India's Social Protection Coverage Expands
  The Union Labour Ministry has highlighted the expansion of social protection in India from 19% in 2015 to over 64% in 2025 at a conclave of the International Social Security Association (ISSA) held in Kuala Lumpur.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's Social Protection Coverage Expands.

  Key Facts:

  • Social security coverage expanded from 19% in 2015 to 64.3% in 2025
  • Over 940 million citizens now covered
  • India received the ISSA Award 2025 for Outstanding Achievement in Social Security
  • Social protection in India expanded from 19% in 2015 to over 64% in 2025
• 2025-09-05 [Economy] — GST on Insurance Premiums Reduced
  GST on individual health and life insurance premiums reduced to zero from September 22, 2025, ending the current 18% levy and directly lowering premium costs for policyholders to make insurance more affordable and support the vision of “Insurance for All by 2047”. Consumers will now pay only the base premium amount, potentially reducing health insurance costs by about 15%, though the government may face a revenue loss of USD 1.2–1.4 billion annually.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: GST on insurance premiums reduced to zero.

  Key Facts:

  • GST rate: Reduced to 0% from 18%
  • Effective date: September 22, 2025
  • Impact: Lower premium costs for policyholders
  • Potential revenue loss: USD 1.2–1.4 billion annually
  • Objective: "Insurance for All by 2047"
• 2025-05-29 [Economy] — Life Insurance Sector in India to Grow at 10.5%
  India's life insurance market is projected to surge at 10.5% annually over the next decade, significantly outpacing the global average of 5%, according to The Allianz Global Insurance Report 2025 by Allianze Global Insurance. India is poised to become the second largest in Asia, surpassing Japan.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Growth rate: 10.5% annually
  • Overall insurance market expansion in 2024: 10.6%
  • Premium income: USD 145 billion

Swachh Bharat Mission Governance and Surveys

Focus: Updates on the Swachh Bharat ecosystem, focusing on survey mechanisms (Grameen/Shehar), awards, and waste management policy integration.

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking the evolution of sanitation governance from infrastructure construction to sustainability, behavioral change, and waste management.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-29 [Schemes & Programs] — Swachh Shehar Jodi
  The Swachh Shehar Jodi program aims to transform urban sanitation through mentorship. The program fosters knowledge transfer, peer learning, and replication of best practices in urban waste management, with nearly 300 MoUs signed nationwide, kicking off a 100-day action phase.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Swachh Shehar Jodi program aims to improve urban sanitation through mentorship.

  Key Facts:

  • Mentor cities: From the Super Swachh League
  • Action phase: 100 days
  • MoUs signed: Nearly 300
• 2025-07-19 [Schemes & Programs] — Swachh Survekshan 2024-25 Awards Announced
  A total of 43 national awards were announced, recognizing excellence in urban cleanliness and sanitation across India; Indore, Surat, and Navi Mumbai were felicitated for entering the Super Swachh League. Ahmedabad, Bhopal, and Lucknow were declared as India's new clean cities and Prayagraj was awarded the title of Best Ganga Town.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Swachh Survekshan 2024-25 awards announced recognizing urban cleanliness.

  Key Facts:

  • 43 national awards announced for urban cleanliness and sanitation
  • Indore, Surat, and Navi Mumbai entered the Super Swachh League
  • Ahmedabad, Bhopal, and Lucknow declared as India's new clean cities
  • Prayagraj awarded the title of Best Ganga Town
  • Vijayawada ranked 4th in Swachh Survekshan 2024–25
  • Conferred the title of 'Super Swachh League City'
  • Improved scores in residential cleanliness (100 percent) and market area cleanliness (97 percent)
  • Bengaluru improved its rank in Swachh Survekshan 2024-25 from 125 to 36
  • Covered under the Million-Plus Cities category
  • City scored 5,642 out of 10,000 points
• 2025-05-30 [Schemes & Programs] — Swachh Survekshan Grameen 2025 Launched
  The Union Jal Shakti Minister launched Swachh Survekshan Grameen (SSG) 2025, India's largest rural sanitation survey, to measure sanitation progress in rural areas using structured and technology-driven methods, strengthen citizen engagement, and reward high-performing villages and states. The survey aims to promote a people-led movement (Jan Bhagidari) towards a clean and healthy India and covers 21,000 villages across 761 districts in 34 States/UTs.
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  UPSC Angle: Swachh Survekshan Grameen (SSG) 2025 launched for rural sanitation.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched by: Union Jal Shakti Minister
  • Coverage: 21,000 villages, 761 districts, 34 States/UTs
  • Anchored under: Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) Phase-II
  • Objective: Assess the sustainability of ODF Plus outcomes
  • Conducted by: Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS), Ministry of Jal Shakti
  • First Swachh Survekshan: 2016, evaluated 73 cities, Mysuru ranked first
• 2025-05-22 [Environment & Ecology] — Solid Waste Management and Informal Sector Integration
  Efforts are being made to integrate the informal sector into formal waste management systems, focusing on decentralized waste management. Emphasis is placed on recycling, composting, and waste-to-energy technologies. The aim is to integrate cities with waste pickers and their autonomy into formal waste management systems through policies.
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  UPSC Angle: Integrating informal sector into formal waste management systems.

  Key Facts:

  • Focus on decentralized waste management.
  • Emphasis on recycling, composting, and waste-to-energy.
  • Integration of waste pickers into formal systems.

Expansion and Support of the 10,000 FPO Scheme

Focus: Updates specifically tracking the milestones, operational support, and completion of the Central Sector Scheme for 10,000 FPOs.

UPSC Value: Tracks the lifecycle of a flagship scheme from milestone achievement to input linkage and final formation targets.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-07 [Schemes & Programs] — 10,000 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) Formation
  The Indian government has completed the formation of 10,000 Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) under a central sector scheme, involving 21.96 lakh women farmers. This scheme aims to enable small and marginal farmers to collectivize production, processing, and marketing for better incomes and market power.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Formation of 10,000 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) completed.

  Key Facts:

  • Scheme: Central Sector Scheme of Formation and Promotion of 10,000 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs)
  • Completion: Formation of 10,000 FPOs completed
  • Beneficiaries: 21.96 lakh women farmers involved
  • Objective: To enable small and marginal farmers to collectivise production, processing, and marketing
• 2025-05-21 [Agriculture] — IFFCO & FDRVC Sign MoU to Improve Agricultural Inputs Access
  Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited (IFFCO) and the Foundation for Development of Rural Value Chains (FDRVC) signed an MoU to improve access to sustainable agricultural inputs for Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) across India. The initiative will benefit over 800 FPOs and one million farmers.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: IFFCO & FDRVC sign MoU to improve agricultural inputs access.

  Key Facts:

  • IFFCO and FDRVC signed MoU to improve access to sustainable agricultural inputs for FPOs.
  • Will benefit over 800 FPOs and one million farmers.
• 2025-03-01 [Agriculture] — 10,000 FPOs Achieved Under Government's Flagship Scheme
  The Central Sector Scheme for “Formation and Promotion of 10,000 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs)” launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 29th February 2020, has reached its goal. The 10,000th FPO was launched in Khagaria district, Bihar, focusing on maize, banana, and paddy, connecting over 30 lakh farmers, with 40% women participation, and aims to boost farmer incomes and rural prosperity.
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  UPSC Angle: 10,000 FPOs achieved under government's flagship scheme.

  Key Facts:

  • Central Sector Scheme for “Formation and Promotion of 10,000 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs)” was launched on 29th February 2020
  • Budget outlay of ₹6,865 Crore till 2027-28
  • ₹254.4 Crore in equity grants released to 4,761 FPOs
  • ₹453 Crore credit guarantee cover issued to 1,900 FPOs
  • 10,000th FPO launched in Khagaria district, Bihar
  • Over 30 lakh farmers connected to FPOs
  • 40% women participation

Performance Evaluation of Mission-Mode Development Schemes

Focus: Quantitative impact assessments and milestone reviews of specific national and state-level missions (Gender, Agriculture, and Maternal Health) at the conclusion of significant implementation phases.

UPSC Value: Critical for analyzing the efficacy of 'Mission-Mode' governance and the transition from policy formulation to measurable ground-level outcomes in GS-II (Governance).

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-23 [Schemes & Programs] — Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) Campaign Update
  The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) campaign has completed 11 years since its launch in 2015. The scheme is a joint initiative of the Ministry of Women and Child Development, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Ministry of Education, and is implemented under the Sambal vertical of Mission Shakti. Key achievements include an increase in the National Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB) from 918 (2014-15) to 930 (2023-24) and an increase in institutional deliveries from 61% (2014-15) to 97.3% (2023-24).
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) campaign completed 11 years.

  Key Facts:

  • Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) campaign completed 11 years
  • Launched in 2015
  • Implemented under Sambal vertical of Mission Shakti
  • Joint initiative of Ministry of Women and Child Development, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Ministry of Education
  • National SRB increased from 918 (2014-15) to 930 (2023-24)
  • Institutional deliveries increased from 61% (2014-15) to 97.3% (2023-24)
• 2025-11-05 [Schemes & Programs] — National Beekeeping & Honey Mission (NBHM)
  The National Beekeeping & Honey Mission (NBHM), launched in 2020, is completing its term in 2025-26, with the government reviewing its achievements in boosting beekeeping and honey exports. The Central Sector Scheme, started in 2020 under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative, promotes scientific beekeeping, increases honey production, enhances rural income, and builds a Sweet Revolution, with a budget of ₹500 crore for 2020–26. The scheme is implemented by the National Bee Board (NBB) under the Ministry of Agriculture.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: NBHM completing term in 2025-26, achievements under review.

  Key Facts:

  • 2020: Launch year of NBHM
  • 2025-26: Completion year of NBHM term
  • ₹500 crore: Budget for 2020–26
  • National Bee Board (NBB): Implements NBHM
  • Ministry of Agriculture: Oversees NBB
• 2025-06-16 [Schemes & Programs] — Rajasthan's Cash Plus Model for Maternal Health
  Rajasthan's Cash Plus Model, combining Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT) with Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC), has led to a 49% rise in early breastfeeding. The model builds on the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) and extends benefits to second-time mothers. Launched in 2020, it was scaled up state-wide in 2022.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Rajasthan's Cash Plus Model for Maternal Health shows positive results.

  Key Facts:

  • 49% rise in early breastfeeding due to Cash Plus Model
  • Combines Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT) with Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC)
  • Builds on Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)
  • Extends benefits to second-time mothers
  • Launched in 2020, scaled up state-wide in 2022
  • Cash Plus model pushes up early breastfeeding rate, dietary diversity among Rajasthan women.

Atal Pension Yojana (APY) Growth and Policy Continuity

Focus: Tracking the rapid enrollment milestones of the APY scheme leading into its legislative extension.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the trajectory of social security schemes from implementation milestones to policy renewal.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-22 [Schemes & Programs] — Atal Pension Yojana (APY) Continuation Approved
  The Union Cabinet has approved the continuation of Atal Pension Yojana (APY) up to FY 2030-31, targeting workers in the unorganized sector. Initially available to all citizens of India between 18 and 40 years of age, the scheme now excludes individuals paying income tax from joining, effective from 1st October 2022. Subscribers can opt for a fixed pension ranging from ₹1,000 to ₹5,000 per month, depending on the contribution made.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Atal Pension Yojana (APY) continuation approved up to FY 2030-31.

  Key Facts:

  • The Atal Pension Yojana will continue up to FY 2030-31.
  • Individuals paying income tax are not eligible to join the scheme from 1st October 2022.
  • Subscribers can opt for a fixed pension ranging from ₹1,000 to ₹5,000 per month.
• 2025-09-10 [Schemes & Programs] — Atal Pension Yojana Surpasses 11 Crore Enrolments
  The total gross enrolments under Atal Pension Yojana (APY) surpassed 11 crore as of August 21, 2025, with 1.17 crore new subscribers added in FY 2024-25. The Atal Pension Yojana (APY) has been successfully implemented across all States and Union Territories.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Atal Pension Yojana surpasses 11 crore enrolments.

  Key Facts:

  • Atal Pension Yojana (APY)
  • Total gross enrolments: Surpassed 11 crore as of August 21, 2025
  • New subscribers added in FY 2024-25: 1.17 crore
• 2025-07-26 [Schemes & Programs] — Atal Pension Yojana (APY) Milestone
  The Atal Pension Yojana (APY) has crossed 8 crore enrolments as it celebrates its 10th anniversary, with 39 lakh new subscribers added in the current financial year. APY is a government-backed pension scheme aimed at providing old-age income security to workers in the unorganised sector, administered by the PFRDA. It assures a fixed minimum monthly pension of ₹1,000, ₹2,000, ₹3,000, ₹4,000, or ₹5,000 starting at the age of 60.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Atal Pension Yojana (APY) crossed 8 crore enrolments.

  Key Facts:

  • Atal Pension Yojana (APY) crossed 8 crore enrolments
  • Launched on 9th May 2015
  • Administered by PFRDA
  • Target group: Workers in the unorganised sector
  • Open to all Indian citizens aged 18–40 years
  • Guaranteed monthly pension from ₹1,000 to ₹5,000 starting at 60
  • Over 8 crore total gross enrolments as of July 2025.
  • Target Group: Unorganized sector workers, but open to all Indian citizens aged 18–40 years (as of 2025), except those who are or have been income tax payers.
  • Fixed minimum monthly pension of ₹1,000, ₹2,000, ₹3,000, ₹4,000, or ₹5,000 starting at the age of 60.

Implementation and Outcomes of 'Poshan' Nutrition Initiatives

Focus: Items focusing on the 'Poshan' branded ecosystem (Abhiyaan, 2.0, Udaan), covering structural integration, performance metrics (stunting), and awareness campaigns.

UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing the multi-pronged approach (structural, metric-based, and behavioral) taken to combat malnutrition under the Poshan umbrella.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-18 [Schemes & Programs] — Gujarat Launches 'Poshan Udaan 2026' for Nutrition Awareness
  Gujarat has launched 'Poshan Udaan 2026' during the Makar Sankranti festival to spread nutrition and health awareness across the state. The initiative, conducted under ICDS at Anganwadi centres and implemented by the Department of Women and Child Development, uses kites carrying nutrition and health messages to raise public awareness, focusing on balanced diets, reduced junk food consumption, safe drinking water, and sanitation practices.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Gujarat launches 'Poshan Udaan 2026' for nutrition awareness.

  Key Facts:

  • Gujarat launched 'Poshan Udaan 2026'.
  • The initiative aims to spread nutrition and health awareness.
  • It is conducted under ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services) at Anganwadi centres.
  • Implemented by the Department of Women and Child Development, Gujarat.
  • The initiative uses kites carrying nutrition and health messages.
• 2025-11-26 [Schemes & Programs] — Mission Saksham Anganwadi & Poshan 2.0
  Launched in FY 2021-22, Saksham Anganwadi and POSHAN 2.0 integrates key child and maternal welfare programs. It focuses on improving maternal nutrition and Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF), alongside introducing treatment protocols for SAM and MAM supported by AYUSH wellness practices.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Saksham Anganwadi & Poshan 2.0 integrates child and maternal welfare programs.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched: FY 2021-22
  • Integrates: ICDS, Poshan Abhiyan, Scheme for Adolescent Girls, National Crèche Scheme
  • Focus: Maternal nutrition, IYCF, treatment protocols for SAM and MAM
• 2025-08-20 [Schemes & Programs] — POSHAN Abhiyaan
  POSHAN Abhiyaan, launched in 2018, aimed to reduce child stunting by 2 percentage points annually, targeting “Mission 25 by 2022”. However, by June 2025, stunting remains at 37%, barely down from 38.4% in 2016, signalling deeper systemic causes. Experts call persistent stunting “the tip of the iceberg of deprivation,” pointing to structural deficits beyond program design.
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  UPSC Angle: POSHAN Abhiyaan's stunting reduction target not achieved by 2022.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched in 2018
  • Aimed to reduce child stunting by 2 percentage points annually
  • Targeted “Mission 25 by 2022”
  • Stunting rate at 37% in June 2025, a ~1 percentage point fall since 2016
  • POSHAN Abhiyaan was launched in 2018.
  • The target was to reduce child stunting to 25% by 2022.
  • As of June 2025, the stunting rate is 37%.
  • In 2016, the stunting rate was 38.4%.

Expansion and Status of the Fisheries Sector (PMMSY)

Focus: Items specifically tracking the legislative approvals, progress reports, and summaries of the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY).

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking the specific policy interventions and outcomes in the Blue Economy/Fisheries sector under the PMMSY framework.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-14 [Schemes & Programs] — Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)
  The Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) enhances nutrition security and boosts fishermen livelihoods & exports.
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  UPSC Angle: PMMSY enhances nutrition security, boosts fishermen livelihoods & exports.

  Key Facts:

  • Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)
• 2025-09-12 [Agriculture] — Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) advances fisheries sector
  Five years since its launch in 2015, the Blue Revolution and the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) have significantly advanced the fisheries sector, making it more ecologically sustainable, economically viable, and socially inclusive. While improvements have been made to productivity and infrastructure, there are still gaps in post-harvest handling, traceability, fisher welfare and market access.
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  UPSC Angle: PMMSY advances fisheries sector, making it more ecologically sustainable.

  Key Facts:

  • Blue Revolution launched: 2015.
  • Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY): Aims to boost fish production.
• 2025-04-30 [Schemes & Programs] — Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana Approved
  The Union Cabinet approved the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY) in 2024 as a Central Sector sub-scheme under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) to be implemented across all states and UTs from FY 2023–24 to 2026–27. The scheme aims to transform the fisheries sector through financial and technological interventions and institutional reforms.
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  UPSC Angle: PM-MKSSY is a sub-scheme under PMMSY to improve fisheries sector.

  Key Facts:

  • PM-MKSSY is a Central Sector sub-scheme under PMMSY
  • To be implemented across all states and UTs from FY 2023–24 to 2026–27

Implementation and Regional Progress of the ULLAS Literacy Scheme

Focus: Progress tracking of the ULLAS (Nav Bharat Saaksharta Karyakram) scheme, contrasting national literacy growth and successful states with regional implementation challenges.

UPSC Value: Essential for analyzing social sector initiatives, the role of federalism in education policy, and strategies for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 4 (Quality Education).

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-20 [Schemes & Programs] — India's quest for 100% literacy and Bihar's reluctance to ULLAS
  India has set an ambitious target of achieving 100% literacy by 2030 with the help of ULLAS scheme launched in 2022 by the Union Education Ministry. Scheme aims to target non-literate people above 15 years with door to door identification. However, Bihar has been reluctant to participate in the scheme and has become a major obstacle.
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  UPSC Angle: India aims for 100% literacy by 2030 with ULLAS scheme.

  Key Facts:

  • Target: Achieve 100% literacy by 2030
  • ULLAS launched in 2022 by the Union Education Ministry
  • Target group: Non-literate persons above 15 years of age
  • Benchmark: 95% literacy treated as equivalent to 100% literacy
  • Bihar's literacy rate: 74.3% (2nd lowest after Andhra Pradesh – 72.6%)
  • Non-literates in Bihar (15–59 age group): Nearly 2 crore, including 1.32 crore women
  • India has set an ambitious target of achieving 100% literacy by 2030
  • ULLAS scheme was launched in 2022 by the Union Education Ministry
  • The scheme targets non-literate people above 15 years of age
  • Bihar is reluctant to participate in the scheme
• 2025-09-10 [Society & Culture] — India's Literacy Rate Rises to 80.9% in 2023–24
  India's literacy rate has risen from 74% in 2011 to 80.9% in 2023–24. Ladakh, Mizoram, Goa, Tripura and Himachal Pradesh are regions achieving full functional literacy.
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  UPSC Angle: India's literacy rate rises to 80.9% in 2023-24.

  Key Facts:

  • India's literacy rate: 80.9% in 2023–24
  • Literacy rate in 2011: 74%
  • Programme driving growth: ULLAS – Nav Bharat Saaksharta Karyakram
  • Learners enrolled: Over 3 crore
  • Assessment success rate: 90%
  • States/UTs with full literacy: Ladakh, Mizoram, Goa, Tripura, Himachal Pradesh
• 2025-09-09 [Society & Culture] — Himachal Pradesh Achieves Full Literacy
  Himachal Pradesh has been declared a fully literate state with a 99.3% literacy rate, surpassing the national average of 95%, announced by CM Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu on International Literacy Day during Ullas Mela 2025 in Shimla. The state also ranks first in student-teacher ratio and plans to introduce educational reforms.
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  UPSC Angle: Himachal Pradesh declared fully literate state with 99.3% literacy.

  Key Facts:

  • Himachal Pradesh declared fully literate with a 99.3% literacy rate
  • CM Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu made the announcement on International Literacy Day during Ullas Mela 2025 in Shimla
  • State surpasses the national average of 95%
  • Ranks first in student-teacher ratio
  • Plans to introduce educational reforms to transform government schools into centres of excellence

PMAY-U 2025 Implementation and Extension Measures

Focus: Administrative actions, outreach campaigns, and deadline extensions specifically focused on the execution and transition of the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban (PMAY-U) housing scheme.

UPSC Value: Understanding the governance mechanisms and administrative strategies used to ensure the continuity and public awareness of flagship urban housing missions.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-07 [Schemes & Programs] — Agriika 2025 Campaign
  The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs launched Agriika 2025 campaign under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban 2.0.
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  UPSC Angle: Agriika 2025 campaign launched under PMAY-U 2.0.

  Key Facts:

  • Agriika 2025 campaign launched by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
  • Launched under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban 2.0.
• 2025-09-06 [Schemes & Programs] — Angikaar 2025 Outreach Campaign
  Angikaar 2025 is an outreach campaign to accelerate the implementation of PMAY-U 2.0 by creating widespread awareness about the scheme across the country. The campaign will run from September 4, 2025, to October 31, 2025, across 5,000+ Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in the country. It will also fast-track verification of applications under the scheme and expedite the completion of already sanctioned houses under PMAY-U.
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  UPSC Angle: Angikaar 2025 outreach campaign for PMAY-U 2.0.

  Key Facts:

  • Angikaar 2025
  • Outreach campaign to accelerate the implementation of PMAY-U 2.0
  • Campaign will run from September 4, 2025 to October 31, 2025
  • Coverage across 5,000+ Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in the country
• 2025-05-22 [Schemes & Programs] — PMAY-U Deadline Extended to December 31, 2025
  The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) extended the deadline for the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban (PMAY-U) to December 31, 2025, to complete pending urban housing projects and benefit eligible families. PMAY-U provides subsidies and affordable housing for the urban poor under four verticals.
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  UPSC Angle: PMAY-U deadline extended to December 31, 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • Scheme: Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban (PMAY-U)
  • Extended deadline: December 31, 2025
  • Ministry: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA)
  • Beneficiaries: Urban poor
  • Objective: Complete pending urban housing projects