Himalayan Fragility and Monsoon Volatility (2025): UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy
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ExploreKey Takeaways
- The Himalayas are warming at 2x the average rate, leading to 'terrestrial' disasters like debris avalanches.
- 2025 proved that a 'surplus monsoon' isn't always good; its extreme spatial variability (e.g., Punjab floods) requires regional resilience.
- The 4-stage IMD warning system is increasingly critical for urban 'micro-disasters' like mini-cloudbursts.
- Agricultural 'sticking points' remain the primary barrier to high-level trade deals (India-US 2025).
In-Depth Analysis
The Big Picture
The 2025-2026 period underscores a 'new normal' of extreme meteorological volatility in India, where the warming of the Western Himalayas (at twice the continental rate) has decoupled traditional seasonal expectations from reality. This era is defined by the collision of geological instability in the Himalayas with erratic hydrological cycles, creating a complex risk landscape for infrastructure and agriculture.
Cross-Theme Insight
When viewed together, these threads reveal that the 2025 monsoon was not a singular event but a series of high-intensity regional 'pulses'—from early onset in the Northeast to late-season 'mini-cloudbursts' in Maharashtra and unseasonal snowfall in Kedarnath. This 'volatility' extends to diplomacy, where the unpredictability of climate-impacted agricultural yields serves as a primary roadblock in India-US trade negotiations, as India prioritizes domestic food security over dairy/agri market access.
Textbook vs Reality Gap
Standard textbooks like Majid Husain (p. 52) define Western Disturbances as 'beneficial for Rabi crops' (Wheat); however, the 2025 threads show a destructive 'volatile interplay' where these systems either fail to mitigate heatwaves or cause unseasonal flooding. While textbooks cite the 4-stage IMD Warning System (PMF IAS, p. 382) primarily for cyclones, 2025 reports show its intensive application for 'urban drainage' and 'mini-cloudbursts' in coastal belts like the Konkan.
How This Theme Is Evolving
The theme has evolved from 'seasonal forecasting' to 'real-time localized risk management.' In 2025, the focus shifted toward high-altitude disaster response (IAF in Lohit Valley) and the use of Doppler Weather Radars (DWRs) to tackle the rising frequency of lightning and flash floods.
UPSC Exam Intelligence
Previous Year Question Pattern
Historically, UPSC focuses on the mechanism of Western Disturbances (NDA-II 2023, nid:17081) and landslide causes (CAPF 2013, nid:10377). Recent trends (CDS-II 2025, nid:10002) show an increasing focus on the institutional framework of disaster management (NIDM/NDMA) and the 'Indian Ocean Dipole' (IAS 2017, nid:5711).
Probable Prelims Angles
- Duration of 'Chillai-Kalan' (Dec 21 – Jan 31) and its subsequent phases ('Khurd' and 'Bachha').
- Geographic location of the Lohit Valley fire (Arunachal Pradesh) vs. Valley of Flowers (Chamoli, Uttarakhand).
- IMD's color-coded alert system: meaning of Red vs. Orange alerts during coastal depressions.
- The 'Goldilocks' combination: Surplus monsoon + moderate temperatures leading to negative food inflation.
Mains Answer Framework
- The warming of the Western Himalayas at twice the rate of the Indian subcontinent has transformed the region from a 'water tower' into a hotspot for hydro-meteorological disasters.
- Ecological Fragility: Landslides in Darjeeling and avalanches in Uttarakhand (Mana village) as symptoms of unconsolidated sedimentary rock layers under climate stress.. Economic Interplay: How monsoon surplus in 2025 led to a 'Goldilocks' year for agriculture, countering the record heat of 2024.. Diplomatic Gridlock: Agriculture and dairy as 'red lines' in India-US FTA negotiations (2025 roadblocks).
- Shift from disaster relief to 'climate-resilient infrastructure' (like NH-29) and decentralized forecasting to mitigate the 'mini-cloudburst' phenomenon.
Essay Connections
- 'Climate Change: A Catalyst for New Geopolitics' — Use the India-US trade negotiation roadblocks as an example of how climate-induced agricultural sensitivity dictates trade terms.
Preparation Strategy
Reading Approach
Begin with NCERT Class XI for the basic mechanism of Monsoons and Western Disturbances. Then, map the 2025 specific 'anomalies' (like early snow in October vs. late monsoon in Punjab) to see how climate change is deviating from these standard patterns.
Textbook Roadmap
- INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, NCERT Class XI, p. 69. Chapter 6: Natural Hazards and Disasters (Landslide and Flood sections). Thread 1 (Himalayan Disasters) and Thread 5 (Monsoon Hazards)
- Physical Geography by PMF IAS, p. 382. 4-Stage IMD Warning System. Thread 15 (IMD Monitoring) and Thread 16 (Maharashtra Alerts)
Revision Bullets
- 2,863: Number of extreme weather events in J&K between 2010-2022.
- March 1, 2025: Date of the fatal Mana village avalanche in Uttarakhand.
- 75%: Percentage of flash floods in India occurring in the Himalayas and Central India (IIT Gandhinagar study).
- Oct 27, 2025: Onset of Cyclone 'Montha' threat in the Bay of Bengal.
- Aug 1, 2025: The missed deadline for the India-US trade negotiation.
- 9,500 feet: Altitude of IAF fire-fighting operations in Lohit Valley (Jan 2026).
Sub-Themes and News Coverage (19 themes, 77 news items)
2025 Negotiation Volatility & Missed Deadlines
Focus: A chronological pattern of reports throughout mid-2025 predicting imminent deal signings that were repeatedly delayed, deferred, or blocked by roadblocks.
UPSC Value: Demonstrates the complexity of trade diplomacy where 'deadlines' are often pressure tactics, and highlights specific sticking points like agriculture that cause delays.
6 news items in this theme:
- 2025-10-24 [International Relations] — Piyush Goyal hopes for India-U.S. trade deal in 'near future'
Officials from India and the U.S. are working on a possible Free Trade Agreement, including talks on lowering tariffs and improving market access. Both sides hope to reach an agreement before the ASEAN meetings from October 26 to 28.More details
UPSC Angle: India and U.S. working on a possible Free Trade Agreement.
Key Facts:
- India and U.S. working on a possible Free Trade Agreement
- Talks include lowering tariffs and improving market access
- Hope to reach an agreement before the ASEAN meetings from October 26 to 28
- 2025-08-25 [International Relations] — US Trade Delegation Visit to India Likely Deferred
A US trade delegation's visit to India, scheduled for August 25-29 for the sixth round of BTA negotiations, is likely to be deferred. The US is pressing for greater market access in agriculture and dairy sectors, but India is concerned about the impact on small farmers.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- US trade delegation visit to India likely deferred
- Negotiations were scheduled for August 25-29
- US seeks greater market access in agriculture and dairy
- India aims to more than double bilateral trade to USD 500 billion by 2030
- 2025-07-22 [International Relations] — India-US Trade Negotiations Face Roadblocks
A US-India trade deal is not expected by the August 1st deadline due to roadblocks in negotiations related to agriculture and dairy. President Trump reportedly offered India a deal similar to the one signed with Indonesia and Vietnam, but the Indian government decided not to pursue further talks this month.More details
UPSC Angle: India-US Trade Negotiations Face Roadblocks.
Key Facts:
- India
- US
- Trade agreement
- Target: August 1
- US team visit in mid-August
- US-India trade deal is not expected by August 1st.
- Negotiations hit a roadblock with agriculture and dairy.
- US delegation is expected in India next month.
- 2025-07-04 [International Relations] — US-India Mini Trade Deal Expected
A mini trade deal between the US and India is expected to be announced soon, potentially on July 4, 2025, during EAM Jaishankar's visit to Washington. The agreement aims to strengthen economic ties, but agriculture is likely excluded, with a broader trade agreement planned for later in 2025 during President Trump's visit for the QUAD summit.More details
UPSC Angle: US-India mini trade deal strengthens economic ties and bilateral relations.
Key Facts:
- Mini trade deal between US and India may be announced in the next 24 hours
- Agriculture is likely excluded from the mini deal
- Broader trade agreement planned for later in 2025 during President Trump's visit for the QUAD summit
- Team India has already stationed there
- Baseline duties might be discussed in the mini deal
- List of about 6,000 products has been approximately drawn
- Uniform 26% duty is what United States has said to be slapped
- 10% base duty as of now
- Genetically modified crops, soya bean and maze are sensitive issue for India
- Steel aluminium and automotive sector are sensitive issue for the Americans
- India has major export interest in the United States like steel aluminium and automotive sector
- 2025-06-17 [International Relations] — Government on track to seal initial trade pact with U.S. by July 9
The Indian government is reportedly on track to finalize the initial tranche of a trade agreement with the United States by July 9. This development suggests progress in bilateral trade relations and could lead to increased economic cooperation between the two countries.More details
UPSC Angle: India on track to seal initial trade pact with U.S. by July 9.
Key Facts:
- Initial trade pact with U.S. expected by July 9
- 2025-05-22 [International Relations] — India to Sign Interim US Trade Deal by July 8
India is set to sign an interim trade deal with the US by July 8, before the 90-day pause ends.More details
UPSC Angle: India to sign interim trade deal with the US by July 8.
Key Facts:
- Interim US trade deal to be signed by July 8.
2025 Extreme Weather and Hydro-Meteorological Disasters in North India
Focus: Documentation of the 2025 monsoon season's extreme precipitation events, resulting flash floods, and landslides across the Western Himalayan states.
UPSC Value: Analyzing the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events in the Himalayas highlights the urgent need for climate-resilient infrastructure and disaster preparedness.
6 news items in this theme:
- 2025-09-30 [Geography] — Down to Earth: Extreme Rains in North India
Down to Earth magazine reports on extreme rainfall patterns in North India, with Punjab experiencing heavy to extremely heavy rainfall on 24 out of 31 days in August 2025. Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir also faced relentless downpours, with weekly rainfall exceeding normal averages by 300–400% between June and August. The report attributes these events to climate change, reckless development, and amplified human actions.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Punjab experienced heavy to extremely heavy rainfall on 24 out of 31 days in August 2025.
- Himachal Pradesh endured record-breaking rain for over 90% of the days in the past three months.
- Jammu and Kashmir also faced relentless downpours.
- Between June and August, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir saw nearly 50% excess rainfall.
- Western disturbances surged to 19 occurrences by early September.
- India faced extreme weather on all 92 days between June and August 2025.
- One-third of districts across India received excess or large excess rainfall.
- 13 states and UTs recorded extreme weather events every second day.
- Jharkhand saw the highest human toll with 470 deaths, mostly from lightning.
- By August, 3,502 lives were lost nationwide—40% higher than 2024.
- 2025-09-05 [Geography] — President Murmu Expresses Anguish Over Monsoon Calamities
President Droupadi Murmu expressed her concern over the natural disasters caused by the monsoon, including cloudbursts and floods in Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, and Assam. She stated that the nation stands with those affected.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Affected states: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Assam
- 2025-08-16 [Environment & Ecology] — Rising Temperatures Impacting Jammu & Kashmir
The western Himalayas, including Jammu & Kashmir, have warmed at twice the rate of the Indian subcontinent since 2000, leading to intensified precipitation and glacial shrinkage. A 2024 study indicated that between 2010 and 2022, Jammu & Kashmir experienced 2,863 extreme weather events that claimed 552 lives. Kishtwar, Anantnag, Ganderbal, and Doda districts recorded the highest number of deaths from flash floods.More details
UPSC Angle: Rising temperatures impacting Jammu & Kashmir; glacial shrinkage.
Key Facts:
- At least 65 deaths and over 50 missing in Chasoti village, Kishtwar, J&K
- Between 2010 and 2022, J&K experienced 2,863 extreme weather events that claimed 552 lives
- Kishtwar, Anantnag, Ganderbal, and Doda districts recorded the highest number of deaths from flash floods
- Kishtwar
- 60
- 70
- J&K warmed at twice the rate of the Indian subcontinent since 2000.
- 2,863 extreme weather events in J&K between 2010 and 2022 claimed 552 lives.
- Kishtwar, Anantnag, Ganderbal, and Doda districts recorded highest flash flood deaths.
- 2025-08-05 [Geography] — India faces heavy rainfall and landslide in northern India
From August 3-5, 2025, heavy rainfall in Uttarakhand, triggered by the southwest monsoon, caused landslides and flooding, resulting in casualties and missing persons. The India Meteorological Department reported extreme precipitation on August 5th, with Haridwar recording 300mm of rainfall.More details
UPSC Angle: Heavy rainfall and landslides in Uttarakhand caused casualties.
Key Facts:
- Heavy rains occurred in Uttarakhand from August 3-5, 2025.
- The rainfall was caused by the southwest monsoon carrying warm, humid air.
- Landslides were triggered by the heavy rainfall.
- Over 100 people went missing and 10 deaths were recorded.
- Haridwar recorded 300mm of rainfall on August 5th.
- 2025-06-02 [Environment & Ecology] — Rising Disaster Trends in Himalayan States
2024–25 has seen increased flash floods and landslides, with rainfall patterns becoming erratic due to global warming. Unregulated tourism and infrastructure projects, deforestation, and slope destabilization are causes of vulnerability.More details
UPSC Angle: Rising disaster trends in Himalayan states due to climate change.
Key Facts:
- Increased flash floods and landslides in 2024-25
- Erratic rainfall patterns due to global warming
- Unregulated tourism and infrastructure projects contribute to vulnerability
- Poor implementation of environmental impact assessments (EIA)
- 2025-04-24 [Geography] — Cloudburst in Ramban District
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) reported 9 mm of rainfall in 24 hours in the Ramban district of Jammu and Kashmir, marking a 575% increase from the normal 2.5 mm. A cloudburst is defined by rainfall of 10 cm or more within one hour over an area of approximately 10 km Ă— 10 km.More details
UPSC Angle: IMD reported a cloudburst in Ramban district, Jammu and Kashmir.
Key Facts:
- Location: Ramban District, Jammu and Kashmir
- Rainfall: 9 mm in 24 hours
- Increase: 575% from normal
- Normal Rainfall: 2.5 mm
- Cloudburst Definition: 10 cm or more within one hour over an area of approximately 10 km Ă— 10 km
Meteorological Variability and Agricultural Impact in India (2025-2026)
Focus: A collection of reports documenting regional temperature extremes (heatwaves and cold waves), daily atmospheric conditions, and the overall climatic factors that influenced India's agricultural productivity during the 2025-2026 period.
UPSC Value: Analyzing the intersection of regional meteorological variability and its direct impact on national economic indicators like agricultural output and food inflation is crucial for geography and economy papers.
5 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-22 [Agriculture] — India's Agricultural Year Benefited from 'Goldilocks' Combination
India's 2025 agricultural year benefited from a rare “Goldilocks” combination of surplus monsoon rainfall and moderate temperatures, leading to a strong rebound in farm output and pushing food inflation into negative territory. Unlike 2024, which was the warmest year on record despite a good monsoon, 2025 saw near-normal temperatures and abundant rainfall.More details
UPSC Angle: India's agricultural year benefited from 'Goldilocks' combination.
- 2025-12-28 [Geography] — Cold Wave in Odisha
Odisha is experiencing a severe cold wave, with temperatures plummeting across the state. Thirteen places recorded mercury levels below 10°C, with Giari being the coldest at 3.5°C.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- 13 places in Odisha recorded temperatures below 10°C
- Giari coldest spot at 3.5°C
- 2025-12-22 [Geography] — Chillai-Kalan in Kashmir
Kashmir is currently under the grip of 'Chillai-Kalan', the coldest phase of winter, which starts on December 21 and ends on January 31. It is followed by 'Chillai-Khurd' (small cold) and 'Chillai-Bachha' (baby cold).More details
UPSC Angle: Kashmir is under 'Chillai-Kalan', the coldest winter phase.
Key Facts:
- Chillai-Kalan
- December 21
- January 31
- Chillai-Khurd
- Chillai-Bachha
- 2025-09-07 [Geography] — Kolkata Weather and Air Quality
Kolkata experienced sunny weather with temperatures between 26°C and 34.2°C on September 7, 2025. The Air Quality Index (AQI) was moderate at 55 on September 6, with PM2.5 at 21 µg/m³ and PM10 at 54 µg/m³.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Date: September 7, 2025
- Temperature range: 26°C - 34.2°C
- AQI (September 6): 55 (moderate)
- PM2.5 level: 21 µg/m³
- PM10 level: 54 µg/m³
- Wind speed: 15.5 km/h
- 2025-05-23 [Geography] — Heatwave in Rajasthan
Heatwave bakes Rajasthan, Jaisalmer hits 48°C — the highest in India.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Heatwave
- Rajasthan
- Jaisalmer
- 48°C
- May 23, 2025
IMD Monitoring of Bay of Bengal Cyclonic Systems
Focus: Meteorological alerts and tracking by the IMD for low-pressure systems, depressions, and cyclones originating specifically in the Bay of Bengal throughout 2025.
UPSC Value: Understanding the seasonal behavior of cyclonic disturbances in the Bay of Bengal and the IMD's multi-stage warning system is vital for disaster management and geography.
5 news items in this theme:
- 2025-11-25 [Geography] — IMD Issues Cyclone Alert for Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has issued a cyclone alert for Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka, warning of heavy rainfall. A low-pressure area over the Bay of Bengal is likely to intensify, prompting authorities to prepare for strong winds and heavy rainfall in the coastal districts.More details
UPSC Angle: IMD issues cyclone alert for Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka.
Key Facts:
- IMD issued a cyclone alert for Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka.
- A low-pressure area over the Bay of Bengal is likely to intensify.
- 2025-11-22 [Geography] — Low Pressure Area in Bay of Bengal
A low-pressure area has formed over the Bay of Bengal and is likely to intensify into a depression around November 24, 2025. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) issued a special bulletin regarding this development.More details
UPSC Angle: Low-pressure area formed over Bay of Bengal.
Key Facts:
- Low-pressure area over the Bay of Bengal
- Likely to intensify into a depression around November 24, 2025
- India Meteorological Department (IMD)
- 2025-10-27 [Geography] — Cyclone 'Montha' Threatens Andhra Pradesh and Odisha
A deep depression in the Bay of Bengal is expected to intensify into Cyclone 'Montha' and cross the Andhra Pradesh coast between Machilipatnam and Kalingapatnam, bringing heavy rainfall and strong winds to the region. The IMD has issued red and orange alerts for 23 districts of Andhra Pradesh, and coastal districts are expected to be the most affected.More details
UPSC Angle: Cyclone 'Montha' threatens Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.
Key Facts:
- Cyclone 'Montha' is impacting South Coastal Andhra Pradesh.
- The cyclone is approaching the coast at a speed of 18 kmph.
- Cyclone Montha is 520 km from Chennai, 570 km from Kakinada, and 600 km from Visakhapatnam.
- Cyclone name: Montha
- Affected states: Andhra Pradesh, Odisha
- Alerts issued: Red and orange alerts for 23 districts of Andhra Pradesh
- Expected landfall: Between Machilipatnam and Kalingapatnam, around Kakinada
- IMD issued red warning for storm conditions over a number of districts across the Andhra Pradesh state.
- 2025-09-24 [Geography] — IMD Warns of Heavy Rain in Andamans
The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has issued a warning for heavy rainfall in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands due to a cyclonic circulation.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- IMD warned of heavy rain.
- Location: Andamans.
- Cause: Cyclonic circulation.
- 2025-05-27 [Geography] — IMD Issues Red Alert for Kerala Districts
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has issued a red alert for Kannur, Wayanad, and Kozhikode districts in Kerala, due to the likelihood of a low-pressure system forming over the Bay of Bengal and strengthening monsoon winds. An orange alert is in place for the remaining districts except Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam and Alappuzha, which have a yellow alert for isolated heavy rains.More details
UPSC Angle: IMD issues red alert for Kerala districts due to low-pressure system.
Key Facts:
- India Meteorological Department (IMD)
- Red alert: Kannur, Wayanad, Kozhikode
- Orange alert: Remaining districts of Kerala (except Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, and Alappuzha)
- Yellow alert: Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, and Alappuzha
- Bay of Bengal: Low-pressure system likely to form
Spring 2025: Heatwaves vs. Western Disturbances
Focus: Reports tracking the volatile interplay between heatwave conditions and cooling Western Disturbances in India during the pre-monsoon season of 2025.
UPSC Value: Useful for studying the impact of Western Disturbances on pre-monsoon temperature anomalies and heatwave mitigation.
5 news items in this theme:
- 2025-06-11 [Geography] — India's summer ends before it began
India experienced an unusual weather shift in May 2025, with abnormally chilly weather, rains, and thunderstorms, contrasting with the scorching summer of 2024. This is attributed to changes in atmospheric patterns and monsoon dynamics. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) reported unexpected rain in northern and central India due to stronger western disturbances.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- May 2025: Milder temperatures, daytime highs 5-7°C below seasonal normal
- Cause: Weaker high-pressure system, more cloud cover, intermittent rainfall
- IMD: Unexpected rain due to stronger western disturbances
- 2025-04-27 [Geography] — IMD Weather Forecast
On April 27, 2025, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) forecasted heavy rainfall over Northeast India until April 28, 2025, and rainfall with thunderstorms over East and adjoining central India until May 1, 2025. Heat wave conditions are expected in parts of Northwest India from April 27 to May 1 and in West Madhya Pradesh from April 29 to May 1.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Heavy rainfall is likely over Northeast India until April 28, 2025.
- Rainfall with thunderstorms is expected over East & adjoining central India until May 1, 2025.
- Heat wave conditions are likely over some parts of Northwest India during April 27 to May 1 and over West Madhya Pradesh during April 29 to May 1.
- 2025-04-01 [Geography] — Heatwave Forecast
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) forecasts hotter-than-usual temperatures from April to June, with more heatwave days in central and western plains; Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, MP, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and the northern parts of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are likely to see above-normal heatwave days.More details
UPSC Angle: IMD forecasts hotter temperatures and more heatwave days from April to June.
Key Facts:
- IMD forecast: Hotter-than-usual temperatures from April to June
- Heatwave days: More in central and western plains
- States likely to see above-normal heatwave days: Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, MP, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and the northern parts of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
- 2025-03-07 [Geography] — IMD forecasts temperature rise and hot, humid weather
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) forecasts a gradual rise in maximum temperatures by 2-4°C over Northwest & Central India during the next 3-4 days, and a 3-5°C rise over East & West India during the next 4-5 days. Hot and humid weather is very likely to prevail over Konkan & Goa and Coastal Karnataka on 07th & 08th; Gujarat Region during 09th -11th; Kerala & Mahe during 07th-09th; Coastal Andhra Pradesh & Yanam on 08th March.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Temperature rise: 2-4°C over Northwest & Central India
- Temperature rise: 3-5°C likely over East & West India
- Hot and humid weather: Konkan & Goa, Coastal Karnataka on 07th & 08th
- Hot and humid weather: Gujarat Region during 09th -11th
- Hot and humid weather: Kerala & Mahe during 07th-09th
- Hot and humid weather: Coastal Andhra Pradesh & Yanam on 08th March
- Western Disturbance likely to affect Western Himalayan region from 09th March, 2025
- 2025-03-03 [Geography] — India's Climate and Weather Update
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) reported that a fresh Western Disturbance is expected to affect the western Himalayan region from March 9, 2025, causing rainfall/snowfall. Heat wave conditions are very likely in isolated pockets over Coastal Karnataka on March 3rd, with hot and humid weather prevailing over Konkan & Goa during March 3rd-6th and Coastal Karnataka during March 4th-7th.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Western Disturbance affecting western Himalayan region from March 9, 2025
- Isolated to Scattered light/moderate rainfall/snowfall over Jammu-Kashmir-Ladakh-Gilgit-Baltistan-Muzaffarabad, Himachal Pradesh & Uttarakhand on 09th March
- Heat wave conditions likely in isolated pockets over Coastal Karnataka on March 3
- Hot and humid weather over Konkan & Goa during March 3-6
- Hot and humid weather over Coastal Karnataka during March 4-7
- Squally weather with wind speed reaching 35 to 45 gusting to 55 kmph likely over Maldives, Lakshadweep areas & adjoining southeast Arabian sea, over Comorin area, southwest Bay of Bengal adjoining to Comorin area, off south Sri Lanka coast
Late 2025 Regional Rainfall and Northeast Monsoon
Focus: Specific heavy rainfall events and the onset of the Northeast Monsoon affecting Southern and Eastern India in the latter half of 2025.
UPSC Value: Highlights the regional distribution of precipitation during the retreating monsoon and Northeast Monsoon seasons.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-11-19 [Geography] — Weather patterns across India
On November 19, 2025, Extremely Heavy rainfall (≥21 cm) was recorded at isolated places, with heavy to very heavy rainfall (7-20 cm) at a few places over Tamil Nadu; Heavy to Very heavy rainfall (7-20 cm) observed at isolated places over Kerala & Lakshadweep. Cold wave to severe cold wave conditions prevailed over many pockets of Madhya Maharashtra; at few places over West Madhya Pradesh; cold wave conditions prevailed isolated pockets of East Madhya Pradesh & Telangana.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Extremely Heavy rainfall (≥21 cm) at isolated places over Tamil Nadu
- Heavy to Very heavy rainfall (7-20 cm) at few places over Tamil Nadu
- Heavy to Very heavy rainfall (7-20 cm) observed at isolated places over Kerala & Lakshadweep
- Cold wave to severe cold wave conditions prevailed over many pockets of Madhya Maharashtra
- Cold wave conditions prevailed isolated pockets of East Madhya Pradesh & Telangana
- Dense Fog (50-200 m) conditions at isolated places of Odisha
- Shallow to Moderate fog conditions at isolated places over Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Himachal Pradesh
- Low-Pressure area over Lakshadweep Islands & adjoining Maldives area
- 2025-10-24 [Geography] — Early Northeast Monsoon in South India
The northeast monsoon (NEM) arrived four days early over Tamil Nadu in October 2025, marking the second consecutive year of early onset. This follows a year (2024) when Tamil Nadu recorded 33% above-normal rainfall during the same season.More details
UPSC Angle: Early Northeast Monsoon in South India.
Key Facts:
- Northeast monsoon (NEM) arrived four days early over Tamil Nadu in October 2025
- Marks the second consecutive year of early onset
- In 2024, Tamil Nadu recorded 33% above-normal rainfall during the same season
- 2025-09-20 [Geography] — IMD Forecasts Heavy Rainfall
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) reported very heavy rainfall (12-20 cm) at isolated places over Rayalaseema in the past 24 hours. Heavy rainfall (7-11 cm) was recorded at isolated places over several regions including East Uttar Pradesh, East Rajasthan, and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. A fresh low-pressure area is likely to emerge into the east-central & adjoining northeast Bay of Bengal around September 25, 2025, potentially causing heavy rainfall over Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Coastal Andhra Pradesh.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Very heavy rainfall (12-20 cm) was recorded at isolated places over Rayalaseema.
- Heavy rainfall (7-11 cm) was recorded at isolated places over East Uttar Pradesh, East Rajasthan, and Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
- A fresh low-pressure area is likely to emerge into the east-central & adjoining northeast Bay of Bengal around September 25, 2025.
- 2025-08-21 [Geography] — IMD reports heavy rainfall and temperature departures
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) reported that many parts of east and northeast India are expected to have fairly widespread rainfall with isolated heavy falls during the week. Isolated extremely heavy rainfall is likely over Coastal Karnataka, Konkan & Goa and Gujarat during one or two days of the week. Maximum Temperature Departures showed markedly above normal temperatures at isolated places over Odisha.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Maximum Temperature Departures: markedly above normal (> 5.1°C) at isolated places over Odisha
- Extremely heavy rainfall is also likely over Coastal Karnataka, Konkan & Goa and Gujarat during one or two days of the week
- Mumbai received extremely heavy rainfall of 87.5 cm during 15-20 August
- All-India weekly rainfall departure was 22% above the long period average
2025 Extreme Weather Chronicle
Focus: A chronological record of specific extreme weather anomalies (Western Disturbances, floods, early snow) that hit India throughout 2025, along with expert commentary.
UPSC Value: Illustrates the increasing frequency and variability of extreme weather events (Western Disturbances, erratic monsoons) as cited in geography and disaster management.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-10-24 [Geography] — Early Snowfall, Rain, and Floods Highlight Climate Change Effects
In the first week of October 2025, parts of India experienced incessant rainfall and floods, while other regions, including Gulmarg, Uttarakhand, and Kedarnath, witnessed early snowfall. These unusual and contrasting weather patterns underscore the effects of climate change.More details
UPSC Angle: Early snowfall, rain, and floods highlight climate change effects.
Key Facts:
- Heavy rains and floods occurred in some parts of India.
- Early snowfall was experienced in Gulmarg, Uttarakhand, and Kedarnath.
- 2025-09-02 [Environment & Ecology] — Sunita Narain on Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events
In an interview with India Today, Sunita Narain of the Centre for Science & Environment (CSE) discussed the increasing frequency of extreme weather events due to climate change, particularly affecting the vulnerable Himalayan region, and the need for better planning.More details
UPSC Angle: Sunita Narain discusses climate change and extreme weather events.
Key Facts:
- Sunita Narain: DG, Centre for Science & Environment (CSE)
- Focus: Increasing extreme weather events
- Himalayas: Identified as a vulnerable region
- Climate change: Acceptance and planning are crucial
- 2025-08-28 [Environment & Ecology] — Climate Change Reshaping Indian Rivers, Threatening Biodiversity
Flooding and rising river water temperatures, exacerbated by climate change, threaten lives, livelihoods, and biodiversity in India. The Ganga river's overflowing waters have caused severe flooding across large parts of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, displacing hundreds of thousands and devastating villages and agricultural land.More details
UPSC Angle: Climate change reshaping Indian rivers, threatening biodiversity.
Key Facts:
- Rising atmospheric temperatures contribute to higher water temperatures
- Water temperatures decrease dissolved oxygen levels
- Study conducted on seven Indian rivers: Ganga, Narmada, Cauvery, Sabarmati, Tungabhadra, Musi, and Godavari
- Predicted decline in dissolved oxygen levels by 2 to 12 per cent between 2071 and 2100
- 2025-05-03 [Geography] — Western Disturbances Impacting India
A strong Western Disturbance (WD) triggered heavy rainfall and storms across Delhi, North and South India, leading to floods, hail, and airport disruption. Recent studies indicate that climate change is altering the frequency, intensity, and seasonality of WDs, impacting India's weather unpredictably, with increased frequency observed post-January 2025, extended seasonality into May-July, and significant effects on winter precipitation, heatwave moderation, and extreme weather events. WDs are crucial for Rabi crops in Punjab, Haryana, and western UP, but can also cause hailstorms, flash floods, and landslides, particularly in Himalayan states.More details
UPSC Angle: Western Disturbances impacting India with heavy rainfall and storms.
Key Facts:
- Increased WD frequency post-January 2025
- Extended WD seasonality into May–July
- WDs are primary source of winter precipitation in North India
- WDs moderate heatwaves across northwest and central India
- WDs trigger hailstorms, flash floods, and landslides in Himalayan states
2025 Indian Monsoon Extremes
Focus: Reports of high-fatality flooding and landslide events caused by heavy seasonal rainfall across diverse Indian states including the Northeast, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Kerala.
UPSC Value: Illustrates the increasing intensity of monsoon systems and the necessity for state-specific disaster resilience and urban drainage strategies.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-10-19 [Geography] — Kerala's Idukki hit by heavy rainfall and damage
Idukki district in Kerala experienced extensive damage due to heavy rainfall, flash floods, and landslides. The high-range villages, including Kumily and Kattappana, were severely affected, causing disruption of traffic on the Kumily-Munnar route.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Idukki: Hill district in Kerala
- Affected areas: Kumily, Chakupallom, Vandanmedu, Karunapuram, Nedumkandam panchayats, and Kattappana municipality
- Damage: Flash floods, landslips, and mudslides
- Traffic disruption: Kumily-Munnar route
- 2025-08-21 [Geography] — Maharashtra Rains
Heavy rains in Maharashtra over two days have killed 15 people, disrupted flights and train services, and damaged crops on approximately 14 lakh acres of farmland. Mumbai received 350 millimetres of rain in 24 hours, leading to the rescue of nearly 350 people after the Mithi river rose to dangerous levels.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Maharashtra
- Heavy rains
- 15 deaths
- 14 lakh acres of farmland damaged
- Mumbai
- 350 millimetres of rain in 24 hours
- 350 people rescued
- Mithi river
- 2025-06-18 [Geography] — Gujarat Rains Cause Fatalities and Disruption
Torrential rains in Gujarat have resulted in at least 27 deaths and have prompted the deployment of disaster response teams. The worst-hit areas include Palitana and Jesar, which received 867 mm of rain in 24 hours.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- At least 27 people have died in rain-related incidents in Gujarat
- Palitana and Jesar registered 867 millimetres (34 inches) of rain in 24 hours
- 18 farm laborers rescued from mango orchards in Gadhada area
- 22 people rescued in Surendranagar district after river overflowed into their homes
- 2025-06-02 [Geography] — Northeast India Floods and Landslides
Heavy rains and landslides in Northeast India have resulted in at least 34 deaths across seven states: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Sikkim, Meghalaya, and Tripura. The disaster has displaced thousands, damaged infrastructure, and prompted rescue operations by the armed forces and disaster response teams. Over 1,000 tourists were evacuated from Sikkim, and army teams are rescuing over 500 people in Meghalaya.More details
UPSC Angle: Floods and landslides in Northeast India cause casualties.
Key Facts:
- 34 deaths reported
- Seven Northeast Indian states affected: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Sikkim, Meghalaya, and Tripura
- 409,261 people impacted
- 4,600 houses damaged
- Over 1,000 tourists evacuated from Sikkim
- Army rescue teams deployed in Meghalaya to rescue over 500 people
- 3 members of a family killed in a mudslide in Guwahati, Assam
- Indian Meteorological Department forecasts continued heavy rainfall
2025 Southwest Monsoon: Progression and Socio-Economic Impact
Focus: Chronological reports on the 2025 monsoon's behavior—including its early onset, spatial distribution, and final withdrawal—and its specific effects on Indian crop yields and food inflation.
UPSC Value: This thread is critical for understanding the intersection of physical geography (monsoon dynamics) and the Indian economy (agricultural productivity and food security management).
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-10-17 [Geography] — Monsoon Withdraws from Entire Country
The India Meteorological Department announced the official withdrawal of the southwest monsoon. The 2025 season recorded near-normal rainfall, which aided kharif crop output in major agricultural states.More details
UPSC Angle: Monsoon withdraws from entire country; near-normal rainfall recorded.
Key Facts:
- Southwest monsoon withdrew
- IMD declared normal season
- Near-normal rainfall in 2025
- 2025-07-22 [Economy] — Monsoon Impact on Food Inflation and Crop Yields
The strong 2024 monsoon, with 7.6% above-normal rainfall, boosted kharif and rabi crop yields, easing food price pressures. The 2025 monsoon continued the trend, arriving early over Kerala on May 24 and delivering 7.1% above the long-period average (LPA) by July 20. Wheat inventories in government godowns rose to 358.78 lakh tonnes as of July 1, 2025, a four-year high.More details
UPSC Angle: Monsoon impact on food inflation and crop yields.
Key Facts:
- 2024 monsoon delivered 7.6% above-normal rainfall.
- 2025 monsoon arrived early over Kerala on May 24 and delivered 7.1% above LPA by July 20.
- Wheat inventories in government godowns rose to 358.78 lakh tonnes as of July 1, 2025.
- 2025-07-19 [Geography] — Monsoon above normal but uneven
While the overall monsoon season is above normal, the Northeastern and Southern regions of India are facing a shortfall in rainfall. This uneven distribution can have implications for agriculture and water resources in these regions.More details
UPSC Angle: Monsoon above normal but uneven, affecting NE and Southern regions.
Key Facts:
- Monsoon is above normal but uneven, with NE and Southern India facing shortfall.
- 2025-07-01 [Geography] — Monsoon covers India nine days early
The Southwest Monsoon has covered the entire India nine days ahead of schedule, with the IMD tracking cyclonic activity over the eastern region.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Southwest Monsoon
- covers entire India
- nine days early
- IMD
- cyclonic activity
- eastern region
Natural Disasters in the Himalayan Region (2025)
Focus: A series of geological and hydrological disasters (avalanches, landslides, floods) affecting the Indian Himalayan states throughout 2025.
UPSC Value: Highlights the ecological fragility of the Himalayan ecosystem and the recurring challenges of disaster management in border states like Uttarakhand and Sikkim.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-10-13 [Geography] — Himalayan Region Devastation from Floods and Landslides
Ongoing recovery efforts continue in the Himalayan region after catastrophic floods and landslides, with unseasonal heavy rainfall exacerbating vulnerabilities. In West Bengal, 42 lives were lost due to landslides in Darjeeling and Kalimpong districts.More details
UPSC Angle: Ongoing recovery efforts in Himalayan region after floods and landslides.
Key Facts:
- West Bengal
- 42 lives lost
- Darjeeling
- Kalimpong
- Teesta river overflow linked to Cyclone 01B
- 18 deaths reported in Darjeeling on October 6
- National Highway 10 closure from October 13-16
- 15 deaths in Bilaspur landslide on October 8
- 60 deaths in Kashmir floods and landslides in August
- 2025-09-12 [Geography] — Landslide in Sikkim Causes Casualties
A landslide triggered by heavy rainfall occurred in the Gyalshing district of western Sikkim on September 11, 2025, causing casualties and damage. Four people died, and three others are missing. More rainfall is expected over Sikkim.More details
UPSC Angle: Landslide in Sikkim causes casualties and damage.
Key Facts:
- Landslide in Gyalshing district, western Sikkim
- Date: September 11, 2025
- 4 deaths, 3 missing
- Heavy rainfall triggered the landslide
- 2025-06-28 [Geography] — Landslide in Uttarakhand causes casualties
A landslide triggered by heavy rainfall near Janki Chatti village in Uttarakhand has resulted in 2 deaths, 2 missing, and 1 rescued and injured, according to the National Disaster Management Authority of India. Rescue operations are ongoing, and orange warnings are in effect for heavy rainfall and thunderstorms across Uttarakhand on June 25-26.More details
UPSC Angle: Landslide in Uttarakhand caused casualties; NDMA involved in rescue.
Key Facts:
- Landslide
- Janki Chatti village
- Uttarakhand
- 2 deaths
- 2 missing
- 1 rescued and injured
- Orange warnings
- Heavy rainfall
- Thunderstorms
- June 25-26
- 2025-03-02 [Disaster Management] — Uttarakhand Avalanche: Eight BRO Workers Killed
An avalanche in Mana village, Uttarakhand, struck a Border Roads Organisation (BRO) building site, resulting in eight fatalities among the workers. Rescue operations by the Indian Army and Indo-Tibetan Border Police led to the recovery of several workers, but four died in the hospital on March 1, 2025, and the last body was found on March 2, 2025. The multi-agency operation involved rescuing 54 BRO workers working at a road project site.More details
UPSC Angle: Uttarakhand Avalanche: Eight BRO Workers Killed.
Key Facts:
- Uttarakhand
- Chamoli
- Mana village
- Border Roads Organisation (BRO)
- 54
- Eight
- Avalanche occurred at Mana village in Uttarakhand
- Hit a Border Roads Organisation (BRO) building site
- Eight workers died
- Rescue operation involved the Indian Army and Indo-Tibetan Border Police
- 54 BRO workers were working at the road project site
- Date of incident: March 1, 2025
- Last body found: March 2, 2025
2025 Indian Monsoon and Extreme Weather Patterns
Focus: Meteorological reports and forecasts from the IMD regarding the 2025 monsoon season, focusing on depressions, low-pressure systems, and the rising frequency of extreme rainfall events like mini-cloudbursts.
UPSC Value: Important for Geography (Monsoon dynamics and rainfall distribution) and Disaster Management (forecasting and impact of extreme weather events).
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-09-21 [Geography] — IMD Forecasts Low Pressure Areas Over Bay of Bengal
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has announced that a low-pressure area is likely to form over the north Bay of Bengal within the next 24 hours. Another low-pressure area is expected to form over the east-central and adjoining north Bay of Bengal around September 25th. Isolated heavy rainfall is expected over Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Vidarbha, and Coastal Andhra Pradesh & Yanam in the coming days.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- A low-pressure area is likely to form over the north Bay of Bengal within the next 24 hours.
- Another low-pressure area is likely to form around September 25th.
- Isolated heavy rainfall is expected over several states.
- 2025-09-02 [Environment & Ecology] — Increase in 'Mini-Cloudbursts' Across India
IMD Chief Mrutyunjay Mohapatra reported that while overall cloudbursts haven't increased, 'mini-cloudbursts' are becoming more common and are impossible to forecast accurately. In August 2025, India had over 700 very heavy rainfall events (above 20 cm daily), second only to the 800-plus events in 2024.More details
UPSC Angle: Increase in 'mini-cloudbursts' across India, impossible to forecast.
Key Facts:
- A cloudburst is defined as 10 cm of rain in one hour over 20–30 km
- A mini-cloudburst is defined as 5 cm of rain in one hour
- In August 2025, India had over 700 very heavy rainfall events (above 20 cm daily)
- 2025-07-15 [Geography] — Weather Forecast for Delhi/NCR
India Meteorological Department reported that Delhi/NCR will have generally cloudy sky with very light to light rain accompanied by thunderstorms/lightning. The maximum temperatures are likely to be in the range of 32 to 34°C and occasionally strong surface winds 20-30 kmph gusting to 40 kmph.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Heavy to very heavy rainfall (7-20 cm) recorded at isolated places over West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha, Kerala, Coastal Karnataka, Jammu-Kashmir, Rajasthan, Konkan, Madhya Maharashtra, Assam
- 2025-07-15 [Geography] — 2025 North Indian Ocean Cyclone Season
A low-pressure area over north Rajasthan intensified into a depression and was forecasted to move west-northwestwards. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) issued red alerts across Rajasthan due to forecasted heavy rain, with isolated extremely heavy rainfall (over 21 cm) expected in southwest Rajasthan and north Gujarat.More details
UPSC Angle: IMD issued red alerts across Rajasthan due to a depression.
Key Facts:
- North Rajasthan
- Depression
- India Meteorological Department (IMD)
- Red alerts (Rajasthan)
- Extremely heavy rainfall (over 21 cm) (Southwest Rajasthan, North Gujarat)
2025 Monsoon Cycle: Regional Impacts and Administrative Responses
Focus: Documentation of extreme rainfall events across India and the resulting administrative safety measures, including IMD alerts, school closures, and disaster impact reports.
UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding disaster management protocols, the role of the IMD in climate adaptation, and the socio-economic consequences of weather anomalies on public infrastructure and education.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-09-04 [Geography] — Schools Closed Due to Rain and Floods in Multiple States
Due to heavy rainfall and flooding, school holidays have been declared in Punjab (till September 7), Himachal Pradesh (till September 7), Jammu Division (till September 5), Haryana (Ambala and Jhajjar districts till September 5, Jhajjar extended till September 6), and Mathura (up to Class 12 for September 3 and 4). The IMD has issued red and orange alerts in several districts.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- School holidays
- Punjab
- till September 7, 2025
- Himachal Pradesh
- till September 7, 2025
- Jammu Division
- till September 5, 2025
- Haryana
- Ambala and Jhajjar districts
- till September 5, 2025
- Jhajjar
- extended till September 6, 2025
- Mathura
- up to Class 12
- September 3 and 4, 2025
- IMD
- red and orange alerts
- September 4, 2025
- 2025-08-30 [Geography] — Heavy Rainfall in Punjab
According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), Punjab experienced heavy to extremely heavy rainfall on 24 out of 31 days in August. Between June and August, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir saw nearly 50% excess rainfall.More details
UPSC Angle: IMD reports heavy rainfall in Punjab during August.
Key Facts:
- Punjab: heavy to extremely heavy rainfall on 24/31 days in August
- Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir: ~50% excess rainfall (June-August)
- 2025-06-18 [Geography] — IMD Issues Red Alert for Heavy Rainfall in Kerala
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has forecast heavy to very heavy rainfall across Kerala until June 18, issuing red alerts for several districts. A red alert, indicating extremely heavy rainfall, has been issued for Wayanad, Kannur, and Kasaragod on June 18. Fishermen are advised not to venture into the sea due to squally weather conditions.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Red alert issued for Wayanad, Kannur, and Kasaragod on June 18, indicating extremely heavy rainfall exceeding 20 cm in 24 hours
- Orange alert issued for Palakkad, Malappuram, Kozhikode, Wayanad, Kannur, and Kasaragod on June 18
- Yellow alert issued for Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Pathanamthitta, Alappuzha, Kottayam, Ernakulam, Idukki, and Thrissur on June 18
- Squally weather with wind speeds of 40 to 50 kmph, gusting up to 60 kmph along and off the Kerala coast
- 2025-05-20 [Geography] — Heavy Rain Affects Bengaluru City, Karnataka
Heavy rain affected Bengaluru city, Karnataka state, from 18 to 19 May, resulting in fatalities and damage. According to media reports, one person was killed due to the collapse of infrastructure after heavy rains. Several parts of the city were flooded, and power outages were reported.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- One person was killed due to the collapse of infrastructure after heavy rains
- Several parts of the city were flooded, and power outages were reported
Monsoon Hazards and Forecasting Infrastructure
Focus: Reports on heavy rainfall, flash floods, and the technological infrastructure (radars) developed to forecast them during the 2025 monsoon season.
UPSC Value: Highlights the interplay between recurring hydro-meteorological hazards and India's technological capacity building (DWRs).
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-08-01 [Geography] — Severe Weather Affects Several Indian States
Heavy rainfall continues to impact various Indian states, resulting in fatalities, displacement, and damage to infrastructure. According to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), over 65 people have died, mostly in Madhya Pradesh, and five are missing due to severe weather and flooding; orange and red warnings are in effect for Assam and Meghalaya for the next two days.More details
UPSC Angle: Heavy rainfall affects Indian states; fatalities, displacement, damage.
Key Facts:
- More than 65 deaths due to severe weather, mostly in Madhya Pradesh
- 5 people missing
- Over 120,000 people affected
- At least 2,500 evacuated
- Orange and red warnings in effect for Assam and Meghalaya for the next two days
- NDMA (India)
- 2025-07-30 [Environment & Ecology] — Flash Floods in India: Rising Risks and Regional Variations
Flash floods have emerged as a deadly and recurring hazard across India, claiming thousands of lives and damaging infrastructure annually. A recent IIT Gandhinagar study identifies the Himalayas, western coast, and Central India as key hotspots. The study finds that nearly 75% of flash floods result from a combination of extreme rainfall and already saturated soil.More details
UPSC Angle: Flash floods are a recurring hazard across India.
Key Facts:
- Flash floods are a recurring hazard in India
- Increased frequency due to rising global temperatures
- 132 events in 2020 increased to 184 in 2022 (Union Jal Shakti Ministry)
- Only 25% of flash floods caused solely by extreme rainfall
- Most incidents result from heavy precipitation and pre-existing soil saturation
- Flash floods have emerged as a deadly and recurring hazard across India.
- Tragedies in Himachal Pradesh (July 2025), Kerala's Wayanad (July 2024), Ladakh (June 2024), and Sikkim (October 2023).
- The Himalayas, Western Coast, and Central India are most vulnerable to frequent flash floods.
- Nearly 75% of flash floods result from a combination of extreme rainfall and already saturated soil.
- Flash floods have risen sharply since 1995, especially in the Brahmaputra, Ganga, and Krishna river basins.
- 2025-07-30 [Science & Technology] — Infrastructure Expansion Enhances Weather and Disaster Forecasting
India has significantly expanded its weather and disaster forecasting infrastructure over the past decade. The number of Doppler Weather Radars (DWRs) increased from 15 (in 2014) to 41 (in 2025), enhancing real-time weather monitoring. Earthquake alerts are now issued within 2–3 minutes of tremors. Cyclone warning lead time extended to 10 days, drastically reducing casualties.More details
UPSC Angle: India expands weather forecasting infrastructure with more Doppler Weather Radars.
Key Facts:
- Doppler Weather Radars(DWRs): The number of DWRs increased from 15 (in 2014) to 41 (in 2025).
- Faster Earthquake Alerts: Now issued within 2–3 minutes of tremors.
- Cyclone Forecasting: Cyclone warning lead time extended to 10 days.
- 2025-06-04 [Geography] — India Meteorological Department Forecasts Heavy Rainfall and Heat Waves
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has issued forecasts for heavy rainfall in Northeast India, particularly Meghalaya, and ongoing thunderstorms with gusty winds over Northwest India on June 4, 2025. Heat wave conditions are expected to prevail over Odisha on June 5-6 and West Rajasthan from June 7-9, with hot and humid weather in Coastal Andhra Pradesh, Yanam, and Odisha on June 4. Fishermen are advised against venturing into the Lakshadweep area and along the coasts of Karnataka and Kerala on June 4.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Extremely heavy rainfall is expected over Meghalaya on June 4, 2025.
- Heat wave conditions are likely in Odisha on June 5-6 and West Rajasthan from June 7-9.
- Hot and humid weather is expected over Coastal Andhra Pradesh & Yanam and Odisha on June 4.
- Fishermen are advised not to venture over Lakshadweep area and along and off Karnataka and Kerala coasts on June 4.
Winter Fire Incidents in Himalayan States (Jan 2026)
Focus: Fire incidents (structural and forest) occurring in the Himalayan region during the dry winter of January 2026.
UPSC Value: Highlights the heightened fire risk and ecological vulnerability in the Himalayan belt during dry winter months.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-30 [Defense & Security] — IAF Deploys Helicopters to Combat Forest Fires in Arunachal Pradesh
The Indian Air Force (IAF) deployed Mi-17V5 helicopters to combat forest fires in the Lohit Valley of Arunachal Pradesh, operating at nearly 9,500 feet and dropping at least 12,000 litres of water. This operation highlights the IAF's rapid response capabilities in challenging high-altitude environments.More details
UPSC Angle: IAF deploys helicopters to combat forest fires in Arunachal Pradesh.
Key Facts:
- IAF deployed Mi-17V5 helicopters
- Forest fires in Lohit Valley of Arunachal Pradesh
- Operation at nearly 9,500 feet
- At least 12,000 litres of water dropped
- 2026-01-14 [Environment & Ecology] — Fire near Valley of Flowers
A fire has been raging near the Valley of Flowers, prompting the Forest Department to seek assistance from the Air Force. The Valley of Flowers, located in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand, is a National Park and a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its alpine ecosystem.More details
UPSC Angle: Fire near Valley of Flowers.
Key Facts:
- Valley of Flowers is situated in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand
- Valley of Flowers National Park
- Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve
- Declared a National Park in 1982
- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005
- Valley of Flowers
- Chamoli district
- Uttarakhand
- National Park in 1982
- UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005
- alpine ecosystem
- 2026-01-08 [History & Heritage] — Junga Palace Fire
A massive fire engulfed the historic Junga Palace in Junga, Himachal Pradesh, approximately 26 kilometers from Shimla. This 200-year-old palace served as the residence of the former Keonthal princely state.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- 200-year-old palace
- Residence of the former Keonthal princely state
- Located in – Junga, Himachal Pradesh, approximately 26 kilometers from Shimla
- Constructed in – The 1800s by the rulers of Keonthal
2025 Monsoon Progression and Meteorological Alerts in Maharashtra's Coastal Belt
Focus: Items tracking the escalation of rainfall alerts (Yellow to Red) and resulting urban flooding specifically within the Mumbai, Thane, and Konkan regions during the 2025 monsoon season.
UPSC Value: Demonstrates the regional vulnerability of the Konkan coast to extreme weather and the application of the IMD's color-coded warning system in disaster risk reduction.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-09-30 [Geography] — Heavy Rains Lash Maharashtra, Over 11,500 Take Shelter in Relief Camps
Heavy rains in western Maharashtra and Marathwada caused floods, cutting off six villages in Dharashiv, and displacing over 11,500 people who were moved to relief camps. Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis is monitoring the situation and has announced immediate assistance of â‚ą10,000 for affected families. The IMD issued a red alert for Mumbai, Konkan, and Marathwada, forecasting continued heavy rainfall until September 30.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- More than 11,500 people moved to safer places in Marathwada.
- Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis announced â‚ą10,000 immediate help for affected families.
- Maharashtra received 282.9 mm rainfall in September.
- IMD issued a red alert for Mumbai, Konkan, and Marathwada.
- Heavy rain expected to continue till September 30.
- Emergency Operations Centre warned of urban flooding in Mumbai, Thane, Palghar, Raigad, Ratnagiri, and Sindhudurg.
- 2025-08-17 [Geography] — Flash Flood Alert in Mumbai and Konkan Region
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) issued a flash flood alert for Mumbai and the Konkan region due to heavy rainfall. Several parts of Mumbai and Thane experienced waterlogging, and the Tulsi lake, a key water reservoir, overflowed.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- IMD issued flash flood alert for Mumbai and Konkan region on August 17, 2025.
- Several parts of the Mumbai and Thane districts of Maharashtra witnessed waterlogging.
- The Tulsi lake, one of the seven reservoirs supplying drinking water to Mumbai, has overflowed.
- 2025-05-12 [Geography] — Rainstorm in Guwahati and Mumbai Rainfall Alert
A severe rainstorm caused widespread power outages and downed trees in Guwahati, hindering restoration efforts. Mumbai is under a yellow alert for heavy rainfall, with warnings issued for Thane, Raigad, and Palghar.More details
UPSC Angle: Rainstorm in Guwahati and Mumbai Rainfall Alert.
Key Facts:
- Severe rainstorm caused widespread power outages and downed trees in Guwahati.
- Mumbai is under a yellow alert for heavy rainfall.
- Warnings issued for Thane, Raigad, and Palghar.
September 2025 Monsoon Impact on Indian Infrastructure and Rural Safety
Focus: A series of concurrent extreme weather events across diverse Indian topographies (Northeast, North, and rural plains) causing varied damage to transport, housing, and public health.
UPSC Value: Demonstrates the multi-dimensional challenges of disaster management, including infrastructure resilience (NH-29), urban rescue operations (SDRF), and rural vulnerability to disease and displacement.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-09-16 [Environment & Ecology] — Heavy Rains Cause Floods in Dehradun
Heavy rainfall in Dehradun's Sahastradhara area led to floods, causing damage to roads and necessitating rescue operations by the State Disaster Response Force (SDRF). The floods highlight the vulnerability of the region to extreme weather events and the need for disaster preparedness.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Dehradun
- Sahastradhara
- floods
- SDRF
- September 15, 2025
- two missing
- 100 people rescued
- 2025-09-15 [Geography] — NH-29 Disrupted by Heavy Rain and Mudslides in Nagaland
Heavy rainfall and mudslides have caused significant disruption to National Highway 29 in Nagaland. This disruption highlights the impact of disasters on infrastructure and transportation.More details
UPSC Angle: NH-29 disruption highlights disaster impact on infrastructure in Nagaland.
Key Facts:
- Disruption: NH-29 in Nagaland
- Cause: Heavy rain, mudslides
- 2025-09-11 [Geography] — Flooding in India
AMDA reported flooding in India, where villagers evacuated to roofs and lost stored food. Mud houses were damaged or destroyed, and puddles could cause mosquito-borne diseases.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- AMDA
- Villagers evacuated to roofs
- Loss of stored food
- Mud houses damaged or destroyed
- Puddles could cause mosquito-borne diseases
Late Monsoon Disasters in North India (2025)
Focus: A cluster of flood and landslide events in North India (J&K, HP, Punjab) during the late monsoon phase of Aug-Sept 2025.
UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing the impact of late monsoon surges on North Indian infrastructure and disaster management.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-09-11 [Geography] — Landslide in Kullu District, Himachal Pradesh
A landslide triggered by monsoon rainfall in Sharmani village, Kullu district, Himachal Pradesh on September 9, 2025, resulted in casualties and damage, with at least five deaths and three injuries reported. Three houses near the landslide were evacuated. Moderate to locally heavy rainfall with thunderstorms is forecasted for 12–13 September over the affected state.More details
UPSC Angle: Landslide in Kullu district, Himachal Pradesh caused casualties and damage.
Key Facts:
- September 9, 2025
- Landslide
- Sharmani village
- Kullu district
- Himachal Pradesh
- 5 deaths
- 3 injuries
- 3 houses evacuated
- Moderate to locally heavy rainfall with thunderstorms forecasted for 12–13 September
- 2025-09-05 [Geography] — North India Floods: Sutlej Swells, Landslides Hit Himachal, J&K Highway Shut
Heavy rains, cloudbursts, and dam releases caused the Sutlej River to swell, submerging villages in Ferozepur and Fazilka, Punjab, affecting over 3.5 lakh people across 1,600 villages. The floods and landslides have caused at least 35 deaths. Rescue operations are underway, led by the NDRF and district administration.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Affected region: North India (Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir)
- River: Sutlej
- People affected: Over 3.5 lakh
- Villages inundated: Over 1,600
- Death toll: Over 35
- Rescue operations led by: NDRF and district administration
- 2025-08-17 [Geography] — Cloudburst and Landslide in J&K's Kathua District
At least seven people died and five were injured in cloudburst and landslide incidents in the Kathua district of Jammu and Kashmir. Chief Minister Omar Abdullah announced ex-gratia assistance to the families of the deceased, while Union Minister Jitendra Singh stated that rescue and relief operations were underway with the help of the civilian administration, military, and paramilitary forces.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Seven people died and five were injured in two separate incidents of cloudburst and landslip in Kathua district of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K).
- Five people died in Jodh Ghati due to a cloudburst.
- Two people died in a landslide in the Janglote area.
- J&K Chief Minister Omar Abdullah announced ex-gratia of â‚ą2 lakh to the families of those dead, â‚ą1 lakh to those seriously injured, and â‚ą50,000 to those with minor injuries.
- Union Minister Jitendra Singh said the civilian administration, military and paramilitary forces have swung into action and inducted helicopter services for rescue and relief operations in the cloudburst-hit Kathua district.
Fatal Meteorological Disasters in India (2025)
Focus: Incidents of severe weather phenomena (lightning and cloudbursts) causing mass casualties across Indian states in 2025.
UPSC Value: Highlights the recurring challenge of disaster management and climate resilience regarding monsoon-related hazards in India.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-08-15 [Geography] — Kishtwar Cloudburst Kills Over 60
A cloudburst in Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir, on August 14, 2025, resulted in over 60 deaths and many injuries. Rescue operations are underway by the NDRF, SDRF, Army, police, and local volunteers in Chisoti village. The disaster struck during the Machail Mata Yatra, sweeping away homes, shops, and vehicles.More details
UPSC Angle: Cloudburst in Kishtwar, J&K; disaster management response.
Key Facts:
- Kishtwar: District in Jammu & Kashmir
- Chisoti village: Village hit by cloudburst
- August 14, 2025: Date of cloudburst
- 60+: Number of deaths
- NDRF, SDRF, Army, police, local volunteers: Involved in rescue operations
- Machail Mata Yatra: Pilgrimage affected by the disaster
- 2025-04-26 [Geography] — Lightning Strikes Kill 162 in India
Between March and mid-April 2025, approximately 162 individuals lost their lives due to lightning strikes across 12 states in India. Lightning is an electrical discharge occurring between charged particles within a cloud and the ground, highlighting the dangers posed by natural phenomena.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- 162 people killed by lightning strikes
- 12 Indian states
- March 2025
- Mid-April 2025
- 2025-04-10 [Geography] — Lightning Strikes in Bihar
Thirteen people died in separate incidents in Bihar on Wednesday, April 9, 2025, due to lightning strikes amid thunderstorms.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Event: Lightning strikes
- Location: Bihar
- Date: April 9, 2025
- Fatalities: 13
Extreme Weather Volatility in North India (May-June 2025)
Focus: A pattern of drastic weather fluctuations in the pre-monsoon season, swinging from unseasonal rain and record-breaking cool temperatures to intense heatwaves.
UPSC Value: Useful for studying increasing climate variability and the deviation from normal pre-monsoon patterns in Northern India.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-06-11 [Geography] — Heatwave in Northern India
Northern India is experiencing an intense heatwave, with temperatures soaring past 45 degrees Celsius, impacting normal life and sparking health concerns. The government has set up water coolers in central points to help the public cope. Vulnerable sections of society living in poorly ventilated homes are at higher risk.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Temperatures soaring past 45 degrees Celsius in northern India
- Government setting up water coolers in central points
- Vulnerable sections of society at higher risk
- Green cover has suffered in the capital city of Delhi
- 2025-05-06 [Geography] — Unusually Cool May 2025 Sets Weather Records
May 2025 was one of the coldest Mays in nearly a century across India, with an early monsoon onset and higher-than-usual rainfall. Central India recorded its third-lowest average maximum temperature since 1901, while South Peninsular India registered its fifth-lowest maximum temperature on record.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Central India's average maximum temperature in May 2025 was 36.63 degrees Celsius, the coolest since 1933.
- South Peninsular India's average maximum temperature in May 2025 was 34.13 degrees Celsius, the lowest for May since 1955.
- 2025-05-02 [Geography] — India Meteorological Department (IMD) Weather Forecast for Delhi/NCR
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) reported generally cloudy sky conditions with wind speed less than 14 kmph from the southeast direction in the forenoon. The weather forecast for May 2, 2025, includes a generally cloudy sky with very light to light rain, thunderstorm/lightning accompanied with strong surface winds 20 – 30 kmph gusting to 40 kmph. The maximum temperature over Delhi is likely to be in the range of 28 to 30°C, which is below normal.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Generally cloudy sky
- Very light to light rain
- Thunderstorm/lighting accompanied with strong surface winds 20 – 30 kmph gusting to 40 kmph
- Maximum temperature: 28 to 30°C (below normal)
- Predominant surface wind: Southeast direction with a wind speed of less than 16 kmph till evening
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