India's Energy Decoupling and Transition: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

India is undergoing a structural 'decoupling' where economic growth (GDP) is no longer strictly tethered to carbon emissions. This 'molecule-to-electron' shift transitions the economy from fossil fuels (coal/oil) to an electrified ecosystem powered by renewables. The 'Panchamrit' targets (500 GW non-fossil capacity, 45% emission intensity reduction) are the primary anchors, but the real transformation is now moving from 'centralized solar parks' to 'decentralized industrial ecosystems' like Green Hydrogen Valleys and PM Surya Ghar (rooftop solar).

Cross-Theme Insight

The integration of these threads reveals that India's energy transition has shifted from 'policy intent' to 'industrial execution.' While the 'Milestones' thread tracks capacity (reaching 50% non-fossil capacity ahead of 2030), the 'Macro-Economic' and 'Green Hydrogen' threads show the push into 'hard-to-abate' sectors (steel, chemicals, MSMEs). The transition is now being secured through 'Grid Infrastructure' reforms (Smart Meters, RDSS) and 'Diversification' (Geothermal, Nuclear, and even Fusion), moving beyond solar-dependency to ensure base-load stability.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks (e.g., Shankar IAS 10th ed, p. 309) often still cite the original 2015 NDC targets of 33-35% emission intensity reduction. However, CAPF 2025 (NID 9777) and recent news [2025-26] confirm the updated 45% target and the achievement of 50% non-fossil capacity nearly five years ahead of schedule. Furthermore, older materials describe Geothermal and Green Hydrogen as 'niche' or 'pilot' projects, whereas current policy (National Policy on Geothermal Energy 2025) now frames them as 'mainstream pillars' for grid balancing.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The narrative has evolved from 'Solar-centric' (2010-2020) to 'Diversified Non-Fossil' (2021-2025). Initially, the focus was purely on 'installed capacity.' In 2025-26, the focus shifted to 'Grid Reliability' (BESS, Smart Meters) and 'Industrial Decarbonization' (Green Hydrogen missions and Green Hydrogen Valleys in states like Andhra Pradesh).

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

Recent exams show a precise shift toward testing specific scheme mechanisms rather than broad concepts. CAPF 2025 (NID 9777) tested the specific numbers of the 500 GW and 2070 Net-Zero targets. IAS 2025 (NID 6309) focused on the operational components of the 'PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana' (training/skilling). Older questions like IAS 2023 (NID 6101) on Green Hydrogen usage (IC engines vs. fuel cells) indicate that technical application is now as important as policy targets.

Probable Prelims Angles

• National Green Hydrogen Mission: Target of 5 MMT production by 2030.
• PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana: Goal of 1 crore households and 300 units free power.
• Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity (GEI) Target (Amendment) Rules, 2025.
• Global ranks: India is 4th in Wind and 3rd in Solar energy capacity.
• Geothermal potential sites: Puga (Ladakh), Manikaran (HP), and Tatapani (Chhattisgarh).

Mains Themes

• The challenge of 'Just Transition': Balancing coal-dependent livelihoods with green energy goals.
• The role of Green Hydrogen in decarbonizing India's 'Hard-to-Abate' industrial sectors.
• Federalism in Energy: State-level competition in attracting Green Hydrogen and BESS investments.
• Energy Security vs. Net Zero: Why India continues coal expansion alongside renewable growth.

Preparation Strategy

Core Priority List

• Master the 'Panchamrit' 2030 targets vs. the 2015 NDC targets to avoid confusion in MCQ options.
• Analyze the National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM) with a focus on 'SIGHT' incentives and 'Green Hydrogen Valleys'.
• Understand 'Grid Integration' issues: The role of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) and pumped hydro in managing solar intermittency.
• Study the PM Surya Ghar scheme as a model for 'Decentralized Renewable Energy' (DRE).

NCERT Textbook Bridge

• Geography Class X (Ch 5): Supplement the basic 'Non-conventional energy' sections with current data on 500 GW targets.
• Economics Class XII: Link 'Infrastructure' chapters with the new 'Green Growth' pillar of the Union Budget.

Current Affairs Integration

• Monitor the 'GEI Target Rules 2025' for legal enforcement of emission cuts.
• Follow COP-29/30 developments regarding 'Climate Finance' (New Collective Quantified Goal - NCQG) which impacts India's transition speed.
• Track state-level energy storage policies (e.g., Rajasthan, Gujarat).

Key Connections

Internal Theme Links

The 'Green Hydrogen' thread is the solution to the 'Macro-Economic' thread's industrial emission challenge. Similarly, 'Grid Infrastructure' (Smart Meters) is the prerequisite for the success of 'PM Surya Ghar' (Rooftop Solar).

GS Paper Linkages

Connects to GS-2 (International Solar Alliance/Global Biofuel Alliance) and GS-3 (Economic growth decoupling from environmental degradation). Also relevant for 'Science & Tech' regarding Fuel Cells and Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) in Nuclear energy.

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (27 themes, 122 news items)

Diversification of India's Non-Fossil Energy Portfolio

Focus: Specific government schemes, investments, and roadmaps aimed at expanding India's renewable energy mix beyond just solar to include hydro, geothermal, and fusion.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the multi-pronged strategy (Solar, Hydro, Geo, Fusion) India is employing to meet its net-zero and energy security targets.

9 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-23 [Schemes & Programs] — PM Modi Highlights Solar Power Milestone, Congratulates Film 'Boong' Team
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi lauded the achievement of 30 lakh households adopting rooftop solar power under the PM Surya Ghar scheme. He also congratulated the team behind the film 'Boong' for winning the Children's & Family Film category at the EE BAFTA Film Awards, calling it a moment of pride for Manipur and the nation.
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  UPSC Angle: PM lauds 30 lakh households adopting rooftop solar under PM Surya Ghar.

  Key Facts:

  • 30 lakh households have adopted rooftop solar power under the PM Surya Ghar scheme.
  • Film 'Boong' won the Children's & Family Film category at the EE BAFTA Film Awards.
• 2025-12-17 [Economy] — Renew Power and Google Renewable Energy Deal
  Renew Power has secured a deal with Google. The project, due to be commissioned in 2026, will generate enough clean power to supply more than 360,000 Indian homes annually and support Google’s goal of operating on carbon-free energy by 2030.
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  UPSC Angle: Renew Power and Google deal for renewable energy project.

  Key Facts:

  • Renew Power deal with Google
  • Project to be commissioned in 2026
  • Enough clean power to supply more than 360,000 Indian homes annually
  • Supports Google’s goal of operating on carbon-free energy by 2030
• 2025-10-14 [Economy] — India Unveils ₹6.4 Trillion Hydroelectric Plan for Brahmaputra Basin
  India has unveiled a ₹6.4 trillion ($77 billion) hydroelectric transmission plan to harness over 76 GW of power from the Brahmaputra basin by 2047. The plan, led by the Central Electricity Authority, includes 208 large hydro projects in northeastern states.
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  UPSC Angle: India unveils ₹6.4 Trillion Hydroelectric Plan for Brahmaputra Basin.

  Key Facts:

  • Plan to harness over 76 GW of power from the Brahmaputra basin by 2047.
  • Investment of ₹6.4 trillion ($77 billion).
  • Led by the Central Electricity Authority.
  • Includes 208 large hydro projects in northeastern states.
  • ₹1.91 trillion by 2035 and ₹4.52 trillion thereafter.
  • Involves central PSUs like NHPC and NEEPCO
  • Supports India's targets of 500 GW non-fossil energy by 2030 and net-zero emissions by 2070.
• 2025-10-14 [Schemes & Programs] — PM Surya Ghar Yojana Progress
  The Pradhan Mantri Surya Ghar Yojana aims to install solar rooftops on 1 crore homes. However, from March 2024 to July 2025, only 13.1% of the target was achieved, with approximately 13 lakh installations. Only 14.1% of the allocated budget of ₹65,700 crore had been utilized until July 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: PM Surya Ghar Yojana: 13.1% target achieved (March'24-July'25).

  Key Facts:

  • Target: 1 crore solar rooftop installations.
  • Achievement (March 2024 - July 2025): 13.1% (approximately 13 lakh installations).
  • Budget allocated: ₹65,700 crore.
  • Budget utilized (until July 2025): 14.1%.
• 2025-09-24 [Science & Technology] — India's Fusion Energy Roadmap
  India is developing a fusion energy roadmap, focusing on SST-Bharat, a steady-state superconducting tokamak for long-duration plasma, and considering a fusion-fission hybrid approach to boost net output. The roadmap proposes innovations such as digital twinning for plasma simulation and machine learning-assisted plasma confinement, with experiments to prototypes expected by 2040 and a demonstration reactor by 2060.
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  UPSC Angle: India's fusion energy roadmap focuses on SST-Bharat tokamak.

  Key Facts:

  • Core Device: SST-Bharat, a steady-state superconducting tokamak
  • SST-Bharat Production: ~130 MW (100 MW fission, 30 MW fusion) at estimated cost ₹25,000 crore
  • Demonstration Reactor (by 2060): 250 MW output, with Q=20 (20x more power output than input)
  • Magnetic Confinement: Requires ~100 million °C plasma control
• 2025-09-18 [Environment & Ecology] — National Policy on Geothermal Energy Notified
  The Union Ministry of New and Renewable Energy notified the national policy on geothermal energy to reinforce efforts for energy transition, focusing on geothermal energy as a major area for achieving net-zero carbon emissions. The policy aims to establish geothermal energy as a major pillar of India's renewable energy landscape and ensure energy security, planning pilot projects to assess viability. India's estimated geothermal potential is 10 GW across identified provinces like the Himalayas, Cambay Basin, and Godavari Basin.
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  UPSC Angle: National policy on geothermal energy notified.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched by: Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE)
  • Objective: Harness India's 10 GW geothermal potential
  • Goal: Integrate geothermal energy with renewable energy goals
  • Target: Support Net Zero emissions by 2070
  • Launched by: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
  • Identified Provinces: Himalayas, Cambay Basin, Godavari Basin
  • Targets: Integration with India's Net Zero and renewable energy goals
  • National Policy on Geothermal Energy 2025
  • Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
  • Net-zero carbon emissions
  • 10 GW geothermal potential
  • Himalayas
  • Cambay Basin
  • Godavari Basin
  • National Geothermal Energy Policy
  • Net Zero
  • renewable energy goals
  • Geothermal energy policy
  • renewable energy
  • research and development
  • public-private partnerships
  • Net Zero goals
  • Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE)
• 2025-07-17 [Economy] — NLC India Limited Investment Exemption
  The Union Cabinet has approved a special investment exemption for NLC India Limited (NLCIL), a Navratna Central Public Sector Enterprise, allowing it to invest ₹7,000 crore in renewable energy projects without needing prior approvals. NLCIL is involved in lignite mining and thermal, coal, and renewable power generation.
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  UPSC Angle: Cabinet approves investment exemption for NLC India Limited.

  Key Facts:

  • NLCIL: Navratna Central Public Sector Enterprise
  • Investment exemption: ₹7,000 crore
  • Sector: Renewable energy
  • Activities: Lignite mining, thermal, coal, and renewable power generation
• 2025-04-10 [Schemes & Programs] — Union Budget 2025 initiatives for digital learning and renewable energy
  The Union Budget 2025 introduced initiatives to enhance digital learning, including AI-powered education, broadband access for rural schools, and multilingual digital textbooks, aiming to bridge the digital divide and equip students with future-ready skills. India set an ambitious target of achieving 500 GW of clean energy capacity by 2030, focusing on expanding solar and wind power infrastructure to ensure a sustainable energy future.
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  UPSC Angle: Budget 2025 initiatives for digital learning and renewable energy.

  Key Facts:

  • Union Budget 2025
  • AI-powered education
  • broadband access for rural schools
  • multilingual digital textbooks
  • 500 GW of clean energy capacity by 2030
  • solar
  • wind power
• 2025-03-14 [Schemes & Programs] — PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana Update
  The PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana has reached 10 lakh solar-powered homes with ₹4,770 crore in subsidies disbursed as of March 10, 2025. Over 47 lakh households have applied, indicating high public demand for solar energy adoption. This initiative aims to make solar power accessible to millions of households, fostering India's transition to renewable energy.
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  UPSC Angle: PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana reaches 10 lakh homes.

  Key Facts:

  • PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana
  • 10 lakh solar-powered homes
  • ₹4,770 crore in subsidies disbursed
  • March 10, 2025
  • 47 lakh households applied
  • Scheme name: PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana
  • Objective: Transition to renewable energy by promoting solar power accessibility

India's Non-Fossil Energy Trajectory & Milestones

Focus: Statistical updates, policy targets, and progress reports tracking India's national transition toward 500 GW non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030.

UPSC Value: Essential for tracking India's progress against COP26 commitments (Panchamrit) and understanding the energy mix (Solar, Wind, Nuclear) at a macro level.

7 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-17 [International Relations] — UN Recognizes India as Global Leader in Renewable Energy Expansion
  The UN is organizing a roundtable during Secretary-General Antonio Guterres' visit to New Delhi, acknowledging India's leadership in renewable energy expansion and its commitment to a fair global energy transition. India is committed to reducing its GDP emissions intensity by 45% below 2005 levels by 2030, raising non-fossil fuel power capacity to 50%, and creating a carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes.
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  UPSC Angle: UN recognizes India as global leader in renewable energy expansion.

  Key Facts:

  • UN is organizing a roundtable on renewable energy in New Delhi.
  • India is committed to reducing its GDP emissions intensity of greenhouse gases by 45% below 2005 levels by 2030.
  • India aims to raise the share of non-fossil fuel electric power capacity to 50 per cent.
  • India plans to create a carbon sink of 2.5 billion tonnes to three billion tonnes.
  • India has achieved nearly two-thirds of its nationally determined contributions in fighting climate change four years ahead of schedule.
  • India's spending on climate action has increased from approximately 3.7 per cent of its GDP to close to 5.6 per cent.
• 2026-02-17 [Geography] — Annual Streamflow in Indus and Ganga Basins (1980–2021)
  A study using a high-resolution, physics-based hydrological model examining streamflow trends from 1980–2021 in the Indus Basin showed an overall streamflow increase of ~8% driven by rising precipitation. The Ganga Basin, however, experienced a sharp and sustained streamflow decline of ~17% due to decreased rainfall and intensive groundwater pumping for irrigation.
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  UPSC Angle: Streamflow increase in Indus Basin due to rising precipitation.

  Key Facts:

  • Period – 1980–2021
  • Indus Basin: Overall streamflow – Modest increase (~8% over four decades)
  • Ganga Basin: Streamflow – Sharp and sustained decline (~17% reduction)
  • Ganga Basin: Rainfall – Decreased by ~10%
• 2025-12-01 [Economy] — Rooftop Solar Power in India: Promise and Paradox
  India aims to achieve 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030, with 280 GW from solar, but rooftop solar (RTS) faces hurdles. While RTS promises democratized energy access and a reduced carbon footprint, it lags behind targets due to policy inconsistency, poor implementation, and limited consumer awareness.
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  UPSC Angle: Rooftop solar faces hurdles despite India's 500 GW renewable energy target.

  Key Facts:

  • Renewable energy target by 2030: 500 GW
  • Solar energy contribution: 280 GW
  • RTS target: 40 GW by 2022
  • RTS achieved: 11 GW
• 2025-10-30 [Economy] — India's Power Sector Achieves Milestone
  India's total installed electricity capacity surpassed 500 GW as of September 30, 2025, with renewable generation exceeding 50% of national electricity demand on July 29, 2025. This achievement confirms India's leadership in clean energy transition and commitment to climate goals, five years ahead of the COP26 target of 50% non-fossil fuel sources by 2030. This milestone diversifies the energy mix, reduces import dependence, and strengthens India's credibility under the Paris Agreement and COP pledges.
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  UPSC Angle: India's installed electricity capacity surpasses 500 GW.

  Key Facts:

  • India's installed capacity crosses 500 GW
  • Renewable energy share is >50% of generation
  • Renewable energy (solar/wind/hydro) at ~250 GW
  • India achieved 50% installed electric power from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030 target
  • Total Installed Capacity: 500.89 GW (as of 30 Sept 2025)
  • Non-fossil sources: 256.09 GW (≈51%)
  • Fossil-based sources: 244.80 GW (≈49%)
  • Renewable share in generation: 51.5% on July 29, 2025
  • Solar: 44.50 GW
  • Wind: 29.89 GW
  • Hydro: 30.29 GW
  • Target: 50% of installed electric capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030
  • Status: Achieved five years ahead of schedule (2025)
• 2025-06-10 [Economy] — India to Add 75 GW Renewable Energy by FY27
  India will add 75 GW of renewable capacity during FY26 and FY27, a 53% rise from previous two years. As of October 2024, India's renewable energy capacity reached 201.45 GW, or 46.3% of total generation capacity. The renewable segment includes Solar Power (90.76 GW), Wind Power (47.36 GW), Large Hydroelectric Power (46.92 GW), Small Hydro Power (5.07 GW), and Biopower (11.32 GW).
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  UPSC Angle: India to add 75 GW renewable energy by FY27.

  Key Facts:

  • 75 GW
  • renewable capacity
  • FY26
  • FY27
  • October 2024
  • 201.45 GW
  • 46.3%
  • Solar Power
  • 90.76 GW
  • Wind Power
  • 47.36 GW
  • Large Hydroelectric Power
  • 46.92 GW
  • Small Hydro Power
  • 5.07 GW
  • Biopower
  • 11.32 GW
• 2025-06-03 [Science & Technology] — India Committed to Nuclear Power Expansion
  India plans to more than double its nuclear capacity by 2032, targeting 100 GW by 2047, using both large plants and small modular reactors (SMR). As of June 2025, non-fossil fuel sources contribute 235.7 GW (49%) of total capacity, including 226.9 GW renewable and 8.8 GW nuclear.
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  UPSC Angle: India committed to nuclear power expansion, targeting 100 GW by 2047.

  Key Facts:

  • India has 8.8 GW of nuclear capacity from 24 reactors.
  • Target is to hit more than 22 GW in the next seven years, with 18 reactors under development expected to add more than 13.6 GW of capacity.
  • A 500-megawatt (MW) prototype Fast Breeder Reactor in Kalpakkam is expected to be commissioned next year.
• 2025-05-19 [Economy] — India's Wind Energy Capacity
  India's installed wind capacity reached 50 GW as of March 31, 2025, making it the third-largest producer of wind and solar energy, following China and the USA. India aims to achieve 140 GW of wind and 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030.
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  UPSC Angle: India's wind energy capacity reaches 50 GW.

  Key Facts:

  • Installed wind capacity: 50 GW (as of March 31, 2025)
  • Third-largest producer of wind and solar energy
  • Wind and solar energy contribution in 2024: 10% (solar at 7%, wind at 3%)
  • Hydro sources contribution in 2024: 8%
  • Wind energy growth in 2024: 3.4 GW
  • Target: 140 GW of wind by 2030
  • Target: 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030

Expansion of India's Green Hydrogen Ecosystem

Focus: Developments in India's Green Hydrogen sector, including the National Mission, infrastructure projects like hubs and valleys, and state-level adoption.

UPSC Value: Critical for understanding India's energy transition strategy and the specific policy mechanisms (NGHM, Hubs) driving the green hydrogen economy.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-04 [Environment & Ecology] — Odisha's Green Hydrogen Mission 2030
  Odisha launched its 'Green Hydrogen Mission 2030' to become a global hub for green hydrogen production, leveraging its renewable energy resources. The initiative aims to drive sustainable industrial growth.
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  UPSC Angle: Odisha launched its 'Green Hydrogen Mission 2030'.

  Key Facts:

  • Mission: Green Hydrogen Mission 2030
  • State: Odisha
  • Objective: Become a global hub for green hydrogen production
• 2025-12-16 [Environment & Ecology] — India's Green Maritime Transition
  India is implementing a strategy for sustainable maritime development, integrating Maritime India Vision (MIV) 2030, Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047, Sagarmala, National Green Hydrogen Mission, and the Indian Ports Bill, 2025. The strategy aims to achieve 5 million tonnes/year of green hydrogen production by 2030, with an investment of ₹8 lakh crore, creating 6 lakh jobs, and saving ₹1 lakh crore in fossil fuel imports.
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  UPSC Angle: India's green maritime transition integrates MIV 2030, Amrit Kaal 2047, Sagarmala.

  Key Facts:

  • Target: 5 million tonnes/year green hydrogen by 2030.
  • Investment: ₹8 lakh crore.
  • Jobs: 6 lakh.
  • Fossil fuel import savings: ₹1 lakh crore.
  • Identified Green Hydrogen Port Hubs: Kandla, Paradip, Tuticorin.
  • Supports zero-emission shipping fuels: hydrogen, ammonia, methanol.
• 2025-11-15 [Environment & Ecology] — MNRE Hosts 3rd International Conference on Green Hydrogen
  The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) hosted the 3rd International Conference on Green Hydrogen (ICGH 2025) from November 11 to November 12, 2025, in New Delhi. Union Minister Jitendra Singh announced that the Government of India will establish 4 hydrogen valleys with a total investment of Rs 485 crore across the country.
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  UPSC Angle: MNRE hosted the 3rd International Conference on Green Hydrogen.

  Key Facts:

  • 3rd International Conference on Green Hydrogen (ICGH 2025) held from November 11 to November 12, 2025, in New Delhi
  • Government of India will establish 4 hydrogen valleys with a total investment of Rs 485 crore
  • Rs 100 crore call for proposals for pilot projects to develop innovative technologies for producing green hydrogen from biomass and waste materials
• 2025-10-11 [Schemes & Programs] — National Green Hydrogen Mission and Green Hydrogen Hubs
  The Union Cabinet approved the National Green Hydrogen Mission in 2023 with an outlay of ₹19,744 crore to make India a global hub for green hydrogen production, usage, and export. The mission targets the production of 5 MMT per annum of Green Hydrogen by 2030. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) can recognize Green Hydrogen Hubs without direct financial aid, enabling them to access incentives under central and state schemes.
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  UPSC Angle: National Green Hydrogen Mission approved with ₹19,744 crore outlay.

  Key Facts:

  • National Green Hydrogen Mission outlay: ₹19,744 crore
  • Green Hydrogen production target: 5 MMT per annum by 2030
  • MNRE: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
  • Three major Indian ports recognized as Green Hydrogen Hubs.
• 2025-08-03 [Science & Technology] — India's First Indigenous Green Hydrogen Plant Commissioned
  India's first completely indigenously built green hydrogen plant has been commissioned at Deendayal Port (Kandla), Gujarat, with a capacity of 4 tons per day, as a pilot project under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways. The plant aims to reduce carbon emissions and aligns with the strategic goals of the National Green Hydrogen Mission launched in 2023, which seeks to make India a global hub for the production, usage, and export of green hydrogen and its derivatives. The strategic location at Kandla Port is crucial, providing a clean fuel alternative for bunkering and port operations, paving the way for the decarbonization of the maritime sector.
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  UPSC Angle: India's first indigenous green hydrogen plant commissioned at Deendayal Port.

  Key Facts:

  • India's first indigenously built green hydrogen plant commissioned at Deendayal Port (Kandla), Gujarat
  • Plant capacity: 4 tons per day
  • Pilot project under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways
  • Aims to reduce carbon emissions
  • Aligns with National Green Hydrogen Mission launched in 2023
  • National Green Hydrogen Mission target: 5 MMT annual production capacity by 2030
  • Associated renewable energy capacity addition: 125 GW
  • Kandla Port is a strategic location for green hydrogen production
• 2025-03-06 [Economy] — India's Green Hydrogen Leadership
  Union Minister for New and Renewable Energy, Shri Pralhad Joshi, emphasized India's commitment to becoming a global leader in green hydrogen production and utilization. He highlighted the transformative role of the National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM) in achieving energy independence and reducing carbon emissions.
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  UPSC Angle: India committed to becoming a global leader in green hydrogen.

  Key Facts:

  • India's commitment to becoming a global leader in green hydrogen
  • National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM) for energy independence and carbon emission reduction

India's Multi-Pronged Solar Energy Strategy

Focus: A collection of initiatives spanning domestic manufacturing, infrastructure development, and international diplomatic outreach specifically focused on solar energy expansion.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the convergence of India's domestic industrial policy (Atmanirbhar Bharat) with its global climate leadership and South-South cooperation through the International Solar Alliance.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-18 [International Relations] — India Energy Stack to be Exported Globally
  The International Solar Alliance (ISA) aims to export the "India energy stack," which is described as India's gift to the world for decentralized solar adoption. The ISA intends to work with 10 to 15 countries to ensure nations in Africa and other regions are not left behind on digital leapfrogging.
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  UPSC Angle: ISA aims to export the "India energy stack" globally.

  Key Facts:

  • International Solar Alliance (ISA)
  • India energy stack
  • Ashish Khanna
  • India AI Summit 2026
• 2025-10-09 [International Relations] — India to Boost Solar Pumps Scheme in Africa, Island Nations
  India is planning to expand its solar pump scheme to African countries and island nations. This initiative aims to promote the use of solar energy for irrigation and other purposes in these regions.
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  UPSC Angle: India to boost solar pumps scheme in Africa and island nations.

  Key Facts:

  • Solar pump scheme expansion
  • Target regions: Africa, Island nations
• 2025-09-15 [Environment & Ecology] — India's Renewable Energy Transition with Solar Parks
  India is focusing on solar parks as part of its renewable energy transition, which involves various aspects related to policy, implementation, and environmental impact.
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  UPSC Angle: India's renewable energy transition focuses on solar parks; policy and impact.

  Key Facts:

  • Solar Parks & India's Renewable Energy Transition
• 2025-09-12 [Economy] — India Promoting Swadeshi Solar Cells
  India targets 2028 for Swadeshi Solar Cells. India is moving towards a fully Swadeshi solar value chain, aiming for indigenous solar cell manufacturing by 2028.
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  UPSC Angle: India aims for indigenous solar cell manufacturing by 2028.

  Key Facts:

  • Target year for indigenous solar cell manufacturing: 2028.
• 2025-08-21 [International Relations] — Global solar alliance plans to establish research hub in India
  The Global Solar Alliance is planning to establish a research hub in India.
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  UPSC Angle: Global solar alliance plans to establish a research hub in India.

  Key Facts:

  • Global Solar Alliance
  • Research hub in India

Macro-Economic Drivers of India's Energy Transition

Focus: Items analyze the structural drivers (import dependency, export competitiveness) and sectoral challenges (MSME emissions) necessitating India's industrial shift from fossil fuels to electrification.

UPSC Value: Connects the strategic need for energy security (reducing imports) with economic imperatives (exports) and implementation hurdles (MSMEs).

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-05 [Economy] — India's Industrial Transition from Molecules to Electrons
  India is undergoing an industrial transition from molecules to electrons, which is crucial for export competitiveness, energy security, and efficiency gains. Electrification can significantly reduce fuel price shock exposure, as India imports nearly 85% of crude oil and over 45% of natural gas.
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  UPSC Angle: India's industrial transition from molecules to electrons.

  Key Facts:

  • India imports nearly 85% of crude oil and over 45% of natural gas.
• 2026-01-22 [Economy] — India's MSMEs Face Challenges in Green Transition
  MSMEs contribute nearly 30% to India's GDP and approximately 45.7% of total exports, providing jobs to over 250 million people. However, they emitted approximately 135 million tonnes of CO2e in 2022 and consume over 25% of the total energy used by the industrial sector in India. A secretary-level committee should ensure new environmental regulations do not place an unfair economic burden on small units.
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  UPSC Angle: MSMEs face challenges in green transition, emit 135mn tonnes CO2e.

  Key Facts:

  • MSMEs contribute nearly 30% to India's GDP and 45.7% of total exports.
  • MSMEs employ over 250 million people.
  • MSMEs emitted approximately 135 million tonnes of CO2e in 2022.
  • MSMEs consume over 25% of the total energy used by the industrial sector in India.
• 2025-08-30 [Economy] — Economic and Political Weekly highlights challenges on export front
  The Economic and Political Weekly (EPW) highlights India's shrinking share of merchandise exports in global markets, indicating a decline in competitiveness. Fuel and mining products are the least competitive, accounting for just 0.32% of total global exports.
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  UPSC Angle: EPW highlights India's shrinking share of merchandise exports.

  Key Facts:

  • India's merchandise exports share is shrinking
  • Fuel and mining products exports share: 0.32%
• 2025-06-21 [Environment & Ecology] — Energy Transition Index 2025: India's Improvement
  India experienced significant improvement in the Energy Transition Index 2025, particularly in increasing access to energy and strengthening transition readiness. The report offers a comparative framework to assess national energy systems and track energy transition progress.
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  UPSC Angle: India's improvement in the Energy Transition Index 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • India experienced the greatest overall improvement among large economies in the Energy Transition Index 2025
  • Improved in increasing access to energy and strengthening transition readiness
• 2025-04-21 [Economy] — India's Rising Crude Oil and Natural Gas Imports
  India's reliance on imported crude oil and natural gas has increased, driven by economic growth and expanding energy-intensive industries. In the financial year 2024-25, India imported 88.2% of its crude oil and 50.8% of its natural gas requirements.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's crude oil imports: 88.2% in FY25.

  Key Facts:

  • Crude oil import dependency: 88.2% in FY 24-25.
  • Natural gas import: 50.8% of total requirement.
  • India depends on imports for 85% of its crude oil.
  • India depends on imports for 45% of its natural gas.

India's Renewable Energy Ecosystem and Global Diplomacy

Focus: A cluster of items detailing India's domestic capacity expansion in solar and wind, energy storage advancements, and engagement with international renewable bodies (IRENA, ISA).

UPSC Value: Critical for GS-3 (Infrastructure/Energy) and GS-2 (International Bodies) to track India's progress towards its 500 GW non-fossil fuel target and global positioning.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-27 [International Relations] — US Withdrawal from International Solar Alliance (ISA)
  The United States announced its withdrawal from 66 international organizations, including the International Solar Alliance (ISA), citing a reassessment of national interests. While the financial impact is limited, with U.S. contributions accounting for about 1% of ISA's total funds, the move raises concerns about global confidence and signalling. India's solar sector remains largely insulated due to domestic manufacturing expansion under Production-Linked Incentives (PLI).
  More details

  UPSC Angle: US withdrawal from International Solar Alliance (ISA).

  Key Facts:

  • The U.S. withdrew from 66 international organizations, including the ISA.
  • The ISA was established in 2015 during COP21.
  • ISA is headquartered in Gurugram, India, and jointly led by India and France.
  • The U.S. joined the Alliance in 2021 and contributed about $2.1 million over three years.
  • U.S. contributions accounted for roughly 1% of the Alliance's total funds.
  • India's solar module manufacturing capacity stood at nearly 144 GW as of late 2025.
  • Solar cell manufacturing capacity was about 25 GW, with rapid expansion underway.
• 2026-01-12 [International Relations] — India at IRENA's 16th Assembly
  The Union Minister for New and Renewable Energy delivered India's national statement at the 16th Assembly of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. IRENA is an intergovernmental organization founded in 2009 to support countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India at IRENA's 16th Assembly.

  Key Facts:

  • 16th Assembly of IRENA held in Abu Dhabi, UAE
  • IRENA founded in 2009
  • 170 Members (169 States and the European Union)
• 2025-11-09 [Economy] — India's Wind Power Capacity and Targets
  India ranks 4th globally in installed wind power capacity, with 54 GW installed and 30 GW under implementation. Wind energy contributed 4.43% of India's total electricity generation in FY 2024-25 and is on track to achieve the 100 GW capacity target by 2030. The wind power capacity is concentrated in southern and western India, led by Gujarat, followed by Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Rajasthan.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India ranks 4th globally in installed wind power capacity (54 GW).

  Key Facts:

  • India ranks 4th globally with 54 GW of installed wind capacity
  • 30 GW under implementation
  • Wind energy accounted for 4.43% of India's total electricity generation in FY 2024-25
  • Target: 100 GW capacity by 2030
  • ₹7,453 crore allocated to support initial 1 GW offshore projects
  • 500 MW each off Gujarat and Tamil Nadu
  • Installed Capacity: 54 GW
  • Under Implementation: 30 GW
  • Global Rank: 4th
  • Power Contribution: 4.43% of India's total electricity generation in FY 2024-25
  • Capacity Target by 2030: 100 GW
  • Regional Concentration: Southern and western India, led by Gujarat
• 2025-10-23 [Environment & Ecology] — India's solar energy production ranks third globally
  India has built a robust domestic solar power ecosystem and produced 1,08,494 GWh of solar energy in 2024-25, ranking third globally, behind China and the U.S. India's solar module manufacturing capacity has increased from 2 GW in 2014 to a projected 100 GW by 2025.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India ranks third globally in solar energy production.

  Key Facts:

  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
  • 1,84,94 GWh
  • Solar power
  • Financial year 2024-25
  • Decreasing costs
  • Solar photovoltaic cells
  • India
  • 1,08,494 GWh
  • solar energy
  • 2024-25
  • 3rd rank globally
  • solar module manufacturing capacity
  • 2 GW in 2014
  • 100 GW by 2025
• 2025-07-13 [Economy] — India Energy Storage Week (IESW) 2025
  The 11th edition of India Energy Storage Week (IESW 2025) was held from July 8-10, 2025, in New Delhi. The conference featured over 30 participating countries, more than 200 partners and exhibitors, over 150 speakers, more than 1,000 delegates, and over 10,000 visitors. Piyush Goyal unveiled a Rs 1 lakh crore Research, Development and Innovation Fund (RDI) to boost next-generation battery technologies.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • 11th edition
  • Dates: July 8-10, 2025
  • Location: New Delhi
  • Organized by India Energy Storage Alliance (IESA)
  • Rs 1 lakh crore Research, Development and Innovation Fund (RDI) unveiled
  • More than 30 participating countries

Renewable Energy Milestones vs. Coal Dependence

Focus: Reports tracking India's achievement of 50% non-fossil capacity and clean energy projects contrasted with the challenges of continued coal reliance.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding India's energy transition dynamics, specifically the tension between hitting renewable targets (NDCs) and base-load coal usage.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-08 [Environment & Ecology] — India's Progress on Climate Targets
  India has largely delivered on its headline climate commitments, especially emissions intensity reduction and non-fossil capacity expansion. India has reduced emissions intensity of GDP by 33–35% from 2005 levels by 2030 and achieved 40% (now 50%) of installed power capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030. However, rising absolute emissions, coal reliance, and weak storage and forest governance dilute real climate impact.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India has largely delivered on its headline climate commitments.

  Key Facts:

  • Reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 45% by 2030 from the 2005 level.
  • Achieve 50% of installed power capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030.
  • Renewable energy expansion target of 500 GW by 2030.
  • Create an additional 2.5–3 billion tonnes of CO₂-equivalent carbon sink through forests and tree cover by 2030.
  • Achieve net-zero emissions by 2070.
  • Emissions intensity reduction: Reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 33–35% by 2030 from the 2005 level (updated to 45% by 2030 in the 2022 NDC).
  • Non-fossil power capacity: Achieve 40% (now 50%) of installed power capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030.
  • Renewable energy expansion: Initially 175 GW by 2022, later scaled to 500 GW by 2030.
  • Forest carbon sink: Create an additional 2.5–3 billion tonnes of CO₂-equivalent carbon sink through forests and tree cover by 2030.
  • Long-term goal: Achieve net-zero emissions by 2070.
• 2025-11-08 [Economy] — India Ranks 3rd Globally with 65 Clean Energy Industrial Projects
  India ranks third globally with a pipeline of 65 clean energy industrial projects, after China and the United States of America (USA), according to a report by the Industrial Transition Accelerator (ITA). The ITA was established at COP28 as a global platform to decarbonise industry and transport, responsible for one-third of global emissions.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India ranks 3rd globally with 65 clean energy industrial projects.

  Key Facts:

  • India ranks 3rd globally with 65 clean energy industrial projects
  • After China and the USA
  • Report by Industrial Transition Accelerator (ITA)
  • ITA established at COP28
  • Aims to decarbonise industry and transport
• 2025-09-19 [Environment & Ecology] — India's CO2 Emissions Decline Due to Renewable Energy
  India's CO₂ emissions from the electricity sector recorded a 1% decline in the first half of 2025, marking the first non-COVID-related drop in emissions from any sector. This decline is attributed to milder summer temperatures, strong monsoons, and a record 25.1 GW addition in renewable energy capacity, with coal-based output dropping by 29 TWh.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's CO2 emissions decline due to renewable energy.

  Key Facts:

  • CO₂ emissions from the electricity sector declined by 1% in the first half of 2025.
  • Renewable energy capacity increased by a record 25.1 GW.
  • Coal-based power output dropped by 29 TWh.
• 2025-08-31 [Environment & Ecology] — India faces challenges balancing energy security and climate goals
  Coal provides 70–75% of India's electricity, projected to decline to 50% by 2030. Coal-fired plants contribute significantly to emissions and water consumption. The government is introducing stricter emission norms, promoting clean coal technologies, and investing in renewable energy, targeting 500 GW by 2030.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India balances energy security and climate goals; coal dependency.

  Key Facts:

  • Coal provides 70–75% of India's electricity
  • Coal projected to decline to 50% by 2030
  • Coal-fired power plants account for 60% of particulate emissions, over 80% of mercury emissions, 45–50% of sulfur dioxide emissions, and 30% of nitrogen oxide emissions
  • Coal power plants withdraw 65% of all freshwater used by Indian industry
  • Renewable energy target of 500 GW by 2030
  • Coal India Limited committed to installing 5 GW of renewable energy capacity
• 2025-08-20 [Environment & Ecology] — India's Renewable Energy Surge & Solar Capacity Growth
  India has made significant strides in renewable energy, achieving 50.07% renewable share of its total power capacity, reaching its COP26 target five years early. Total renewable energy capacity reached 233.99 GW, with solar capacity at 119.02 GW. The country's solar capacity has increased by 4,000% in recent years and is now the 3rd largest solar power producer globally.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India achieves 50.07% renewable share of total power capacity.

  Key Facts:

  • Total Power Capacity: 484.82 GW
  • Renewable Share: 50.07%
  • Non-fossil Fuel Capacity: 242.8 GW (June 2025)
  • Renewable energy: 233.99 GW
  • Nuclear: 8.8 GW
  • Thermal: 242 GW
  • Solar: 116 GW
  • Wind: 51.6 GW
  • Total Solar Capacity: 119.02 GW
  • Ground-mounted solar: 90.99 GW (76%)
  • Grid-connected rooftop: 19.88 GW (17%)
  • Hybrid projects: 3.06 GW (3%)
  • Off-grid installations: 5.09 GW (4%)
  • Growth Rate: 4,000% increase in solar capacity
  • Total Solar Potential: 748 GW
  • 3rd largest solar power producer globally

India's Economic Strategies for Decarbonization and Emission Decoupling

Focus: Analysis of fiscal mechanisms (carbon/fossil fuel taxes) and macroeconomic trends (GDP decoupling, emission growth rates) defining India's transition to a low-carbon economy.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding the intersection of GS III Environment (Net Zero 2070) and Economy (Fiscal Policy and Sustainable Growth).

5 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-17 [Economy] — India's Decarbonisation
  Redirecting fossil fuel taxes could fund India's decarbonisation push and boost GDP, according to Down to Earth.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Fossil fuel taxes could fund India's decarbonisation, boost GDP.

• 2025-11-14 [Environment & Ecology] — India's carbon emission growth slows, but global levels raise warming concerns
  While global carbon emissions are expected to rise by 1.1% in 2025, India's emissions growth is projected to increase by 1.4%, according to the Global Carbon Project. This is a slower rate than in recent years, with India's emissions growth in 2024 reaching 4%. The global emission levels are projected to reach a record 38.1 billion tonnes of CO2.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's carbon emission growth slows, but global levels raise warming concerns.

  Key Facts:

  • India's carbon emission growth slowed due to reduced coal dependence and rising renewables
  • India remains among top emitters but has low per-capita emissions
  • More ambition and international support needed for global warming goals at COP 30
  • Global carbon emission rise (2025): 1.1%
  • India's carbon emission rise (2025): 1.4%
  • India's carbon emission rise (2024): 4%
  • Aligned with: India's NDCs and Net Zero 2070 pledge
  • Global carbon emissions are expected to rise by 1.1% in 2025.
  • India's emissions are expected to grow by 1.4% in 2025.
  • Global emission levels will reach a record 38.1 billion tonnes of CO2.
  • In 2024, India's emissions grew by 4%.
• 2025-11-10 [Economy] — India's Decarbonisation and GDP Boost Through Fossil Fuel Tax Redirection: CSEP Study
  A study by the Council on Strategic and Economic Policy (CSEP) indicates that redirecting fossil fuel taxes could fund India's decarbonisation efforts and boost the GDP. The study likely explores the economic and environmental impacts of such a policy shift, providing insights relevant to India's climate and economic strategies.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Study suggests redirecting fossil fuel taxes could fund India's decarbonisation.

  Key Facts:

  • Council on Strategic and Economic Policy (CSEP)
  • Fossil fuel taxes redirection
  • India's decarbonisation
• 2025-04-13 [Environment & Ecology] — India supports global carbon tax for shipping sector
  India has joined 62 other countries in supporting the implementation of a global carbon tax targeting the shipping industry, led by the United Nations' shipping agency. This initiative aims to significantly reduce maritime emissions and marks a key step in combating climate change, especially in a sector not governed by agreements like the Paris Agreement.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India supports global carbon tax for the shipping sector.

  Key Facts:

  • India
  • Global carbon tax on shipping
  • India supports global carbon tax on shipping
  • 62 countries voted in favor
  • Initiative led by the United Nations' shipping agency
  • Aims to reduce maritime emissions significantly
• 2025-03-25 [Economy] — RBI Bulletin on Decoupling Economic Growth from Emissions
  An RBI bulletin article examines the drivers behind India's CO₂ emissions growth from 2012 to 2022 using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition method. It identifies key factors including GDP growth, energy efficiency improvements, shifts in economic structure, changes in fuel composition, and the increasing share of renewable energy. India's energy efficiency improved by 1.9% annually, and its growth decoupled from emissions with an elasticity of 0.59, comparable to other lower-middle-income countries.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: RBI bulletin examines drivers behind India's CO₂ emissions growth.

  Key Facts:

  • RBI article analyzes CO₂ emissions growth drivers (2012-2022).
  • Uses Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method.
  • Key factors: GDP growth, energy efficiency, economic structure, fuel mix, renewable energy share.
  • Energy efficiency improved by 1.9% annually.
  • Decoupling elasticity of 0.59.
  • Renewables accounted for 2.1% of total primary energy in 2022-23.

India's Evolving Power Sector: Infrastructure, Diversification, and Efficiency

Focus: Developments in India's power sector, including renewable energy expansion (solar, hydro), operational challenges in gas-based power, and state-level energy conservation achievements.

UPSC Value: Provides insights into India's energy transition strategy, the role of public sector entities in infrastructure, and the importance of balancing diverse energy sources for national energy security.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-16 [Sports & Awards] — Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Limited wins award
  Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Limited (KREDL) has won the National Energy Conservation Awards 2025 under the State Energy Efficiency Performance Award (SDA Group-1) category. Awards are given to states with large energy consumption and advanced energy ecosystems.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: KREDL wins National Energy Conservation Awards 2025 (SDA Group-1).

  Key Facts:

  • Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Limited (KREDL) has won the National Energy Conservation Awards 2025
  • Awarded under the State Energy Efficiency Performance Award (SDA Group-1) category
  • Awards are given to the states with large energy consumption and advanced energy ecosystems
• 2025-12-11 [Economy] — Oswal Pumps Secures Project from MSEDC
  Oswal Pumps has secured a Letter of Award (LoA) for a project worth Rs 380 crore from the Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Oswal Pumps
  • Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company
  • Rs 380 crore
• 2025-04-22 [Environment & Ecology] — SJVN Releases Land Compensation for Hydro Project
  SJVN Ltd has released ₹269.97 crore as land compensation for the 3,097 MW Etalin Hydro Electric Project in Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh. The project involves two dams on the Dri and Talo Rivers and an underground powerhouse, with commissioning set for December 2033.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: SJVN releases land compensation for Etalin Hydro Electric Project.

  Key Facts:

  • Compensation released: ₹269.97 crore
  • Project: 3,097 MW Etalin Hydro Electric Project
  • Location: Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh
  • Dams on: Dri and Talo Rivers
  • Commissioning: December 2033
• 2025-03-22 [Environment & Ecology] — BPCL Inaugurates Floating Solar Plant at Kochi Refinery
  BPCL inaugurated a 3.2 MW AC floating solar power plant at the Kochi Refinery on March 22, 2025, as part of its sustainable energy efforts. The plant, built on an 8-acre rainwater harvesting pond with an investment of ₹28.93 crore, was inaugurated by Chief Secretary Sarada Muraleedharan.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: BPCL inaugurated a 3.2 MW floating solar plant at Kochi Refinery.

  Key Facts:

  • BPCL inaugurated a 3.2 MW AC floating solar power plant at Kochi Refinery.
  • The project was built on an 8-acre rainwater harvesting pond.
  • Investment of ₹28.93 crore.
  • Inaugurated by Chief Secretary Sarada Muraleedharan on March 22, 2025.
• 2025-03-15 [Economy] — Gas-based power plants in India face low Plant Load Factor (PLF)
  Gas-based power plants in India face low Plant Load Factor (PLF), hindering their operational efficiency and overall energy sector contribution. Measures include placing Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) under the Open General License (OGL) category, streamlining infrastructure development, and implementing policy reforms to incentivize gas-based power production.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
  • Open General License (OGL)

Bottlenecks in India's Renewable Energy Integration

Focus: Technical, financial, and land-related constraints specifically affecting the scaling and grid-integration of India's solar and renewable energy capacity.

UPSC Value: Analyzes the practical implementation hurdles of the National Solar Mission and India's COP26/COP28 commitments beyond mere capacity addition.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-08 [Environment & Ecology] — India's Solar Momentum: Capacity Reaches 129 GW
  India's solar capacity has surged to approximately 129 GW, marking a 40-fold increase in 11 years. Non-fossil installed power capacity now exceeds 50% of India's total electricity capacity, achieving the 2030 target five years ahead of schedule. This expansion is propelled by initiatives like PM Surya Ghar, PM-KUSUM, Solar Parks, and PLI for Solar PV Manufacturing.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's solar capacity reaches 129 GW.

  Key Facts:

  • India's solar capacity: ~129 GW
  • Growth since 2014: 40x (from 3 GW)
  • Non-fossil capacity: >50% of total ~500 GW
  • 2030 target achieved: 5 years ahead
  • Key programs: PM Surya Ghar, PM-KUSUM, Solar Parks, PLI for Solar PV Manufacturing
  • PM Surya Ghar launch: Feb 2024
  • PM Surya Ghar outlay: ₹75,021 crore
  • PM Surya Ghar target: 1 crore households
  • PM Surya Ghar benefit: Up to 300 free electricity units/month
  • PM Surya Ghar status (Dec 2025): 23.9 lakh homes covered, 7 GW rooftop capacity installed, ₹13,464.6 crore subsidy released
• 2025-12-07 [Environment & Ecology] — Challenges in Expanding Renewable Energy in India
  Major challenges in expanding renewable energy in India include land acquisition for mega solar parks, interconnection of grid and storage infrastructure requiring more investment, and the development of domestic polysilicon and wafer manufacturing. Other concerns involve the financial stress faced by distribution companies and issues related to cyber and grid security. The cost of polysilicon per unit is around $6.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Challenges in expanding renewable energy in India are highlighted.

  Key Facts:

  • Challenges: Land acquisition, grid interconnection, domestic polysilicon manufacturing gap, financial stress of distribution companies, cyber and grid security
  • Polysilicon cost: Around $6 per unit
• 2025-08-28 [Economy] — India Requires Investment in Energy Storage
  A report indicates India needs $50 billion in new investment for energy storage by 2032 to manage round-the-clock renewable energy, peak load, and grid stability. Large-scale energy storage systems could save consumers $7 billion annually by 2032.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India needs $50 billion in energy storage investment by 2032.

  Key Facts:

  • India requires $50 billion new investment in storage by 2032
  • Large-scale ESS could save consumers $7 billion (₹60,000 crore) annually by 2032
  • India has crossed 50% installed power capacity from non-fossil sources five years early.
• 2025-08-01 [Science & Technology] — The World Needs Better Green Technologies
  As the global need for clean energy increases, concerns are rising over the efficiency limits of widely used silicon photovoltaics, land constraints, and the growing need for green hydrogen. India must invest in efficient, diverse, and scalable innovations to meet climate goals and ensure energy self-sufficiency.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Silicon solar panels have an in-field efficiency of only 15–18%
  • CO₂ levels have risen from 350 ppm in 1990 to ~425 ppm in 2025, indicating renewables are not scaling fast enough
  • Even after installing 4.45 TWh of renewable energy by 2024, India remains behind on its climate targets
  • Electrolysis requires more energy to produce green hydrogen than the energy hydrogen provides when used, making the process energy-inefficient
  • Rewa Solar Park in Madhya Pradesh covers over 1,500 hectares, reducing land availability for agriculture and conservation
• 2025-03-21 [Economy] — India's Power Grid Instability
  India's power grid faces instability amid rapid renewable expansion and thermal constraints, due to lack of adequate energy storage systems. The slowdown in thermal power expansion has further weakened grid resilience, making power shortages more likely during peak demand.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's power grid faces instability amid renewable expansion and thermal constraints.

  Key Facts:

  • Grid instability due to the lack of adequate energy storage systems
  • Slowdown in thermal power expansion has further weakened grid resilience
  • Power shortages more likely during non-solar hours and peak electricity demand

Conventional Power Sector Reforms and Grid Infrastructure

Focus: Updates on India's existing thermal power infrastructure, coal allocation policies, and grid transmission upgrades necessary to support the energy transition.

UPSC Value: Highlights that despite the renewable push, managing coal allocation, thermal efficiency, and grid stability remains critical for India's power sector.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-15 [Environment & Ecology] — Decarbonising India's Coal-Based Thermal Power Sector
  A new report, "Decarbonizing the coal-based thermal power sector in India," highlights the potential to reduce emissions by over 30% by 2031-32, surpassing the combined emissions of India's cement and iron-steel industries. As of 2025, India operates 223 GW of coal and lignite-based power capacity, projected to rise to 307 GW by 2035. By 2031-32, thermal power alone could emit 1,100 million tonnes of CO₂, making it central to India's climate challenge.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Decarbonizing India's coal sector can reduce emissions significantly by 2032.

  Key Facts:

  • India operates 223 GW of coal and lignite-based power capacity in 2025
  • Coal capacity projected to rise to 307 GW by 2035
  • Thermal power could emit 1,100 million tonnes of CO₂ by 2031-32
  • Potential to reduce emissions by over 30% by 2031-32
• 2025-06-18 [Economy] — Madhya Pradesh: Capital Projects for Power Transmission
  The Madhya Pradesh cabinet approved an expenditure of Rs 5,163 crore for ongoing and upcoming capital projects of the MP Power Transmission Company (MPPTCL) from 2025-26 to 2029-30. Key allocations include transmission system construction and upgradation, power infrastructure for Simhastha-2028, and transformer capacity enhancements.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Rs 5,163 crore approved for MPPTCL capital projects.
  • Project period: 2025-26 to 2029-30.
  • Funding includes power infrastructure for Simhastha-2028.
• 2025-06-13 [Economy] — NTPC adds capacity
  Unit-3 (660 MW) of the Barh Super Thermal Power Project, Stage-1, has completed its trial run and has been added to NTPC's installed capacity. NTPC's total standalone capacity stands at 60,926 MW, while its total group capacity is now 82,028 MW.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Barh Super Thermal Power Project, Stage-1, Unit-3 (660 MW) added to NTPC's capacity
  • NTPC's total standalone capacity: 60,926 MW
  • NTPC's total group capacity: 82,028 MW
• 2025-06-11 [Economy] — India's Power Sector Transformation: Peak Demand and Renewable Capacity
  India achieved a peak power demand of 241 gigawatts (GW) on June 9, 2025, without any shortage, showcasing the strength and reliability of its grid infrastructure. A record 34 GW of power generation capacity was added in FY 2024-25, with 29.5 GW coming from renewable sources. The government approved a ₹5,400 crore Viability Gap Funding (VGF) scheme to support 30 GWh of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS).
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India achieved peak power demand of 241 GW on June 9, 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • Peak power demand: 241 GW
  • Record power generation capacity added in FY 2024-25: 34 GW
  • Renewable sources contribution: 29.5 GW
  • VGF scheme for Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS): ₹5,400 crore
  • BESS Capacity: 30 GWh
  • National energy shortage as of April 2025: 0.1%
• 2025-05-08 [Economy] — Revised SHAKTI Policy 2025 for Coal Allocation
  The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved the Revised SHAKTI (Scheme for Harnessing and Allocating Koyala Transparently in India) Policy 2025 to streamline coal allocation for thermal power plants. The policy aims to enhance transparency and flexibility in coal allocation through two simplified windows. The Revised SHAKTI Policy adds to the series of coal sector reforms being undertaken by the Government.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Revised SHAKTI Policy 2025 approved for coal allocation.

  Key Facts:

  • Approved by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA).
  • Nodal Ministries: Ministry of Coal (MoC) and Ministry of Power (MoP).
  • Introduced in 2017.
  • Coal cost constitutes 60% of power tariffs, per CEA 2024.
  • Simplification from eight categories to two windows.

India's Non-Fossil Energy Capacity Expansion

Focus: Statistical milestones and growth reports regarding India's shift towards non-fossil fuel power generation, covering Solar, Wind, and Nuclear sectors.

UPSC Value: Useful for Energy Security and Environment (GS III), tracking India's trajectory towards its renewable energy targets and energy mix diversification.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-17 [Economy] — India's Power Generation Capacity
  As of January 31, 2026, India's total installed power generation capacity stands at 520,510.95 MW, divided between fossil fuel-based capacity (248,541.62 MW) and non-fossil fuel capacity (271,969.33 MW).
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's power generation capacity: Fossil vs. Non-fossil fuel.

  Key Facts:

  • Total Installed Power Generation Capacity: 520,510.95 MW
  • Fossil Fuel-Based Capacity: 248,541.62 MW
  • Non-Fossil Fuel Capacity: 271,969.33 MW
  • Date: As on January 31, 2026
• 2026-01-25 [Economy] — India's Power Sector
  India's power sector crossed 509 gawatt with record renewable additions and early ndc achievement balanced by storage and distribution reforms. Since 2014 renewable capacity grew by roughly 178 gawatt with solar and wind leading the surge, transmission reached a milestone of 5 lakh circuit kilometers improving grid reach and resilience, distribution reforms rolled out nearly 19.8 cr smart meters.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's power sector crossed 509 GW with record renewable additions.

  Key Facts:

  • Power sector crossed 509 gawatt
  • Renewable capacity grew by roughly 178 gawatt since 2014
  • Solar and wind leading the surge
  • Transmission reached a milestone of 5 lakh circuit kilometers
  • Distribution reforms rolled out nearly 19.8 cr smart meters
  • Renewable energy accounts for 49.83% of total installed power capacity as of November 2025.
  • Renewable capacity has more than tripled over the past decade.
  • Capacity rose from 76.38 GW in March 2014 to 253.96 GW by November 2025.
• 2025-12-12 [Science & Technology] — India's Nuclear Power Generation Reaches Record High
  NPCIL crossed 50 billion units (BUs) of electricity generation in FY 2024-25, a record for India. India's nuclear program utilizes a three-stage nuclear strategy to leverage its thorium reserves.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's nuclear power generation reaches record high of 50 BUs.

  Key Facts:

  • NPCIL electricity generation: 50 billion units (BUs) in FY 2024-25
  • Installed nuclear power capacity: 8.78 GW
  • Number of nuclear power reactors: 24
  • Nuclear energy contribution: 3.1% of total electricity generation (as of July 2025)
• 2025-04-30 [Science & Technology] — India's Solar Energy Surge in March 2025
  In March 2025, solar power accounted for approximately 69.64% of India's total renewable energy generation, excluding large hydropower, with 16,811.38 million units generated, demonstrating India's strong focus on sustainable power. By the end of March 2025, India's total renewable energy capacity, excluding large hydropower, reached 172,368.18 MW, of which solar power contributed 105,646.49 MW.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Solar power accounted for 69.64% of India's renewable energy in March 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • In March 2025, solar power made up approximately 69.64% of India's total renewable energy generation (excluding large hydropower).
  • 16,811.38 million units of solar energy were generated in March 2025.
  • By the end of March 2025, India's total renewable energy capacity, excluding large hydropower, reached 172,368.18 MW.
  • Solar power contributed 105,646.49 MW to the total renewable energy capacity by the end of March 2025.
  • Wind energy contributed 21.26% of the total renewable generation in March 2025.
  • Wind farms produced 5,133.63 million units of electricity, backed by an installed capacity of 50,037.82 MW.
• 2025-03-04 [Economy] — India's Renewable Energy Capacity Shows Substantial Growth
  India's renewable energy sector experienced substantial growth between October 2023 and October 2024, with a total renewable capacity reaching 203.18 GW, a 13.5% increase from the previous year. Including nuclear energy, the total non-fossil fuel capacity rose to 211.36 GW. Solar capacity grew by 27.9% reaching 92.12 GW, and wind energy increased by 7.8% to 47.72 GW.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's renewable energy capacity reaches 203.18 GW.

  Key Facts:

  • Total Renewable Capacity: 203.18 GW in October 2024 (13.5% increase)
  • Total Non-Fossil Fuel Capacity (including nuclear): 211.36 GW
  • Solar Capacity: 92.12 GW (27.9% growth)
  • Wind Energy: 47.72 GW (7.8% increase)
  • 12.6 GW of renewable energy added from April to October 2024
  • Total capacity under development and tendered reached 233.63 GW

India's Renewable Energy Expansion and 2030 Targets

Focus: Progress reports and policy shifts in India's wind and non-fossil fuel sectors as the country works toward its 500 GW renewable energy goal by 2030.

UPSC Value: Provides a multi-layered view of India's energy transition, from specific wind sector performance to broader national capacity milestones and policy diversification into offshore wind.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-17 [International Relations] — India and UK Launch Offshore Wind Taskforce
  India and the UK have launched an offshore wind taskforce constituted under Vision 2035 and the Fourth India-UK Energy Dialogue to provide strategic leadership and coordination for India's offshore wind ecosystem.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India and UK launch offshore wind taskforce under Vision 2035.

  Key Facts:

  • Offshore wind taskforce constituted under Vision 2035 and the Fourth India-UK Energy Dialogue.
• 2025-09-12 [Environment & Ecology] — India reaches 250 GW non-fossil fuel power capacity
  India has reached a milestone of 250 GW in non-fossil fuel power capacity and aims to achieve 500 GW of renewable energy by 2030. Under the government's utility-led model, 20 lakh households have received free sustainable electricity, targeting 1 crore households nationwide.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India reaches 250 GW non-fossil fuel capacity, aims for 500 GW by 2030.

  Key Facts:

  • India has reached 250 GW in non-fossil fuel power capacity.
  • Target is to achieve 500 GW of renewable energy by 2030.
  • 20 lakh households have received free sustainable electricity.
  • Targeting 1 crore households nationwide.
• 2025-08-03 [Environment & Ecology] — India Focuses on Offshore Wind Energy with 30 GW Target by 2030
  India is shifting focus to offshore wind energy and plans to install 30 GW of offshore wind capacity by 2030, with the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy already issuing 4 GW of bids in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. With a 7,600 km coastline and 2.3 million sq. km of exclusive economic zones, India has immense potential for offshore wind. CEEW reports that offshore wind capacity in states like Gujarat can help ensure grid reliability during peak loads.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India targets 30 GW offshore wind capacity by 2030.

  Key Facts:

  • India aims to install 30 GW of offshore wind capacity by 2030
  • 4 GW of offshore wind bids issued in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu
  • India has 7,600 km of coastline and 2.3 million sq. km of exclusive economic zones
  • India's wind energy capacity stands at 51.3 GW as of mid-2025
  • India has a gross wind potential of 1163.9 GW at a hub height of 150 meters
• 2025-05-02 [Economy] — Wind Power Capacity Addition in India
  In FY 2024–25, India added 4.15 GW of wind power capacity, an increase from 3.25 GW in FY 2023–24.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • India added 4.15 GW of wind power capacity in FY 2024-25
  • Up from 3.25 GW in FY 2023-24

India's Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensity (GEI) Management

Focus: Regulatory developments and sectoral performance reports specifically centered on reducing emission intensity (emissions per unit of output or distance) within the Indian economy.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding India's domestic legal framework (GEI Rules 2025) and sectoral strategies (NHAI) to achieve its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-20 [Environment & Ecology] — Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity (GEI) Target (Amendment) Rules, 2025
  The Union Government has notified the second round of legally binding emission reduction targets for carbon-intensive industries under the Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity (GEI) Target (Amendment) Rules, 2025. Targets are expressed as tCO₂e per unit of output, covering all greenhouse gases by global warming potential. Baseline year is 2023–24; compliance targets are set for 2025–26 and 2026–27.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Second round of GEI emission reduction targets for carbon-intensive industries notified.

  Key Facts:

  • Rules: Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity (GEI) Target (Amendment) Rules, 2025
  • Targets: Legally binding emission reduction for carbon-intensive industries
  • Emission intensity metric: tCO₂e per unit of output
  • Baseline year: 2023–24
  • Compliance targets: 2025–26 and 2026–27
  • Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target (Amendment) Rules, 2025
  • Published on 13.01.2026
• 2025-08-01 [Environment & Ecology] — NHAI Releases Sustainability Report for FY 2023–24
  The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) released its second Sustainability Report for FY 2023–24, detailing achievements in integrating Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles. Despite a 20% increase in National Highway construction, NHAI reduced its GHG emission intensity from 1.0 to 0.8 MTCO₂e/km.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: NHAI releases Sustainability Report for FY 2023–24, detailing ESG principles.

  Key Facts:

  • NHAI released its second Sustainability Report for FY 2023–24.
  • GHG emission intensity reduced from 1.0 to 0.8 MTCO₂e/km despite a 20% increase in National Highway construction.
• 2025-06-03 [Environment & Ecology] — Draft Rules for Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensity Targets
  The MoEF&CC notified the Draft Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025 to specify greenhouse gases emission intensity (GEI) targets for obligated entities. These rules follow the compliance mechanism specified under the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme, 2023. The rules aim to reduce GEI by promoting sustainable technologies in industries with high emission intensity.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Draft Rules for Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensity Targets notified.

• 2025-05-24 [Environment & Ecology] — India on track to surpass 2030 climate target
  A joint analysis by CEEW and AEEE reveals that India is on track to surpass its 2030 climate target of reducing emissions intensity by 45% from 2005 levels. India could achieve a 48–57% reduction in emissions intensity by 2030 compared to 2005 levels. Behavioural changes under Mission LiFE could reduce emissions by up to 10% by 2050.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India on track to surpass its 2030 climate target.

  Key Facts:

  • CEEW: Council on Energy, Environment and Water
  • AEEE: Alliance for an Energy Efficient Economy
  • India could achieve 48–57% reduction in emissions intensity by 2030 vs. 2005 levels.
  • Mission LiFE could reduce emissions by up to 10% by 2050.

Kerala's Green Mobility and Energy Infrastructure Ecosystem

Focus: A specific focus on Kerala's leadership in electric vehicle adoption, the technological integration of EVs into the power grid (V2G), and the development of supporting energy storage infrastructure.

UPSC Value: This thread is highly relevant for GS Paper III (Infrastructure: Energy and Transport) as it demonstrates the multi-faceted approach required for a state-level transition to a green economy.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-19 [Economy] — Kerala Leads in EV Adoption
  Kerala has emerged as a leading state in India for personal electric vehicle (EV) adoption in 2025. Around 93.4% of EVs in Kerala were personal vehicles, with around 80,261 EVs sold in Kerala in 2025.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Kerala leads in EV adoption with 93.4% personal vehicles in 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • Kerala saw a 12.8% increase in total vehicle registrations in 2025
  • Around 80,261 EVs were sold in Kerala in 2025
  • Around 93.4% of EVs in Kerala were personal vehicles
• 2025-08-05 [Polity & Governance] — India Electric Mobility Index (IEMI) 2024 Launched
  NITI Aayog has launched the India Electric Mobility Index (IEMI) 2024, a national tool to track and rank the performance of States/UTs in the electric vehicle (EV) transition. The IEMI scores all States and Union Territories out of 100 based on their progress in e-mobility adoption, infrastructure readiness, and innovation efforts.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: NITI Aayog launches India Electric Mobility Index (IEMI) 2024.

  Key Facts:

  • NITI Aayog
  • India Electric Mobility Index (IEMI) 2024
• 2025-04-19 [Science & Technology] — Kerala and IIT Bombay launch Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology pilot project
  The Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) and IIT Bombay have launched a pilot project to explore Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, aiming to integrate Electric Vehicles (EVs) into the State's power grid for enhanced renewable energy management.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Kerala and IIT Bombay launch Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology pilot.

  Key Facts:

  • Parties involved: Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) and IIT Bombay
  • Technology: Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)
  • Aim: Integrate Electric Vehicles (EVs) into the State's power grid
  • Objective: Enhance renewable energy management
• 2025-03-13 [Economy] — REC Limited to Finance Kerala's Pumped Storage Projects
  REC Limited and Kerala's Energy Management Centre signed an agreement on March 13, 2025, focusing on financing pumped storage projects in Kerala over the next five years, which will aid in better energy management and infrastructure development in the state.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: REC Limited to finance pumped storage projects in Kerala.

  Key Facts:

  • REC Limited
  • Kerala's Energy Management Centre
  • Agreement signed March 13, 2025
  • Financing pumped storage projects in Kerala
  • Five-year focus

Power Distribution Sector Reforms and Financial Recovery

Focus: Technological, legislative, and financial measures aimed at improving the efficiency and solvency of India's power distribution companies (DISCOMs).

UPSC Value: Illustrates the holistic approach required for infrastructure sector turnaround, combining technology (smart meters), policy (Electricity Bill), and targeted schemes (RDSS).

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-19 [Economy] — Power Distribution Utilities Post Profit
  India's power distribution utilities have recorded a collective Profit After Tax (PAT) of ₹2,701 crore in FY 2024–25. This turnaround marks a new chapter for the distribution sector and is a result of several steps that have been taken to redress the concerns of the distribution sector.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Collective Profit After Tax (PAT) of India's power distribution utilities in FY 2024–25: ₹2,701 crore
• 2025-12-28 [Schemes & Programs] — Revamped Distribution Sector Scheme
  The Revamped Distribution Sector Scheme (RDSS), launched by the Ministry of Power in July 2021, aims to modernize India's power distribution sector through smart metering, network strengthening, and financial reforms. The scheme has an outlay of Rs. 3,03,758 crore over five years from FY 2021-22 to FY 2025-26.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: RDSS aims to modernize India's power distribution sector.

  Key Facts:

  • Revamped Distribution Sector Scheme (RDSS) launched in July 2021
  • Ministry of Power
  • Outlay of Rs. 3,03,758 crore over five years (FY 2021-22 to FY 2025-26)
  • Aims to modernize India's power distribution sector
• 2025-11-25 [Polity & Governance] — Electricity (Amendment) Bill, 2025
  The Electricity (Amendment) Bill, 2025 proposes separating content (supply) and carriage (distribution) in the electricity sector. It also introduces multiple supply licensees per area to increase competition and strengthens payment security for DISCOMs.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Electricity (Amendment) Bill separates content and carriage in electricity sector.

  Key Facts:

  • Separation of content (supply) & carriage (distribution): Proposed
  • Multiple supply licensees per area: Introduced for competition
  • Payment security: Strengthened for DISCOMs
• 2025-10-26 [Schemes & Programs] — India to Install 100 Million Smart Meters
  India is undertaking a project to install 100 million smart meters to enable real-time monitoring of electricity usage, reduce wastage, lower electricity bills, and enhance transparency in power delivery. 10 million smart meters have already been installed across various states.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India to install 100 million smart meters.

  Key Facts:

  • 100 million smart electricity meters
  • Nationwide installation
  • Enhance power sector efficiency
  • 100 million
  • smart meters
  • 10 million smart meters already installed

Strategic Pivot of Indian Conglomerates toward Green Energy

Focus: Large-scale capital investment commitments by major Indian industrial groups (Reliance, Essar, Tata) specifically targeting renewable energy infrastructure, bio-fuels, and green manufacturing.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the critical role of private sector capital in India's energy transition and the development of domestic supply chains for sustainable technologies.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-17 [Economy] — Reliance to invest ₹7 lakh crore in Gujarat
  Reliance Industries plans to invest ₹7 lakh crore in Gujarat over the next five years, with a focus on clean energy and green materials.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Reliance Industries to invest ₹7 lakh crore in Gujarat
• 2026-01-17 [Economy] — Essar to invest ₹5,100 crore in Gujarat bio-fuel complex
  Essar Future Energy signed an MoU with the Gujarat government to invest ₹5,100 crore in a bio-fuel complex in Devbhumi Dwarka district.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Essar to invest ₹5,100 crore in bio-fuel complex
• 2025-11-12 [Economy] — Tata Power to Set Up Solar Wafers and Ingots Plant
  Tata Power plans to set up India's largest solar wafers and ingots plant with a 10 GW capacity, completing its solar manufacturing chain and strengthening the domestic supply of upstream components. A final decision on investment and location will be made in the next two months.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Tata Power to set up 10 GW capacity solar wafers and ingots plant
  • Aims to reduce import dependence, particularly from China
  • Supports Make in India and renewable energy self-reliance
• 2025-05-23 [Economy] — Reliance to invest ₹75,000 cr in North-Eastern States
  Reliance Industries Limited will invest ₹75,000 crore in North Eastern States to set up 350 biogas plants, expand telecom services and retail footprint, and invest in clean energy projects. The group will also invest in factories for high-quality FMCG products in the region and set up a 150-bed cancer hospital in Manipur.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Reliance Industries Limited will invest ₹75,000 crore in North Eastern States
  • Setting up 350 biogas plants
  • Expanding telecom services
  • Expanding retail footprint
  • Investing in clean energy projects
  • Setting up factories for high-quality FMCG products
  • Setting up a 150-bed cancer hospital in Manipur
  • Announced on Friday (May 23, 2025)
  • Announced at the Rising NorthEast Investors Summit

Battery Ecosystem: Storage and Sustainability

Focus: Developments in India's battery value chain, ranging from the deployment of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) to indigenous recycling technologies.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the simultaneous growth of energy storage infrastructure and the technological capabilities required for a sustainable circular economy.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-09 [Environment & Ecology] — Bihar Commissions Solar-Plus-Battery Storage Project
  Bihar has commissioned the first phase of a large solar-plus-battery storage project in Kajra, Lakhisarai district, with a total project capacity of 301 MW solar power combined with 495 MWh battery storage. The first phase includes 185 MW solar capacity with a 254 MWh Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) using Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO₄) technology.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Bihar commissions solar-plus-battery storage project.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Kajra, Lakhisarai district, Bihar
  • Total project capacity: 301 MW solar, 495 MWh battery storage
  • Phase I: 185 MW solar, 254 MWh BESS
  • Battery technology: Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO₄)
  • Second Phase: 116 MW solar and 241 MWh BESS will be commissioned by January 2027
• 2025-11-12 [Economy] — ADB Loan for ReNew Clean Energy Project
  Asian Development Bank (ADB) is extending a $331 million loan to ReNew for a 24/7 clean energy project in Andhra Pradesh. The project integrates 837 MWp of wind and solar capacity with a 415 MWh Battery Energy Storage System (BESS).
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ADB loan to ReNew for 24/7 clean energy project in Andhra Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • ADB extends $331 million loan to ReNew
  • Project in Andhra Pradesh
  • Integrates 837 MWp of wind and solar capacity with a 415 MWh Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
  • Total project funding is $477 million
  • ADB's debt package includes $291 million in local-currency financing and $40 million from the LEAP 2 fund
• 2025-10-23 [Economy] — Ola Electric Enters Energy Storage Market
  Ola Electric launched its first residential energy-storage product line, 'Ola Shakti', entering India's Rs. 1 lakh crore BESS market. Deliveries are expected in January 2026.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Product line: 'Ola Shakti'
  • Battery: 4680 “Bharat Cell”
  • Variants: Shakti S (1.5 kWh ), Shakti M (3 kWh9), Shakti L (5.2 kWh), Shakti XL (9.1 kWh)
  • Delivery: Expected in January 2026
• 2025-06-26 [Science & Technology] — Technology Development Board Funds Indigenous Battery Recycling Tech
  The Technology Development Board (TDB) under DST has provided financial support to commercialize Indigenous Battery Recycling Technology, crucial for enhancing sustainability and resource recovery in the battery manufacturing sector.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: TDB funds indigenous battery recycling technology.

  Key Facts:

  • Funding by: Technology Development Board (TDB)
  • Objective: Commercialize Indigenous Battery Recycling Technology
  • Funding provided by: Technology Development Board (TDB)
  • Technology: Dual-mode black mass recovery

Coal Sector Regulatory and Fiscal Reforms (2025)

Focus: Specific policy interventions introduced in 2025 aimed at optimizing coal allocation, incentivizing sustainable extraction, and diversifying usage through fiscal rebates and linkage reforms.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the multi-pronged strategy of the Indian government to modernize the coal sector for energy security, industrial efficiency, and reduced environmental impact.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-15 [Economy] — CoalSETU Policy
  The CoalSETU policy is a reform in the coal sector aimed at seamless and transparent utilisation; it is a window under the NRS Linkage Policy that allows any domestic industrial buyer to secure long-term coal linkages for own use or for export. Companies participating in this window may export up to 50% of the allotted coal. Traders are barred from bidding in this window to prevent speculative hoarding.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: CoalSETU policy aims at seamless and transparent coal utilisation.

  Key Facts:

  • Policy: CoalSETU
  • Aims: seamless and transparent utilisation of coal
  • Allows: domestic industrial buyer to secure long-term coal linkages for own use or for export
  • Export limit: up to 50% of the allotted coal
  • Traders: barred from bidding
• 2025-08-22 [Economy] — Coal Gasification Incentives
  Commercial coal block auctions now include a 50% rebate in revenue share for companies committing to a minimum threshold of gasification. India has set a target of 100 MT coal gasification by 2030, to diversify coal usage and reduce environmental stress. The Financial Incentive Scheme for Coal Gasification, launched in 2024 with an outlay of ₹8,500 crore, encourages participation from both public and private sector players.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Coal gasification incentives to achieve 100 MT target by 2030.

  Key Facts:

  • A 50% rebate in revenue share is offered for coal gasification.
  • India targets 100 MT coal gasification by 2030.
  • The Financial Incentive Scheme has an outlay of ₹8,500 crore.
• 2025-08-07 [Economy] — Underground Coal Mining Incentives
  The Government of India is promoting underground coal mining through policy changes that support sustainable extraction methods. Incentives include reducing the revenue-share floor to 2% and waiving the Upfront Amount to encourage participation and minimize environmental impact.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Govt promoting underground coal mining via policy changes and incentives.

  Key Facts:

  • Revenue-share floor reduced to 2%
  • Upfront Amount waiver
  • Underground coal mining
  • Government of India
  • April 2025 Amendments
• 2025-05-11 [Economy] — Financial Incentive Scheme for Coal Gasification
  A financial incentive scheme for coal gasification launched in 2024, with a total outlay of ₹8,500 crore, aims to achieve 100 million tonnes of coal gasification by 2030. It encourages participation from both public and private sector players.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Financial incentive scheme for coal gasification.

  Key Facts:

  • Scheme: Financial Incentive Scheme for Coal Gasification
  • Outlay: ₹8,500 crore
  • Target: 100 million tonnes of coal gasification by 2030

Diversification Strategies in India's Energy Transition

Focus: Various government initiatives aiming to decarbonize the energy sector through renewables, green hydrogen, and cleaner coal technologies.

UPSC Value: Illustrates India's multi-pronged approach (Green Hydrogen, Coal Gasification, Non-fossil targets) to achieve energy security and climate goals.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-11 [Economy] — PIB Highlights India's Achievements and Goals in Energy and Agriculture
  India has achieved its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) target of 50% installed power capacity from non-fossil fuel sources five years ahead of schedule. The government is focused on modernizing agriculture, reducing import dependence, and strengthening nutritional security.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India achieved NDC target of 50% non-fossil fuel capacity.

  Key Facts:

  • India achieved its NDC target of 50% installed power capacity from non-fossil fuel sources in 2025
  • Goal: 100 GW of nuclear power capacity by 2047
  • Urea at ₹266/bag, DAP at ₹1,350
  • Wheat: +₹160/qtl
  • Gram: +₹200/qtl
  • Lentil: +₹300/qtl
  • Mustard: +₹250/qtl
  • Sunflower: +₹600/qtl
• 2025-08-18 [Schemes & Programs] — UP Green Hydrogen Policy 2024
  The Uttar Pradesh Green Hydrogen Policy 2024 aims to promote investments in Green Hydrogen/Ammonia production and manufacturing, with a goal of reaching 1 million metric tonnes per year by 2028. The policy includes a 30% capital subsidy, potentially increasing to 40% for the first four projects.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: UP Green Hydrogen Policy 2024 aims for 1 MMT per year by 2028.

  Key Facts:

  • Uttar Pradesh Green Hydrogen Policy 2024
  • Target: 1 million metric tonnes per year by 2028
  • 30% capital subsidy (up to 40% for first four projects)
• 2025-03-20 [Economy] — Coal Gasification Initiative
  The government is promoting coal gasification to convert coal into syngas, aiming for cleaner energy production and reduced dependence on fossil fuels. An incentive of ₹8,500 crore and policy reforms seek to promote sustainable industrial growth in line with India's Vision 2047.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Government promotes coal gasification for cleaner energy and reduced fossil fuel dependence.

  Key Facts:

  • Coal gasification converts coal into syngas for cleaner energy.
  • Government incentive of ₹8,500 crore to promote coal/lignite gasification, approved on January 24, 2024.
  • Covers both PSUs and private sector.
  • Aims to align with India's Vision 2047 for a developed economy.
• 2025-03-18 [Environment & Ecology] — PIB Highlights Sustainable Coal Mining and National Quantum Mission
  The Ministry of Coal is promoting sustainable practices, including environmental reclamation and renewable energy adoption, to reduce the carbon footprint of coal mining. India's National Quantum Mission strengthens its position in the global quantum landscape, enhancing sectors like drug discovery and climate modeling. The mission aligns with national programs such as Digital India and Atmanirbhar Bharat.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Coal ministry promoting sustainable practices; National Quantum Mission ongoing.

  Key Facts:

  • Ministry of Coal promoting sustainable coal mining
  • Environmental reclamation, energy efficiency, mechanization, renewable energy adoption
  • National Quantum Mission enhances drug discovery, climate modeling, secure financial transactions, and military communications
  • Supports Digital India, Make in India, Skill India, and Atmanirbhar Bharat

India's Energy Security Strategy

Focus: India's multi-pronged approach to meeting rising energy demand through import diversification (Western Hemisphere, GCC) and domestic resource development (Thorium).

UPSC Value: Highlights India's strategic responses to global energy volatility, balancing diplomatic engagement with domestic capacity building.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-16 [Economy] — Petroleum Minister Claims India Can Navigate Global Turbulences
  Petroleum Minister Hardeep Singh Puri stated that India has developed resilience to navigate global turbulences due to increased crude oil supply from the Western Hemisphere. Speaking at KPMG's ENRich 2025, Puri highlighted the availability of sufficient oil in the global market as a factor in India's resilience.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Hardeep Singh Puri
  • KPMG's ENRich 2025
  • global turbulences
  • oil availability
  • Western Hemisphere
• 2025-06-18 [Economy] — IEA: India to Lead Global Oil Demand Growth
  The International Energy Agency (IEA) reports that India, the world's third-largest oil-consuming and importing nation, will lead global oil demand growth, adding 1 million barrels per day by 2030. The IEA is an autonomous intergovernmental organization established in 1974.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: IEA: India to lead global oil demand growth.

  Key Facts:

  • India will add 1 million barrels per day to global oil demand by 2030
  • India is the world's third-largest oil-consuming and importing nation
• 2025-05-19 [International Relations] — India-GCC Relations
  India's engagement with the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is crucial for regional stability, energy security, and economic growth, with deep-rooted energy ties, expanding trade agreements, and strategic investments. Strengthening trade agreements, energy cooperation, and protection for Indian expatriates can deepen this partnership, with the GCC controlling around 30% of global oil reserves.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's engagement with the GCC is crucial for regional stability.

  Key Facts:

  • India-GCC relations pivotal for regional stability and energy security
  • GCC controls around 30% of global oil reserves
  • India's engagement is a cornerstone of its West Asia strategy
  • Remittances from Indian diaspora in the Gulf bolster India's economy
• 2025-03-05 [Science & Technology] — Thorium Reserves in India
  India has one of the largest reserves of thorium in the world, with major deposits found in Kerala, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh. Kerala and Odisha account for over 70% of India's thorium reserves. India has been developing a three-stage nuclear program, with thorium-based reactors being a critical part of the third stage.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India has large thorium reserves in Kerala, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, AP.

  Key Facts:

  • Thorium reserves
  • Kerala
  • Odisha
  • Tamil Nadu
  • Andhra Pradesh
  • Three-stage nuclear program

India's Coal Sector: Balancing Economic Growth and Environmental Regulation

Focus: Items detailing the strategic importance of coal in India's economy, its production milestones, import trends, and the emerging regulatory focus on its environmental impacts.

UPSC Value: Understanding the 'Energy Trilemma' in India—balancing energy security (production/imports), economic development, and environmental sustainability.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-08 [Economy] — India's Coal Imports Decline in July 2025
  India's coal imports declined by 16.4% in July 2025, dropping to 21.08 million tonnes due to sluggish demand during the monsoon and high stock availability. Non-coking coal imports fell significantly, while coking coal imports rose.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's coal imports decline in July 2025 due to demand.

  Key Facts:

  • Coal imports declined by 16.4% in July 2025.
  • Imports dropped to 21.08 million tonnes.
• 2025-08-28 [Environment & Ecology] — Regulating Coal Operations Report
  A new report highlights coal's continued importance in India's energy system, stressing the need for environmental and health impact assessments in coal-bearing regions, as well as the involvement of local communities.
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  UPSC Angle: Report stresses environmental and health impact assessments in coal-bearing regions.

  Key Facts:

  • Highlights that coal will remain central to India's energy system for decades
  • Stresses the need to involve local communities and conduct health impact assessments in coal-bearing regions.
• 2025-05-27 [Economy] — Coal Sector in India
  Coal remains pivotal for India's energy sector, complemented by renewables, to achieve a $5 trillion economy by 2030 and $35 trillion by 2047. India aims to match or exceed global averages in per capita electricity consumption, currently at 1.10 MWh.
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  UPSC Angle: Coal remains pivotal for India's energy sector and economic goals.

  Key Facts:

  • Target economy size by 2030: $5 trillion
  • Target economy size by 2047: $35 trillion
  • Current per capita electricity consumption: 1.10 MWh
• 2025-03-22 [Economy] — India Surpasses 1 Billion Tonnes of Coal Production
  India has surpassed 1 billion tonnes of coal production in FY 2024-25, which the Prime Minister hailed as reflecting energy security and self-reliance. Commercial coal mining in India began in 1774 at Raniganj Coalfields along the Damodar River.
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  UPSC Angle: India surpassed 1 billion tonnes of coal production in FY25.

  Key Facts:

  • India surpassed 1 billion tonnes of coal production in FY 2024-25
  • Commercial coal mining in India began in 1774 at Raniganj Coalfields along the Damodar River

State-led Green Hydrogen and Ammonia Production Infrastructure

Focus: The establishment of large-scale production facilities and MoUs for green hydrogen and ammonia across various Indian states.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the decentralized industrial execution of India's energy transition and the role of state-level investments in green infrastructure.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-18 [Economy] — Andhra Pradesh to Establish Green Hydrogen and Green Ammonia Production
  Andhra Pradesh aims to establish itself as a Green Hydrogen Valley, initiating a ₹15,600 crore project for green hydrogen and green ammonia production. The production complex, undertaken by AM Green, is projected to be the world’s largest green ammonia facility, spanning 495 acres.
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  UPSC Angle: Andhra Pradesh to establish Green Hydrogen and Green Ammonia production.

  Key Facts:

  • Andhra Pradesh government is planning to make Kakinada a green hydrogen valley.
  • ₹15,600 crore investment for green hydrogen and green ammonia production.
  • The production complex will be built by AM Green.
  • The project is projected to be the world’s largest green ammonia facility.
  • The project will be built across 495 acres.
• 2025-08-24 [Environment & Ecology] — Uttar Pradesh Inaugurates First Green Hydrogen Plant
  Uttar Pradesh inaugurated its first Green Hydrogen plant in Gorakhpur. Developed by Torrent Power and Torrent Gas, the plant will produce 72 tonnes of green hydrogen annually. The hydrogen will be blended with natural gas for distribution to households, CNG stations, and industries.
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  UPSC Angle: Uttar Pradesh inaugurates its first Green Hydrogen plant.

  Key Facts:

  • Uttar Pradesh
  • Green Hydrogen plant
  • Gorakhpur
  • Torrent Power
  • Torrent Gas
  • 72 tonnes of green hydrogen annually
  • blended with natural gas
  • City Gas Distribution sector
• 2025-03-25 [Economy] — MoU for Green Ammonia Production Facility in Odisha
  IHI Corporation, Hokkaido Electric Power Co., Mitsubishi Gas Chemical, Mitsui O.S.K. Lines (MOL), Mizuho Bank, Tokyo Century Corporation signed a MoU with ACME Group on March 25th, 2025, to establish a Green Ammonia Production Facility in Odisha, India, to strengthen economic governance and accountability.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • MoU signed on March 25th 2025
  • Signatories: IHI Corporation, Hokkaido Electric Power Co., Mitsubishi Gas Chemical, Mitsui O.S.K. Lines (MOL), Mizuho Bank, Tokyo Century Corporation with ACME Group
  • Objective: To establish a Green Ammonia Production Facility in Odisha, India.

India's Methane Emission Profile and Global Policy Stance

Focus: Reports and policy declarations specifically addressing India's methane emission data, domestic mitigation initiatives, and its strategic refusal to join international reduction pledges.

UPSC Value: Essential for understanding India's climate diplomacy, the 'survival vs. luxury emissions' debate, and sectoral challenges in methane management across agriculture and waste.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-30 [Environment & Ecology] — India Faces Methane Hotspot Warning
  A UNEP report indicates that India emitted about 31 Mt of methane in 2020, accounting for 9% of global methane emissions. Methane emissions from waste burning in India rose 64% (1995–2020), significantly higher than the global rise of 43%. The G20, including India, contributes 65% of global methane emissions as per UNEP's assessment.
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  UPSC Angle: India emitted 31 Mt methane in 2020, 9% of global emissions.

  Key Facts:

  • India's Methane Emissions (2020): 31 Mt (9% of global)
  • Increase in Methane Emissions from Waste Burning (1995-2020): 64%
  • Agricultural Methane from India: 12% of global agricultural methane
  • Methane from rice cultivation in India is projected to increase by 8% between 2020 and 2030
  • G20 Contribution: 65% of global methane emissions
• 2025-10-24 [Environment & Ecology] — UN Report Highlights Methane Emission Concerns, India's Role
  A UNEP report, “An Eye on Methane: From Measurement to Momentum,” indicates that methane emissions remain high, with 60% originating from human activities. Methane has 80 times more warming potential than CO₂ over 20 years. The report acknowledges India's role in the Global Methane Pledge and its efforts through initiatives like SATAT and the National Biogas Mission.
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  UPSC Angle: UNEP report highlights high methane emissions and India's role.

  Key Facts:

  • The report is the 5th edition of “An Eye on Methane: From Measurement to Momentum” by UNEP.
  • 60% of methane emissions originate from human activities.
  • Methane has 80 times more warming potential than CO₂ over 20 years.
  • India's efforts include SATAT and the National Biogas Mission.
• 2025-05-31 [Environment & Ecology] — India to abstain from Global Methane Pledge
  India has reaffirmed its cautious stance on global methane pledges, emphasizing the need to prioritize carbon dioxide reductions and considering methane emissions from agriculture as “survival emissions”. The Global Methane Pledge (GMP) was launched to reduce global methane emissions by 30% from 2020 levels by 2030.
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  UPSC Angle: India to abstain from Global Methane Pledge.

  Key Facts:

  • India to abstain from signing the GMP
  • Global Methane Pledge (GMP) target: Reduce global methane emissions by 30% from 2020 levels by 2030
  • Major Sources of Methane in India: Agriculture (74%), Waste (14%), Energy Sector (11%), Industrial Processes (1%)

Expansion of India's Steel Production Ecosystem

Focus: Major investments in new integrated steel plants and record production of manganese ore, a critical raw material for steelmaking.

UPSC Value: Relevant for GS Paper 3 (Industrial Growth, Infrastructure, and Mineral Resources) regarding India's manufacturing competitiveness and resource security.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-05 [Economy] — Record Manganese Ore Production by MOIL
  MOIL (Manganese Ore India Limited) achieved its highest-ever October production of manganese ore in October 2025, with 1.60 lakh tonnes produced, a 9.1% increase compared to the previous year. From April to October 2025, production reached 11.04 lakh tonnes, an 8.5% increase over the same period last year; exploratory core drilling reached 57,275 meters.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • MOIL
  • Manganese Ore India Limited
  • October 2025 production: 1.60 lakh tonnes
  • April–October 2025 production: 11.04 lakh tonnes
  • Exploratory core drilling: 57,275 meters
• 2025-11-01 [Economy] — AM/NS to Establish Largest Steel Plant in India
  AM/NS received approval to establish the largest steel plant in India. The plant will have a capacity of 8.2 MMTPA in Phase 1.
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  UPSC Angle: AM/NS approved to establish largest steel plant in India.

  Key Facts:

  • AM/NS to establish largest steel plant in India
  • Plant capacity: 8.2 MMTPA in Phase 1
• 2025-08-19 [Economy] — JSW Steel and POSCO to set up a plant in Odisha
  JSW Steel and POSCO Holdings have signed a non-binding Heads of Agreement (HoA) to set up a 6 MTPA integrated steel plant in Odisha via a 50:50 JV, with an investment of Rs. 65,000 crore.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Project: 6 MTPA integrated steel plant in Odisha via 50:50 JV
  • Signing Entities: JSW Steel (India) and POSCO Holdings (South Korea)
  • Investment: Rs. 65,000 crore (USD 7.44 billion)

Modernization of India's Power Grid and Energy Storage Infrastructure

Focus: These items focus on the domestic manufacturing and deployment of advanced electrical infrastructure, specifically high-voltage transmission equipment and large-scale battery storage solutions.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding India's energy transition, infrastructure development (GS Paper 3), and the 'Make in India' initiative in high-technology sectors.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-01 [Science & Technology] — India's First 220 kV Mobile Gas-Insulated Switchgear (m-GIS) System
  India launched its first 220 kV Mobile Gas-Insulated Switchgear (m-GIS) System, manufactured by Toshiba TTDI and procured by POWERGRID, at TTDI's manufacturing facility in Rudraram, Telangana. Next Deliveries: 132kV m-GIS (November 2025) and 400kV m-GIS (August 2026).
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  UPSC Angle: India launched its first 220 kV Mobile Gas-Insulated Switchgear (m-GIS).

  Key Facts:

  • Manufacturer: Toshiba TTDI.
  • Procurer: POWERGRID.
  • Launch Event: TTDI's manufacturing facility at Rudraram, Telangana.
  • Next Deliveries: 132kV m-GIS (November 2025) and 400kV m-GIS (August 2026).
• 2025-08-26 [Economy] — PM Modi Flags Off Maruti Suzuki's First Global Electric Vehicle
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated Maruti Suzuki's first global electric vehicle, e-Vitara, in Hansalpur, Gujarat, which will be exported to over 100 countries, including Japan. He also inaugurated a lithium-ion battery manufacturing facility by Suzuki, Toshiba, and Denso to support hybrid and electric vehicle battery production. Suzuki Motor will invest ₹70,000 crore in India over the next 5-6 years to increase production and launch new models.
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  UPSC Angle: PM inaugurates Maruti Suzuki's first global electric vehicle, e-Vitara.

  Key Facts:

  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi flagged off Maruti Suzuki's first global electric vehicle, e-Vitara, from Hansalpur, Gujarat
  • The made-in-India car will be exported to more than 100 countries, including Japan
  • Suzuki Motor will invest ₹70,000 crore in India over the next five to six years
  • Maruti Suzuki's first global electric vehicle: e-Vitara
  • Location: Hansalpur, Gujarat
  • Export to over 100 countries, including Japan
  • Lithium-ion battery manufacturing facility by Suzuki, Toshiba, and Denso
  • Suzuki Motor investment: ₹70,000 crore over 5-6 years
  • Narendra Modi
  • Maruti Suzuki
  • e-Vitara
  • Hansalpur, Gujarat
  • lithium-ion battery manufacturing facility
  • Suzuki
  • Toshiba
  • Denso
• 2025-05-31 [Science & Technology] — South Asia's Largest Battery Energy Storage System Inaugurated in Delhi
  A 20-MW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) was inaugurated in Kilokari, South Delhi, and is considered South Asia's largest. BESS stores energy from renewable sources like solar and wind for later use, playing a crucial role in making green energy more reliable and flexible.
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  UPSC Angle: South Asia's Largest Battery Energy Storage System Inaugurated in Delhi.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Kilokari, South Delhi.
  • Capacity: 20-MW.
  • BESS stores energy from renewable sources for later use.

Advancements in India's Hydrogen Energy Ecosystem

Focus: Developments across the hydrogen value chain in India, including geological exploration of natural hydrogen, innovative production catalysts, and fuel cell technology.

UPSC Value: Provides a comprehensive view of India's transition to a hydrogen economy, covering GS Paper 3 topics like Energy, Infrastructure, and Science & Technology.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-07 [Environment & Ecology] — The Analyst on Green Hydrogen
  The Analyst discusses the importance of green hydrogen to achieve 50% renewable energy by 2030.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Hydrogen fuel cell consists of anode and cathode
  • Electrolyte used in hydrogen fuel cell is fluuropolymer called as neafon
  • NITI Aayog report highlighted that 20 major cities of our country Delhi Bangalore Mumbai Chennai is actually going to completely run out of groundwater by the year of 2025
• 2025-05-06 [Science & Technology] — Metal-Free Catalyst for Hydrogen Fuel Production
  Indian researchers have developed a metal-free catalyst for hydrogen fuel production using mechanical energy, marking a major breakthrough in clean energy innovation. This aligns with India's National Green Hydrogen Mission and advances sustainable hydrogen technology.
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  UPSC Angle: Metal-free catalyst for hydrogen fuel production.

  Key Facts:

  • Indian researchers developed a metal-free catalyst for hydrogen fuel production.
• 2025-05-01 [Science & Technology] — Discussion on Natural Hydrogen as a Fuel
  An article discusses natural hydrogen as a promising alternative fuel for decarbonization and addressing climate change, noting its potential as a clean alternative to fossil fuels. It highlights the importance of sustainable exploration and extraction technologies, considering environmental concerns and future generations.
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  UPSC Angle: Discussion on natural hydrogen as a promising alternative fuel.

  Key Facts:

  • India's Deccan Traps volcanic rocks can have geological conditions favorable for natural hydrogen reserves.
  • Ophiolite complexes in Andaman and Himalayas are ideal for serpentization.
  • Sedimentary basins in Vindhyan, Kadapa, or Gondwana land can be possible sources for natural hydrogen.