India's Maritime Indigenization and Security 2025-26: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

India is undergoing a fundamental shift from being a 'Buyer's Navy' to a 'Builder's Navy', moving beyond simple hull construction to the indigenization of high-tech subsystems like sonar, propulsion, and specialized diving support. This transformation is driven by the strategic necessity to secure a 7,500 km coastline and protect interests in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) amidst rising maritime tensions. The induction of specialized vessels like Pollution Control Vessels and ASW Shallow Water Crafts reflects a nuanced approach to maritime security that balances hard combat capability with environmental and humanitarian roles.

Cross-Theme Insight

Together, these threads reveal a 'Total Maritime Spectrum' strategy where the Indian Navy and Coast Guard are modernizing simultaneously but with distinct roles: the Navy focuses on high-end deterrence (SSBNs like INS Aridhaman, Project-76) and blue-water operations (Op SANKALP), while the Coast Guard is evolving into a technologically advanced constabulary (Pollution Control Vessels, Fast Patrol Vessels). The common denominator is the 'Triple-A' approach—Aatmanirbharta (Self-reliance), Aerospace-Marine integration (AUVs and Trainer aircraft), and All-weather surveillance (ASW SWCs).

Textbook vs Reality Gap

While standard textbooks emphasize the Indian Coast Guard's role in 'territorial waters' and general pollution control (CDS-I 2018, nid 12492), current developments like 'Samudra Pratap' (PCV) show the ICG scaling up to handle large-scale marine environmental disasters with specialized 60%+ indigenous technology. Furthermore, where textbooks describe 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' primarily as a policy of resilience and internal strength (Vivek Singh, p. 247), the news items demonstrate its practical manifestation through complex Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) between shipyards like GRSE and L&T for the ASW SWC program, a shift not yet fully detailed in static security literature.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The theme has evolved from indigenizing basic patrol craft to domestic production of strategic assets like nuclear-powered submarines (SSBNs) and Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP) conventional subs (Project-76). The trajectory is moving towards 'Unmanned and Autonomous' naval warfare, as seen in the development of Man-portable Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (MP-AUVs) by DRDO.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

Defense questions have transitioned from simple identification of vessels (e.g., 'What is Arihant?' - NDA-II 2010, nid 9499) to the specific roles and construction origins of ships (e.g., 'Who built OPV Sajag?' - CAPF 2021, nid 11453). There is a consistent focus on the organizational structure of the Indian Coast Guard (CDS-I 2015, nid 12146) and its functional mandate (CDS-I 2018, nid 12492).

Probable Prelims Angles

• Distinction between Project 17A (Frigates) and Project 76 (Diesel-electric Submarines).
• Identification of INS Nistar as India's first indigenous Diving Support Vessel.
• Technical specs of 'Samudra Pratap': India's first indigenous Pollution Control Vessel.
• The role of MSMEs in naval construction (80% indigenous content in INS Nistar).
• Op SANKALP's specific geographic focus (Gulf Region/Strait of Hormuz).

Mains Answer Framework

• The commissioning of indigenous assets like INS Nistar and ICGS Samudra Pratap marks India's transition from an importer of strategic hardware to a self-reliant maritime power under the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' initiative.
• Strategic Autonomy: Indigenizing submarine projects (Project-76, SSBNs) reduces vulnerability to global supply chain disruptions during conflicts.. Economic Multiplier: The involvement of over 120 MSMEs in projects like INS Nistar fosters a domestic defense industrial base (DIB).. Operational Capability: Specialized platforms like ASW Shallow Water Crafts (Mahe-class) address specific gaps in littoral warfare and anti-submarine operations.
• True maritime security will depend not just on platform construction, but on the sustained indigenization of critical sensor and propulsion technologies to ensure long-term strategic sovereignty.

Essay Connections

• Self-Reliance in Defense: Use the 80% indigenous content of INS Mahe and INS Nistar as evidence of India's manufacturing maturity.
• Blue Economy and Security: Connect the induction of Pollution Control Vessels (Samudra Pratap) to the environmental protection of India's EEZ.

Preparation Strategy

Reading Approach

Begin with Vivek Singh's 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' framework to understand the economic logic, then study the specific roles of the ICG vs. Navy in a security textbook. Finally, layer the current news items—specifically the ASW SWC program and Project-76—to see how policy translates into naval hardware.

Textbook Roadmap

• Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed.), p. 247. Threads 1, 5, and 8 (Atmanirbhar Bharat and the 'Strategic Necessity' of indigenous equipment). The five pillars of Self-reliant India to understand the policy framework.
• Majid Husain, Geography of India (9th ed.), Chapter 12. Threads 3, 6, and 13 (Coast Guard and Port Security). Section on Coastal Shipping and Port-led development to understand the economic assets the Navy protects.
• Shankar IAS Academy, Environment (10th ed.), p. 57. Threads 3 and 8 (Pollution Control). Institutions for Coastal Management to link maritime hardware (PCVs) to environmental regulation (CRZ).

Revision Bullets

• INS Nistar: First indigenous Diving Support Vessel (DSV), 80% indigenous content.
• Samudra Pratap: First indigenous Pollution Control Vessel (PCV), built by Goa Shipyard (GSL).
• Mahe-class: ASW Shallow Water Crafts (ASW SWC) - Arnala, Mahe, Anjadip.
• Project-76: Aiming for 12 indigenous conventional diesel-electric submarines with AIP.
• Op SANKALP: Indian Navy's security operation in the Gulf Region/Strait of Hormuz.
• INS Aridhaman: India's second Arihant-class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN).
• Hansa-3 (NG): Indigenous trainer aircraft by CSIR-NAL and Pioneer Clean AMPS.

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (14 themes, 56 news items)

Indigenous ASW Shallow Water Craft (ASW SWC) Program

Focus: Updates on the construction, delivery, and commissioning of the Indian Navy's ASW SWC class ships (Arnala, Mahe, and Anjadip).

UPSC Value: Tracks the progress of a specific indigenous naval project (ASW SWC) involving multiple shipyards (GRSE, CSL) and vessels.

7 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-09 [Defense & Security] — INS Arnala: First Indigenously Designed ASW SWC
  INS Arnala is the Indian Navy's first indigenously designed and built Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW SWC). The 77-meter-long warship has a gross tonnage of over 1490 tonnes and is propelled by a Diesel Engine-Waterjet combination.
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  UPSC Angle: INS Arnala: India's first indigenously designed ASW Shallow Water Craft.

  Key Facts:

  • INS Arnala is the first of the eight ASW SWCs (Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft) built for the Indian Navy.
  • It is named after the historic fort 'Arnala' located off Vasai, Maharashtra.
  • This 77-meter-long warship, with a gross tonnage of over 1490 tonnes, is the largest Indian Naval warship to be propelled by a Diesel Engine-Waterjet combination.
• 2025-12-23 [Defense & Security] — Indian Navy receives Anjadip, ASW SWC
  The Indian Navy received Anjadip, the third of eight Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW SWC), designed and built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata. The ASW SWC project is being executed under a Public-Private Partnership between GRSE and L&T Shipyard, Kattupalli.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Navy receives Anjadip, the third ASW SWC.

  Key Facts:

  • Anjadip is the third of eight Anti- Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW SWC).
  • Indigenously designed and built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata.
  • The ASW SWC project is being executed under a Public-Private Partnership between GRSE and L&T Shipyard, Kattupalli.
  • Fitted with an indigenous 30 mm Naval Surface Gun and boasting over 80% indigenous content.
• 2025-11-25 [Defense & Security] — INS Mahe Commissioned
  The Indian Navy commissioned 'silent hunter' INS Mahe, with over 80% indigenous components. It has a twin-shaft diesel propulsion generating over 6 MW of power, a top speed of 25 knots, and a range of 1,800 nautical miles at 14 knots.
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  UPSC Angle: INS Mahe commissioned, boosting India's anti-submarine warfare capabilities.

  Key Facts:

  • INS Mahe: Commissioned into Indian Navy
  • Indigenous Content: over 80%
  • Named after: historic coastal town of Mahe on the Malabar Coast
  • Propulsion: twin-shaft diesel propulsion generating over 6 MW of power
  • Speed: 25 knots
  • Range: 1,800 nautical miles at 14 knots
• 2025-11-25 [Defense & Security] — INS Mahe Commissioned: Boosting India's Anti-Submarine Warfare Capabilities
  INS Mahe, the first of the indigenously designed and built Mahe-class Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC), was commissioned at Naval Dockyard, Mumbai. The ship is named after Mahe, a coastal town on the Malabar Coast, and its motto is 'Silent Hunters'.
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  UPSC Angle: INS Mahe commissioned: First indigenous ASW Shallow Water Craft.

  Key Facts:

  • INS Mahe is the first of the Mahe-class Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC).
  • It was commissioned on November 24, 2025, at the Naval Dockyard, Mumbai.
  • The ship was designed and constructed by Cochin Shipyard Limited, Kochi.
  • INS Mahe's mascot is the Cheetah, and its motto is 'Silent Hunters'.
• 2025-10-25 [Defense & Security] — Mahe - Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft
  Mahe is the first of eight Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Crafts (ASW SWC) built by Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) Kochi. It was named after the historic port town in the Union Territory of Puducherry and has been designed and constructed as per the classification rules of Det Norske Veritas (DNV).
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  UPSC Angle: Mahe is the first Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft.

  Key Facts:

  • Mahe: First of eight Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Crafts (ASW SWC)
  • Built by: Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) Kochi
  • Named after the historic port town in Puducherry
  • Designed and constructed as per classification rules of Det Norske Veritas (DNV)
• 2025-06-07 [Defense & Security] — Indian Navy to commission 'Arnala', first ASW-SWC ship
  The Indian Navy is set to commission 'Arnala', the first of 16 Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC) series, on June 18, 2025, at Naval Dockyard, Visakhapatnam. The ship is indigenously designed and constructed by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata, with over 80% indigenous content.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Navy to commission 'Arnala', first ASW-SWC ship.

  Key Facts:

  • INS Arnala commissioning date: June 18, 2025
  • Location: Naval Dockyard, Visakhapatnam
  • First of 16 ASW-SWC class ships
  • Designed and constructed by GRSE, Kolkata
  • Over 80% indigenous content
  • Length: 77.6 meters
  • Displacement: ~1490 tonnes
  • Chief of Defence Staff: Gen Anil Chauhan
• 2025-05-08 [Defense & Security] — Delivery of ASW Ship 'Arnala'
  The first of eight Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Crafts (ASW SWCs), named 'Arnala', was delivered on May 8. Designed by GRSE and built under a Public-Private Partnership with L&T, the ship has over 80% indigenous content and will strengthen India's coastal ASW capabilities.
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  UPSC Angle: Delivery of ASW ship 'Arnala', first of eight ASW SWCs.

  Key Facts:

  • First of eight Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Crafts (ASW SWCs) delivered: 'Arnala'
  • Date of delivery: May 8, 2025
  • Designed by: GRSE
  • Built under: Public-Private Partnership with L&T
  • Indigenous content: Over 80%

Challenges and Commitments in Indigenous Defence (Aatmanirbharta)

Focus: A specific pattern of high-level military and government officials emphasizing the strategic necessity, funding, and delivery delays of indigenous defence equipment.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the practical challenges (delays, supply chains) versus the strategic imperative of the 'Make in India' defence policy.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-23 [Defense & Security] — India unveils indigenous defence capabilities
  India's private sector is playing an increasing role in indigenous defence manufacturing, with companies like SSS Defence and NewSpace Research & Technologies showcasing their capabilities. SSS Defence is India's first private original equipment manufacturer (OEM) of small arms, designing, manufacturing, testing, and certifying its weapon systems entirely in-house. NewSpace focuses on disruptive technologies, rapid prototyping, and scalable unmanned systems tailored to modern warfare requirements.
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  UPSC Angle: India's private sector plays increasing role in defence manufacturing.

  Key Facts:

  • SSS Defence is the first private OEM of small arms in India
  • SSS Defence designs, manufactures, tests, and certifies its weapon systems entirely in-house
  • SSS Defence CEO: Vivek Krishnan
  • NewSpace focuses on disruptive technologies and unmanned systems
  • NewSpace AVP (Alliances and Partnerships): Retired Navy Commander Ashwin Shastry
  • SSS Defence produces: Sniper rifles, Assault rifles and carbines, Submachine guns, Upgraded AK rifles, ammunition, and weapon optics
• 2026-01-15 [Defense & Security] — Army Focus on Indigenous Equipment
  Army Chief General Upendra Dwivedi emphasized the necessity for indigenous equipment, terming it a “strategic necessity” as the institution progresses as a future-ready force. This highlights the Indian Army's commitment to self-reliance in defense technology and manufacturing.
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  UPSC Angle: Army emphasizes indigenous equipment as a strategic necessity.

  Key Facts:

  • Army Chief General Upendra Dwivedi
  • Indigenous equipment
  • Strategic necessity
  • Future-ready force
• 2026-01-05 [Defense & Security] — Focus on Timely Delivery of Indigenous Combat Aircraft
  The Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force, Air Chief Marshal A. P. Singh, stressed the need for timely delivery of indigenous combat aircraft to maintain squadron strength.
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  UPSC Angle: Need for timely delivery of indigenous combat aircraft.

  Key Facts:

  • Focus on timely delivery of indigenous combat aircraft to maintain squadron strength.
• 2025-10-18 [Defense & Security] — Defence Secretary Addresses Indigenous Development of Critical Technologies for Air Power
  Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh emphasized the need for a structured policy framework to strengthen India's domestic industrial base through synergy between public and private sectors. He reiterated the government's commitment to Aatmanirbharta in defence, stressing the importance of developing advanced aero technologies, field evaluation trials, and long-range air-to-air missile systems.
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  UPSC Angle: Need for policy framework to strengthen India's domestic industrial base.

  Key Facts:

  • Defence Secretary: Rajesh Kumar Singh
  • Conference: Strategic Insight Conference on Indigenous Development of Critical Technologies for Air Power
  • Organized by: Centre for Aerospace Power and Strategic Studies (CAPSS)
  • Location: New Delhi
• 2025-07-04 [Defense & Security] — Indigenous defence procurement cleared
  The government has cleared indigenous defence procurement worth ₹1.05 lakh crore. Additionally, three Apache combat helicopters are scheduled to arrive in India by July 15. This relates to GS-3 of the UPSC syllabus, focusing on the indigenization of technology and development of new technology.
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  UPSC Angle: Indigenous defence procurement boosts domestic manufacturing and reduces import dependence.

  Key Facts:

  • ₹1.05 lakh crore indigenous defence procurement
  • 3 Apache helicopters arriving by July 15
• 2025-05-29 [Defense & Security] — IAF Chief Addresses Delays in Defence Projects
  Indian Air Force (IAF) Chief Marshal Amar Preet Singh addressed delays in defence procurements at the CII Annual Business Summit, noting that none of the 83 Tejas Mk1A LCA have been delivered by HAL despite a ₹48,000 crore contract in February 2021, with deliveries expected to begin in March 2024. He stressed the need for the armed forces to be future-ready and called for trust and transparency between the armed forces and the industry to ensure timely completion of projects.
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  UPSC Angle: IAF Chief addresses delays in defence projects.

  Key Facts:

  • IAF Chief: Marshal Amar Preet Singh
  • Event: CII Annual Business Summit
  • Issue: Delays in defence procurements
  • Tejas Mk1A LCA ordered: 83
  • Contract amount: ₹48,000 crore
  • Contract date: February 2021
  • Expected delivery start: March 2024
  • Reason for delay: Slow delivery of engines from General Electric due to supply chain issues

Indian Coast Guard Indigenous Fleet Expansion

Focus: The launch, induction, and commissioning of indigenous vessels (Pollution Control and Fast Patrol) for the Indian Coast Guard in 2025-2026.

UPSC Value: Highlights the modernization and capacity building of the Indian Coast Guard through indigenous manufacturing.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-11 [Defense & Security] — Rajnath Singh Commissions ICGS Samudra Pratap
  Defence Minister Rajnath Singh commissioned ICGS Samudra Pratap, India's first indigenously designed Pollution Control Vessel (PCV), built by Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL). With over 60% indigenous content, it's the largest ship in the Indian Coast Guard fleet, integrating pollution control, coastal patrol, maritime safety, fire-fighting, and long-range surveillance capabilities.
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  UPSC Angle: Rajnath Singh commissions ICGS Samudra Pratap, India's first Pollution Control Vessel.

  Key Facts:

  • ICGS Samudra Pratap commissioned
  • India's first indigenously designed Pollution Control Vessel (PCV)
  • Built by Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL)
  • Over 60% indigenous content
  • Largest ship in Indian Coast Guard fleet
• 2025-12-25 [Defense & Security] — Indian Coast Guard Inducts Pollution Control Vessel
  The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) inducted its first indigenously designed and built Pollution Control Vessel (PCV), 'Samudra Pratap,' marking a milestone in maritime environmental protection. Samudra Pratap is the largest vessel in the ICG fleet and is designed for marine environmental protection, oil-spill response, and firefighting operations.
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  UPSC Angle: ICG inducted its first indigenously designed Pollution Control Vessel 'Samudra Pratap'.

  Key Facts:

  • Vessel: SAMUDRA PRATAP (Yard 1267)
  • Builder: Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL)
  • Operator: Indian Coast Guard (ICG)
  • Type: Pollution Control Vessel (PCV)
  • Indigenous content: Over 60%
  • Indian Coast Guard (ICG) inducted Pollution Control Vessel (PCV) 'Samudra Pratap'
  • Samudra Pratap is the first PCV to be indigenously designed and constructed in India
  • The vessel is designed for marine environmental protection, oil-spill response, and firefighting operations
  • It is the largest vessel in the ICG fleet
• 2025-10-25 [Defense & Security] — Fast Patrol Vessels ICGS Ajit & ICGS Aparajit
  ICGS Ajit and ICGS Aparajit are the seventh and eighth in a series of eight indigenously built Fast Patrol Vessels (FPVs) being constructed by Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL) for the ICG. The 52-metre-long vessels displace 320 tonnes and are designed for multi-mission roles such as fisheries protection, coastal patrol, anti-smuggling, anti-piracy, and search and rescue operations.
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  UPSC Angle: ICGS Ajit & ICGS Aparajit are Fast Patrol Vessels built by GSL.

  Key Facts:

  • ICGS Ajit and ICGS Aparajit: two new Fast Patrol Vessels (FPVs) commissioned by the Indian Coast Guard (ICG)
  • Built by Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL) under the Make in India initiative
  • Part of the eight FPVs being constructed indigenously for the Indian Coast Guard
  • 52-metre-long vessels displacing 320 tonnes
  • Equipped with Controllable Pitch Propellers (CPP)
  • ICGS Ajit and ICGS Aparajit
  • Seventh and eighth in a series of eight indigenously built FPVs
  • Constructed by: Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL) for the ICG
  • Length: 52-metres
  • Displacement: 320 tonnes
• 2025-09-20 [Defense & Security] — INS Adamya Commissioned
  Indian Coast Guard Ship (ICGS) Adamya, the first of eight Adamya-class Fast Patrol Vessels (FPVs), was commissioned at Paradip Port, Odisha. Built by Goa Shipyard Limited, it has over 60% indigenous content, reflecting the 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' vision.
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  UPSC Angle: ICGS Adamya, first Adamya-class FPV, commissioned at Paradip Port.

  Key Facts:

  • ICGS Adamya commissioned at Paradip Port, Odisha
  • First of eight Adamya-class Fast Patrol Vessels (FPVs)
  • Built by Goa Shipyard Limited
  • Over 60% indigenous content
• 2025-07-30 [Defense & Security] — Indian Coast Guard's Fast Patrol Vessel 'Atal' Launched in Goa
  The Indian Coast Guard's latest Fast Patrol Vessel (FPV), 'Atal', was launched in Goa, marking the sixth addition in a series of eight state-of-the-art FPVs designed and built indigenously. The vessel was launched by Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL) at Vasco da Gama, underlining the nation's commitment to 'Atmanirbharta' in defense manufacturing.
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  UPSC Angle: ICG's Fast Patrol Vessel 'Atal' launched in Goa.

  Key Facts:

  • Indian Coast Guard's Fast Patrol Vessel 'Atal' Launched in Goa.
  • Marks the sixth addition in a series of eight state-of-the-art FPVs designed and built indigenously.

Indigenous Defence Production Drive

Focus: Initiatives and contracts focused on indigenously designed weapon systems (DRDO, ATAGS, Carbines) and domestic manufacturing infrastructure.

UPSC Value: Highlights the progress and scope of the 'Make in India' initiative in the defence sector, reducing import dependence.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-24 [Defense & Security] — Indian Army Procures Indigenous Carbines
  The Indian Army (IA) signed a contract worth Rs. 2,700 crore to procure 4.25 lakh close-quarter battle (CQB) carbines, marking a significant step in modernising infantry small arms and promoting indigenous defence production.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Army procures 4.25 lakh CQB carbines for infantry modernization.

  Key Facts:

  • Indian Army (IA) signed a contract worth Rs. 2,700 crore
  • To procure 4.25 lakh close-quarter battle (CQB) carbines
  • Modernising infantry small arms and promoting indigenous defence production
• 2025-07-28 [Defense & Security] — MoD Inks Deal for Mechanical & Material Testing Facility
  On July 28, 2025, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) signed an agreement with Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation Limited to establish a ₹400 Cr Mechanical & Material Testing Facility. The aim of the facility is to boost the defence manufacturing sector.
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  UPSC Angle: MoD inks deal for Mechanical & Material Testing Facility.

  Key Facts:

  • Ministry of Defence (MoD)
  • Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation Limited
  • ₹400 Cr: Amount to establish the Mechanical & Material Testing Facility
• 2025-07-19 [Defense & Security] — DRDO Offers Weapon Systems for Emergency Procurement
  In June 2025, DRDO offered 28 of its designed and developed weapon systems, including missiles and ammunition, for emergency procurement by the Indian Armed Forces. DRDO also provided the names of the producing agencies.
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  UPSC Angle: DRDO offers weapon systems for emergency procurement by the Indian Armed Forces.

  Key Facts:

  • DRDO offered 28 weapon systems
  • Purpose: Emergency procurement
  • Recipient: Indian Armed Forces
  • Includes: Missiles and ammunition
• 2025-06-30 [Defense & Security] — DRDO Offers Weapon Systems for Emergency Procurement
  In June 2025, DRDO offered 28 indigenously designed and developed weapon systems, including missiles and ammunition, for emergency procurement by the Indian Armed Forces. DRDO also provided the names of the manufacturing agencies for these systems, shifting focus to next-generation technologies.
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  UPSC Angle: DRDO offers 28 weapon systems for emergency procurement.

  Key Facts:

  • June 2025
  • DRDO
  • 28 weapon systems
  • Emergency procurement
  • Indian Armed Forces
  • Missiles
  • Ammunition
  • DRDO 2.0
  • Next-generation technologies
  • Directed energy weapons
  • Photonics
  • Quantum systems
  • Artificial intelligence
• 2025-03-26 [Defense & Security] — India signs contract for 307 ATAGS guns
  On March 26, 2025, India signed a contract to purchase 307 ATAGS (155mm/52-calibre) guns, which are produced with the assistance of DRDO and the private sector. This deal is a significant boost to the 'Make in India' initiative and will reduce dependence on foreign guns.
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  UPSC Angle: India signs contract for 307 ATAGS guns.

  Key Facts:

  • India signed a contract on March 26, 2025
  • Purchase of 307 ATAGS (155mm/52-calibre) guns
  • Produced with DRDO and private sector assistance
  • ATAGS can fire up to 48 km
  • ATAGS are in automatic control and highly accurate

Indigenisation of Coast Guard Fleet

Focus: Milestones in the design, launch, and commissioning of indigenous patrol vessels for the ICG.

UPSC Value: Tracks the progress of 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' in defense shipbuilding and maritime capability enhancement.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-17 [Environment & Ecology] — Great Nicobar Project Cleared by NGT
  The National Green Tribunal has cleared the ₹80,000-crore Great Nicobar Project, stating that it found no “good ground” to interfere with its environmental clearance. The Great Nicobar Project is a mega infrastructure development plan valued at around ₹80,000 crore and aims to transform Great Nicobar Island into a strategic maritime and economic hub in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). The project includes a transshipment port, international airport, power plant, and township on Great Nicobar Island.
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  UPSC Angle: NGT clears Great Nicobar Project; project cost ₹80,000 crore.

  Key Facts:

  • Project cost: ₹80,000 crore
  • Includes: transshipment port, international airport, power plant, and township
  • Implemented through: Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation (ANIIDC)
  • Environmental clearance (EC) was granted in 2022
  • Concerns raised include coral reefs, leatherback turtle nesting, and siting near ecologically sensitive zones
  • NGT cleared the ₹92,000-crore Great Nicobar Island project.
  • Project includes a transshipment port, airport, power plant, and township.
  • Environmental concerns raised by environmentalists and indigenous communities.
  • Great Nicobar Project cleared by NGT
  • Project value: ₹80,000 crore
  • Aims to transform Great Nicobar Island into a strategic maritime and economic hub
  • Environmental clearance granted in 2022
  • Project covers 166 sq km, including denotified tribal reserves and protected forest areas
• 2025-12-21 [Defense & Security] — GSL's new-generation Fast Patrol Vessel 'Amulya'
  The Indian Coast Guard commissioned ICGS Amulya, a new-generation Fast Patrol Vessel, at Goa, which is the third vessel in the Adamya-class Fast Patrol Vessels for the Indian Coast Guard, designed for rapid response and extended maritime operations.
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  UPSC Angle: ICGS Amulya commissioned, third vessel in Adamya-class Fast Patrol Vessels.

  Key Facts:

  • ICGS Amulya: new-generation Fast Patrol Vessel
  • Part of: Adamya-class Fast Patrol Vessels
  • Designed for: rapid response and extended maritime operations
• 2025-07-23 [Defense & Security] — Keel Laying Ceremony for Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessel
  The keel-laying ceremony of the first of six Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessels (NGOPVs) for the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) was held at Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd (MDL), Mumbai. The vessel will be equipped with advanced technologies such as AI-based predictive maintenance, Remote Piloted Drones, Integrated Bridge System (IBS), and Integrated Platform Management System (IPMS).
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  UPSC Angle: Keel laying ceremony for Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessel.

  Key Facts:

  • Yard 16401
  • Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessels (NGOPVs)
  • Indian Coast Guard (ICG)
  • Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd (MDL), Mumbai
  • 117-meter-long vessel
  • 5,000 nautical miles range
  • Crew capacity: 11 officers & 110 personnel
  • Top speed of 23 knots
  • AI-based predictive maintenance
  • Remote Piloted Drones
  • Integrated Bridge System (IBS)
  • Integrated Platform Management System (IPMS)
• 2025-06-18 [Defense & Security] — Indian Coast Guard Vessel 'Achal' Launched
  Goa Shipyard Ltd (GSL) launched 'Achal', the fifth Fast Patrol Vessel (FPV) of a series of eight, for the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) on June 16, 2025, in Goa. The vessel has been designed and built with over 60% indigenous content, aligning with Aatmanirbhar Bharat.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Coast Guard Vessel 'Achal' launched.

  Key Facts:

  • Vessel: Achal
  • Type: Fast Patrol Vessel (FPV)
  • Series: Fifth of eight
  • Launched by: Goa Shipyard Ltd (GSL)
  • For: Indian Coast Guard (ICG)
  • Launch date: June 16, 2025
  • Indigenous content: Over 60%

Indian Naval and Coast Guard Vessel Induction and Operational Updates

Focus: Reports and updates regarding the delivery, commissioning, and status of specific Indian Navy and Coast Guard maritime assets.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding India's maritime security architecture, defense indigenization (Aatmanirbhar Bharat), and the modernization of the Indian Navy and Coast Guard.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-26 [Defense & Security] — INS Vikrant Updates
  Updates were provided regarding INS Vikrant.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • INS Vikrant
• 2025-10-24 [Defense & Security] — INS Mahe
  INS Mahe is mentioned in the context of Daily Current Affairs analysis by Shankar IAS Academy, but further details are not available in the provided snippets.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

• 2025-10-24 [Science & Technology] — Daily PIB Highlights: Science, IT Rules, Clean Sport, Rice Conference
  Daily PIB highlights for October 23rd & 24th, 2025, include India's scientific advancements, amendments to IT Rules 2021, India re-elected as Vice-Chairperson of COP10 Bureau, and the Bharat International Rice Conference (BIRC) 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: PIB highlights: Science advancements, IT Rules amendments, COP10, Rice Conference.

  Key Facts:

  • India's Scientific and Technological Advancements
  • Amendments to IT Rules, 2021
  • India Re-elected as Vice-Chairperson of COP10 Bureau for 2025–2027
  • Bharat International Rice Conference (BIRC) 2025
  • Launch of ICGS Ajit and ICGS Aparajit
  • Delivery of 'Mahe' – First Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft Built by CSL
• 2025-03-11 [Defense & Security] — INS Imphal
  INS Imphal is in the news.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: INS Imphal: Indigenously built warship; important for naval modernization.

Advancements in Indigenous Naval Hardware and Infrastructure

Focus: The development, delivery, and maintenance of indigenously manufactured Indian Navy frigates and specialized underwater combat systems.

UPSC Value: Highlights India's 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' (self-reliance) initiatives in defense manufacturing and the strategic role of domestic shipyards like GRSE in maritime security.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-24 [Defense & Security] — INS Sahyadri Key Facts
  INS Sahyadri is an indigenously built Shivalik-class Guided Missile Stealth Frigate, designed, constructed and commissioned in 2012. The ship can carry Barak-1 and Shtil-1 3S90M missiles, BrahMos anti-ship missiles, and anti-submarine rocket launchers and has participated in various operational deployments, bilateral and multilateral exercises.
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  UPSC Angle: INS Sahyadri: Indigenously built Shivalik-class Guided Missile Stealth Frigate commissioned in 2012.

  Key Facts:

  • INS Sahyadri is an indigenously built Shivalik-class Guided Missile Stealth Frigate
  • Indigenously designed, constructed and commissioned in 2012
  • Capable of carrying Barak-1 and Shtil-1 3S90M missiles, BrahMos anti-ship missiles, anti-submarine rocket launchers
  • Participated in various operational deployments, bilateral and multilateral exercises
• 2025-08-01 [Defense & Security] — Himgiri, Project 17A Frigate Delivered to Indian Navy
  The third Nilgiri-class frigate, Himgiri (Yard 3022), the first built by GRSE, was delivered to the Indian Navy. It has 75% indigenous content and involved over 200 MSMEs.
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  UPSC Angle: Himgiri, Project 17A frigate, delivered to Indian Navy (75% indigenous).

  Key Facts:

  • Himgiri (Yard 3022), the third Nilgiri-class (Project 17A) frigate, delivered to the Indian Navy.
  • 75% indigenous content.
  • Over 200 MSMEs engaged in the project.
• 2025-05-27 [Defense & Security] — INS Brahmaputra to Regain Seaworthiness
  The Indian Navy's guided missile frigate INS Brahmaputra, which suffered extensive damage in a dockyard accident last year, is likely to regain seaworthiness by the end of 2025 and be fully combat-ready by mid-2026; the ship was the first indigenously built Brahmaputra-class guided missile frigate, built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Limited (GRSE) and commissioned on April 14, 2000.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: INS Brahmaputra to regain seaworthiness by end of 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • Indian Navy
  • INS Brahmaputra
  • Regain seaworthiness by the end of 2025
  • Fully combat-ready by mid-2026
  • First indigenously built Brahmaputra-class guided missile frigate
  • Built by Kolkata-based Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Limited (GRSE)
  • Commissioned into the Indian Navy on April 14, 2000
• 2025-05-07 [Defense & Security] — DRDO & Indian Navy Test Indigenous Ground Mine
  The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), in collaboration with the Indian Navy, successfully conducted combat firing of the indigenous Multi-Influence Ground Mine (MIGM). This underwater mine is designed for modern naval warfare and marks a milestone in India's self-reliance in the defence sector.
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  UPSC Angle: DRDO and Indian Navy test indigenous Multi-Influence Ground Mine (MIGM).

  Key Facts:

  • Indigenous Multi-Influence Ground Mine (MIGM)
  • Developed by: Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Navy
  • Designed for modern naval warfare

Indian Navy Operational Spectrum

Focus: Diverse maritime security and assistance operations conducted specifically by the Indian Navy (distinct from the Coast Guard).

UPSC Value: Highlights the Navy's dual role in hard security (narcotics, protection) and humanitarian assistance (SAR).

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-06 [Defense & Security] — Indian Navy Enhances Maritime Security Operations in Gulf Region
  The Indian Navy has initiated Maritime Security Operations, codenamed Op SANKALP, in the Gulf Region to ensure the safe passage of Indian Flag Vessels transiting through the Strait of Hormuz. This operation is in response to prevailing tensions and attacks on merchant ships, and involves the deployment of warships and aircraft.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Navy enhances maritime security operations in Gulf Region.

  Key Facts:

  • Operation Name: Op SANKALP
  • Region: Gulf Region, Strait of Hormuz
  • Objective: Ensure safe passage of Indian Flag Vessels
  • Coordination: Ministry of Defence, Ministry of External Affairs, Ministry of Shipping, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, DG Shipping
• 2025-06-13 [Defense & Security] — Indian Navy airlifts ailing sailor
  On June 13, 2025, the Indian Navy rescued a 41-year-old Indian sailor from the Singapore-flagged oil tanker Eagle Veracruz in the Indian Ocean Region. A Seaking helicopter from INS Garuda, Kochi, was launched, and INS Sharda was diverted to assist.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Indian Navy airlifts ailing sailor from oil tanker in Indian Ocean.

  Key Facts:

  • Indian Navy airlifted an ailing sailor on June 13, 2025
  • Sailor was on Singapore-flagged oil tanker Eagle Veracruz
  • Rescue by Seaking helicopter from INS Garuda, Kochi
  • Sailor's age: 41 years
• 2025-04-04 [Defense & Security] — INS Tarkash Seizes Narcotics
  INS Tarkash, a frontline frigate of the Indian Navy operating under the Western Naval Command, successfully intercepted and seized over 2500 kg of narcotics. It is deployed in the Western Indian Ocean and participating in the multi-national forces joint focus operation, Anzac Tiger, as part of the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) for Maritime Security Operations.
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  UPSC Angle: INS Tarkash seizes narcotics in Western Indian Ocean.

  Key Facts:

  • INS Tarkash seized over 2500 kg of narcotics.

2025 Indigenous Naval Inductions

Focus: The formal commissioning of newly constructed, indigenously designed and built vessels into the Indian Navy during the 2025 calendar year.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the practical outcomes of 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' in defense and the specific timeline of India's naval modernization and fleet expansion.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-17 [Defense & Security] — Indian Navy Commissions DSC A20
  The Indian Navy commissioned DSC A20, the first of five indigenously built Diving Support Craft (DSC) by M/s Titagarh Rail System Limited, at Naval Base, Kochi on December 16, 2025. The contract for building five Diving Support Craft was signed on February 12, 2021. The vessel will play a vital role in underwater repairs & inspections, harbor clearances, and critical diving missions in coastal waters.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: DSC A20 commissioned: first indigenously built Diving Support Craft.

  Key Facts:

  • DSC A20 commissioned on December 16, 2025, at Naval Base, Kochi
  • First of five Diving Support Craft (DSC)
  • Built indigenously by M/s Titagarh Rail System Limited
  • Contract signed on February 12, 2021
  • Catamaran-hull ship with a displacement of approximately 390 Tons
  • Hydrodynamic Analysis and Model Testing undertaken at Naval Science and Technological Laboratory (NSTL), Visakhapatnam
• 2025-08-26 [Defense & Security] — Udaygiri and Himgiri Commissioned
  The Indian Navy is commissioning two Nilgiri-class stealth guided-missile frigates, INS Udaygiri and INS Himgiri, at Visakhapatnam. INS Udaygiri is the second ship of Project 17A Nilgiri-class frigates, designed for anti-surface, anti-air, and anti-submarine warfare. This is the first time two major surface combatants from different Indian shipyards are inducted simultaneously.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: INS Udaygiri and INS Himgiri commissioned, Nilgiri-class stealth frigates.

  Key Facts:

  • INS Udaygiri and INS Himgiri are Nilgiri-class stealth guided-missile frigates.
  • INS Udaygiri is the second ship of Project 17A Nilgiri-class frigates.
  • Commissioning at Visakhapatnam.
  • INS Udaygiri
  • INS Himgiri
  • Project 17A frigates
  • MDL
  • GRSE
  • Visakhapatnam
  • Defence Minister Rajnath Singh
• 2025-07-19 [Defense & Security] — INS Nistar Commissioned
  INS Nistar, the first indigenously designed and constructed Diving Support Vessel, was commissioned in Vizag. Over 80% of the ship's content is indigenous, with over 120 MSMEs involved in its construction, aligning with 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat'. Naval Chief Admiral Dinesh K Tripathi described it as a force multiplier in underwater operations, enhancing India's role as a 'First Responder' in regional maritime crises and bolstering undersea warfare preparedness.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: INS Nistar, first indigenously designed Diving Support Vessel, commissioned.

  Key Facts:

  • INS Nistar commissioned on July 18, 2025
  • First indigenously designed and constructed Diving Support Vessel
  • Over 80% indigenous content
  • Designed for deep sea saturation diving and rescue operations up to 300m depth
  • Equipped with Remotely Operated Vehicles, Self-Propelled Hyperbaric Life Boat, and Diving Compression Chambers
  • Built by Hindustan Shipyard Limited
  • Original INS Nistar was acquired from the Soviet Union in 1969 and served until 1989
  • Raksha Rajya Mantri Shri Sanjay Seth was present at the commissioning
  • 118m ship with over 10,000 tons displacement
  • Features a 15-tonne subsea crane, supports helicopter operations, and includes medical facilities
  • Nistar is the first indigenous diving support vessel commissioned.
  • INS Nistar: First indigenously designed & constructed Diving Support Vessel
  • Commissioned in: Vizag
  • Indigenous Content: Over 80%
  • MSME Involvement: 120+ MSMEs
  • Naval Chief Admiral Dinesh K Tripathi: Described it as “more than a technological asset”
  • Enhances India's role as: 'First Responder' in regional maritime crises
  • 'Preferred Submarine Rescue Partner' for friendly nations in the Indo-Pacific
  • INS Nistar commissioned on July 18, 2025, in Visakhapatnam
  • Diving Support Vessel (DSV) designed and constructed indigenously
  • Contributions from around 120 MSMEs
  • Will enhance deep-sea rescue and maritime capabilities
  • Will monitor underwater threats
  • Will provide maritime assistance to friendly nations
  • The original INS Nistar was a submarine rescue vessel acquired from the Soviet Union in 1969 and served until 1989

Indigenous Submarine Capabilities

Focus: Developments regarding India's indigenous submarine programs, specifically the Arihant-class SSBNs and Project-76 diesel-electric submarines.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding the strategic enhancement of India's underwater naval deterrence and conventional capabilities.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-03 [Defense & Security] — INS Aridhaman Reinforces India's NFU Policy
  INS Aridhaman, the second Arihant-class submarine, reinforces India's commitment to the no-first-use (NFU) policy and credible minimum deterrence. It is being built under the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project in Visakhapatnam.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: INS Aridhaman reinforces India's NFU policy and credible minimum deterrence.

  Key Facts:

  • INS Aridhaman is the second Arihant-class submarine.
  • It has a length of 112 m (367 ft) overall, a beam of 15 m (49 ft), and a draft of 10 m (33 ft).
• 2025-11-08 [Defense & Security] — Project-76: Indigenous Diesel-Electric Submarine
  Under Project 76, the Warship Design Bureau of the Indian Navy is designing and developing the country's first indigenously conventional diesel-electric submarine, with the Indian Navy aiming to build 12 submarines under this project. These submarines are envisioned as air-independent propulsion (AIP)-equipped diesel-electric attack submarines with a submerged displacement of 3,000 tons.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Project-76: India's first indigenously designed diesel-electric submarine.

  Key Facts:

  • Project 76: Indigenous diesel-electric submarine
  • Designed and developed by Warship Design Bureau of Indian Navy
  • Indian Navy aims to build 12 submarines
  • AIP-equipped diesel-electric attack submarines
  • Submerged displacement of 3,000 tons
• 2025-08-24 [Defense & Security] — Indian Navy's 3rd Nuclear Submarine
  The Indian Navy is set to receive its third nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN), named INS Aridhaman, by the end of 2025. The submarine has completed its construction and is undergoing sea trials, strengthening India's nuclear triad capability. The INS Aridhaman will be equipped with K4 nuclear missiles, while the existing INS Arihant uses K15 missiles.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Indian Navy to receive its third nuclear submarine, INS Aridhaman.

  Key Facts:

  • Indian Navy to receive third SSBN (nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine)
  • Name: INS Aridhaman
  • Expected completion: End of 2025
  • Currently undergoing sea trials
  • Will be equipped with K4 nuclear missiles
  • Existing INS Arihant uses K15 missiles
  • INS Aridhaman is an SSBN (Submersible Ship Ballistic Nuclear)
  • 7000 ton submarine

Indigenous Defense and Aerospace Manufacturing

Focus: Establishment of manufacturing infrastructure and production lines specifically for the defense and aerospace sectors.

UPSC Value: Highlights the shift towards self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat) in strategic sectors through specific material plants and manufacturing parks.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-30 [Science & Technology] — CSIR-NAL Unveils Production Version of Hansa-3 Trainer Aircraft
  CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) has unveiled the production version of the Hansa-3 (NG) trainer aircraft. Earlier, CSIR-NAL had signed a technology transfer agreement with Pioneer Clean AMPS Pvt Limited to manufacture HANSA-3 NG in India. Pioneer has reportedly commenced manufacturing at a facility in Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: CSIR-NAL unveils production version of Hansa-3 trainer aircraft.

  Key Facts:

  • Aircraft: Hansa-3 (NG)
  • Developer: CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL)
  • Manufacturer: Pioneer Clean AMPS Pvt Limited
  • Manufacturing Location: Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh
  • Type: Two-seater trainer aircraft
  • Range: 620 nautical miles
  • Endurance: 7 hours
  • Max Speed: 98 knots calibrated airspeed (KCAS)
• 2025-10-21 [Defense & Security] — Defense Minister Inaugurates Titanium and Superalloy Materials Plant in Lucknow
  Defence Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated a ₹1,000 crore Titanium and Superalloy Materials Plant in Lucknow to boost India's self-reliance in defence and aerospace materials. The plant, a part of the Uttar Pradesh Defence Industrial Corridor, will enable domestic production for fighter jets, missiles, and satellites. A joint venture between PTC Industries and Bharat Dynamics Limited was also signed to develop propulsion systems for missiles and UAVs.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Titanium and Superalloy Materials Plant inaugurated in Lucknow.

  Key Facts:

  • Titanium and Superalloy Materials Plant inaugurated in Lucknow
  • Plant cost: ₹1,000 crore
  • Part of Uttar Pradesh Defence Industrial Corridor
  • Supports 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' vision
  • Joint venture between PTC Industries and Bharat Dynamics Limited for missile and UAV propulsion systems
• 2025-05-07 [Science & Technology] — Karnataka and IN-SPACe Partner to Establish Space Manufacturing Park and CoE
  On May 7, 2025, the Government of Karnataka and IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to establish a Space Manufacturing Park and a Centre of Excellence (CoE) in the state. This collaboration aims to boost space-related manufacturing and technological capabilities in India.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Karnataka and IN-SPACe partner to establish Space Manufacturing Park.

  Key Facts:

  • MoU signed between Karnataka and IN-SPACe on May 7, 2025
  • Establishment of Space Manufacturing Park
  • Establishment of Centre of Excellence (CoE)

Indigenous Naval Subsystems

Focus: Development of specialized indigenous technologies specifically for Indian naval and coast guard applications

UPSC Value: Highlights indigenization efforts in critical marine technologies like propulsion, underwater surveillance, and life support.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-16 [Defense & Security] — DRDO develops Man-portable Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
  On November 14, 2025, DRDO announced the development of new generation Man-portable Autonomous underwater vehicles (MP-AUVs) by the Naval Science & Technological Laboratory (NSTL), Visakhapatnam for mine countermeasure missions. The AUVs are equipped with Side Scan Sonar and Under Water cameras as primary payloads for real-time detection & classification of Mine-Like Objects.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: DRDO develops Man-portable Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (MP-AUVs).

  Key Facts:

  • DRDO
  • Naval Science & Technological Laboratory (NSTL)
  • Visakhapatnam
  • Man-portable Autonomous underwater vehicles (MP-AUVs)
  • mine countermeasure missions
  • Side Scan Sonar
  • Under Water cameras
• 2025-05-16 [Science & Technology] — DRDO Develops Membrane for Seawater Desalination
  The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) developed a high-pressure nanoporous multilayered polymeric membrane for seawater desalination. The project was carried out by Defence Materials Stores Research and Development Establishment (DMSRDE), Kanpur, under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative. This membrane is made to suit the needs of the Indian Coast Guard (ICG), especially to resist chloride ion damage in salty seawater, and will be used on Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPVs) of the Coast Guard to ensure a self-reliant supply of freshwater onboard.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: DRDO develops membrane for seawater desalination.

  Key Facts:

  • Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
  • High-pressure nanoporous multilayered polymeric membrane
  • Seawater desalination
  • Defence Materials Stores Research and Development Establishment (DMSRDE), Kanpur
  • Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative
  • Indian Coast Guard (ICG)
  • Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPVs)
  • DRDO: Defence Research and Development Organisation
  • High-pressure polymeric membrane: Developed for seawater desalination
  • Developed by: DRDO
  • Purpose: Seawater desalination
  • Type: Indigenous membrane
• 2025-04-05 [Defense & Security] — DRDO Inks Project Sanction Order for Marine Diesel Engine
  The Indian Navy and Kirloskar Oil Engines Limited signed a Project Sanction Order under the Make-I category for the Design and Development of a 6MW Medium Speed Marine Diesel Engine. The prototype diesel engine will have indigenous content of over 50% and will be developed at a cost of Rs 270 crore, with 70% funding from the Government of India. The order also includes development of detailed design for 3-10MW diesel engine.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: DRDO Inks Project Sanction Order for Marine Diesel Engine.

  Key Facts:

  • Indian Navy
  • Kirloskar Oil Engines Limited
  • 6MW Medium Speed Marine Diesel Engine
  • Rs 270 crore
  • 70% funding from the Government of India
  • Sanjeev Kumar (Secretary, Defence Production)
  • Vice Admiral Krishna Swaminathan (Vice Chief of the Naval Staff)
  • 50% indigenous content

Indian Defense Modernization and Strategic Procurement

Focus: Specific milestones in India's military hardware development, including indigenous missile and naval projects and strategic international aerospace collaborations.

UPSC Value: Relevant for GS Paper III (Indigenization of Technology) and understanding the strategic growth of India's defense manufacturing sector under the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' initiative.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-31 [Defense & Security] — President Murmu Flies Rafale Fighter Jet
  President Droupadi Murmu flew a Rafale fighter jet at Ambala Air Force Station, becoming the first Indian President to have flown in two IAF fighter aircraft. Previously, she took a sortie in a Sukhoi-30 MKI in 2023. The President's 30-minute flight covered approximately 200 kilometers, reaching speeds of 700 kilometers per hour and an altitude of 15,000 feet.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: President Murmu flies Rafale fighter jet at Ambala Air Force Station.

  Key Facts:

  • President Droupadi Murmu: Flew Rafale fighter jet
  • Location: Ambala Air Force Station
  • First Indian President: To fly two IAF fighter aircraft
  • Previous sortie: Sukhoi-30 MKI in 2023
  • Flight duration: Around 30 minutes
  • Distance covered: Approximately 200 kilometers
  • Speed: About 700 kilometers per hour
  • Altitude: Approximately 15,000 feet
  • Pilot: Group Captain Amit Gehani of the 17 Squadron
• 2025-10-21 [Defense & Security] — Brazil, Mahindra to promote aircraft for IAF
  Embraer Defence and Security of Brazil and Mahindra Group signed a Strategic Cooperation Agreement (SCA) to promote the C-390 Millenium aircraft for the Medium Transport Aircraft (MTA) program of Indian Air Force (IAF), in alignment with Government of India (GOI)'s vision of “Atmanirbhar Bharat” initiative.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Brazil, Mahindra to promote aircraft for IAF's Medium Transport Aircraft program.

  Key Facts:

  • Embraer and Mahindra Group signed Strategic Cooperation Agreement (SCA)
  • Promote C-390 Millenium aircraft for Indian Air Force (IAF)
  • For Medium Transport Aircraft (MTA) program
  • Aligned with “Atmanirbhar Bharat” initiative
• 2025-08-11 [Defense & Security] — DRDO to develop smaller Brahmos missile; Navy to commission warships
  DRDO Chairman announced development of Brahmos-NG, a smaller version of the supersonic cruise missile that can be fitted on other aircraft. The Navy is preparing for the simultaneous commissioning of two frontline warships — Udaygiri and Himgiri — on August 26 at Visakhapatnam.
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  UPSC Angle: DRDO to develop smaller Brahmos missile; Navy to commission warships.

  Key Facts:

  • DRDO: To develop Brahmos-NG (smaller version of Brahmos missile)
  • DRDO Chairman: Samir V Kamat
  • Navy: Commissioning two warships Udaygiri and Himgiri
  • Commissioning date: August 26
  • Location: Visakhapatnam
  • Project: 'Project 17A' stealth frigate programme
  • Udaygiri builder: Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL), Mumbai
  • Himgiri builder: Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata

Indigenisation of Indian Naval Auxiliary and Amphibious Fleet

Focus: The domestic construction and induction of specialized Indian Navy support vessels (ACTCM barges) and amphibious platforms (LPDs) through contracts with Indian shipyards.

UPSC Value: Highlights the progress of 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' in the defence sector and the role of domestic shipyards in strengthening naval logistics and amphibious capabilities.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-30 [Defense & Security] — MDL and SDHI Sign Agreement to Design and Construct LPDs
  Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) and Swan Defence and Heavy Industries Ltd (SDHI) have signed an exclusive Teaming Agreement to jointly design and construct Landing Platform Docks (LPDs) for the Indian Navy. The agreement was formalised during India Maritime Week 2025 in Mumbai on 28 October 2025, following approval from the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC).
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  UPSC Angle: MDL and SDHI sign agreement to design and construct LPDs.

  Key Facts:

  • Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) and Swan Defence and Heavy Industries Ltd (SDHI) signed agreement
  • To jointly design and construct Landing Platform Docks (LPDs) for the Indian Navy
  • Agreement formalised during India Maritime Week 2025 in Mumbai on 28 October 2025
  • Follows approval from the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC)
• 2025-10-19 [Defense & Security] — ACTCM Barge LSAM 25 Enhances Navy Logistics
  ACTCM Barge LSAM 25 enhances Navy logistics by supporting the transport, embarkation, and disembarkation of ammunition at both jetties and outer harbors. It was built by MSME shipyard M/s Suryadipta Projects Pvt. Ltd., Thane, under Ministry of Defence contract. The ACTCM series highlights India's increasing defence indigenisation, aligning with the Make in India and Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiatives.
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  UPSC Angle: ACTCM Barge LSAM 25 enhances Navy logistics.

  Key Facts:

  • ACTCM Barge LSAM 25
  • Enhances Navy logistics
  • Built by: M/s Suryadipta Projects Pvt. Ltd., Thane
  • Ministry of Defence contract
  • Aligns with: Make in India, Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiatives
• 2025-03-12 [Defense & Security] — Induction of Ammunition Cum Torpedo Cum Missile (ACTCM) Barge
  The induction ceremony of the ninth Ammunition Cum Torpedo Cum Missile (ACTCM) Barge, LSAM 23 (Yard 133), took place at Naval Dockyard, Mumbai. The contract for constructing and delivering eleven ACTCM Barges was concluded with M/s Suryadipta Projects Pvt. Ltd., Thane, on 05 Mar 21. Eight ACTCM Barges have already been delivered, and the shipyard has also been awarded a contract for constructing and delivering four Sullage Barges to the Indian Navy.
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  UPSC Angle: Induction of Ammunition Cum Torpedo Cum Missile (ACTCM) Barge.

  Key Facts:

  • Induction of ninth Ammunition Cum Torpedo Cum Missile (ACTCM) Barge, LSAM 23 (Yard 133)
  • Held at Naval Dockyard, Mumbai on March 12, 2025
  • Contract for construction and delivery of eleven ACTCM Barges concluded with M/s Suryadipta Projects Pvt. Ltd., Thane on March 5, 2021
  • Eight ACTCM Barges already delivered
  • Shipyard awarded contract for construction and delivery of four Sullage Barges to the Indian Navy
  • Cmde Manish Vig, GM (QA), ND (Mbi) was the Chief Guest