India's Strategic Atmanirbharta Ecosystem: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

The ecosystem has transitioned from 'Import Substitution' to 'Design-Led Manufacturing,' moving beyond the traditional 'Buyer-Seller' dynamic to deep industrial co-production. India is successfully breaking the public-sector monopoly by integrating private giants (Tata, L&T, Bharat Forge) and startups (Skyroot, Agnikul) into the core strategic infrastructure. With defence production hitting ₹1.27 lakh crore (FY24) and projected at ₹1.54 lakh crore (FY25), the focus is now on the 'Triple-Helix' of innovation: Administrative Reform (Navratna autonomy), Private Participation (iDEX), and International Synergy (Indo-French & US iCET partnerships).

Cross-Theme Insight

The 'Atmanirbharta' narrative is no longer just about 'making in India' but 'designing for the world.' This is evidenced by the shift in export strategy: India is not just exporting components but entire platforms like the Pinaka Multi-Barrel Rocket System (Armenia), BrahMos (Philippines), and WhAP (Morocco). The synergy between the Space and Defence sectors is tightening, where private launch vehicles like Vikram-1 and SSLV commercialization are becoming critical for India's tactical 'Space-based Intelligence' capabilities.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks (e.g., Nitin Singhania, p. 382) list 14 Navratnas as of 2021; however, the list has expanded to 25+ including IRCTC, IRFC, and RVNL (CAPF 2023). While older Geography texts focus on ISRO’s GSLV failures, current developments highlight the 100% success rate of recent commercial PSLV launches and the emergence of 'Small Satellite Launch Vehicles' (SSLV) specifically designed for the private sector. Furthermore, textbooks still cite 49% FDI in defence, whereas current policy permits up to 74% via the automatic route.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The theme has evolved from 'Platform Assembly' (2014-2019) to 'Sub-system Indigenization' (2020-2024) and is now entering the 'AI & Autonomous Systems' phase (2025-2030). The trajectory moves towards 100% domestic sourcing for precision-guided munitions (Sudarshan Chakra) and the creation of a private-led space-launch market to complement ISRO's heavy-lift focus.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

UPSC increasingly tests the *administrative and technical depth* of the sector. Recent exams have shifted from identifying PSUs (CDS 2007) to matching specific PSLV missions (CDS-I 2025: PSLV-C60 SPADEX) and understanding the criteria for CPSE status (CAPF 2023: Rail Vikas Nigam). Prelims 2018 emphasized the technical difference between PSLV (Earth observation) and GSLV (Communication).

Probable Prelims Angles

• Criteria for Navratna status: Requirement of 'Miniratna Category-I' and a composite score of 60/100 based on 6 parameters.
• Distinction between SSLV (Small Satellite Launch Vehicle) and PSLV: Payload capacity and turnaround time.
• Identification of 'Positive Indigenisation Lists' (PIL): Items like 'Zorawar' Light Tank or 'Sudarshan Chakra' LGB kits.
• Export milestones: First major export of BrahMos to Philippines and Pinaka to Armenia.
• FDI Limits: 74% (Automatic) vs 100% (Government route) in Defence.

Mains Answer Framework

• With defence exports reaching a record ₹21,083 crore in FY24 and production targets of ₹1.54 lakh crore for FY25, India's strategic sector is shifting from 'Strategic Autonomy' to 'Strategic Influence'.
• Policy Catalysts: Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020, Srijan Portal, and Positive Indigenisation Lists.. Private Integration: Case studies of Skyroot (Space) and Bharat Forge (Ammunition exports).. Strategic Partnerships: The Indo-French roadmap for 2047 and the US-India iCET (GE jet engine deal).
• Conclude with the 'Make from India' philosophy, linking indigenization to economic resilience and long-term national security.

Preparation Strategy

Key Connections

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (15 themes, 56 news items)

Deepening Indo-French Aerospace Ecosystem

Focus: Specific expansion of the Rafale and Safran aerospace partnership beyond just the SCALP missile deal.

UPSC Value: Highlights the strategic depth of the India-France defence relationship, covering naval jets, engines, and historical context.

8 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-21 [Defense & Security] — India to Purchase Additional Rafale Jets and P-8A Poseidon Aircraft
  The Indian Defence Ministry has approved the purchase of 114 additional Rafale fighter jets from France for €30 billion, with 90 to be built in India, and additional P-8A Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft from the United States. This move aims to bolster India's air defense and maritime surveillance capabilities, aligning with the 'Make in India' initiative.
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  UPSC Angle: India to purchase additional Rafale Jets and P-8A Poseidon.

  Key Facts:

  • India will purchase 114 additional Rafale fighter jets from France for €30 billion.
  • 90 of the Rafale jets will be built in India.
  • India will purchase additional P-8A Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft from the United States.
• 2026-02-19 [Defense & Security] — France to Supply India with HELMA-P Anti-Drone Laser
  France will supply India with the HELMA-P anti-drone laser system, strengthening the strategic defence partnership between the two countries. The HELMA-P deal signifies a broader shift in India's geopolitical alignments, diversifying its defense partnerships beyond traditional reliance on Russian-made weapons. This collaboration is expected to pave the way for further defense and security agreements in the future.
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  UPSC Angle: France to supply India with HELMA-P anti-drone laser.

  Key Facts:

  • France will supply India with the HELMA-P anti-drone laser.
  • The HELMA-P deal strengthens the France-India defense partnership.
• 2026-02-17 [Defense & Security] — India Approves Rafale Jet Procurement from France
  The Defence Acquisition Council approved procuring 114 Rafale fighter jets from France, with 90 to be manufactured in India, ahead of President Macron's visit. The deal, estimated at INR 3.25 trillion (around $36 billion), is part of India's initiative to modernize its Air Force and boost indigenous defence manufacturing. The India-France defence dialogue in Bengaluru will focus on industrial collaboration and renewing defence cooperation.
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  UPSC Angle: India approves Rafale jet procurement from France, with local manufacturing.

  Key Facts:

  • 114 Rafale fighter jets procurement approved
  • 90 jets to be manufactured in India
  • Deal estimated at INR 3.25 trillion (around $36 billion)
  • Defence Acquisition Council approval chaired by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh
  • 6th India-France defence dialogue in Bengaluru
• 2026-02-15 [Defense & Security] — India to Order 31 Additional Rafale M Jets
  India plans to order 31 additional carrier-based Rafale M fighters for its aircraft carriers, in addition to the 114 aircraft planned under the MRFA program and the 26 new Rafale M fighters ordered for the Navy in 2025. If finalized, the total number of Rafale jets ordered by India will increase to 145. This procurement underscores the strategic military and political ties between India and France.
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  UPSC Angle: India to order 31 additional Rafale M jets.

  Key Facts:

  • India plans to purchase 31 additional carrier-based Rafale M fighters.
  • In 2025, India ordered 26 new Rafale M fighters for the Navy.
  • In 2016, the governments of India and France signed an intergovernmental agreement for the supply of 36 multirole fighter jets for €7.87 billion.
• 2026-02-05 [Defense & Security] — India Nears Approval for Rafale Jet Acquisition
  India is nearing approval of a deal to acquire 114 French-made Rafale fighter jets for approximately ₹3.25 lakh crore. The proposal, part of the Indian Air Force's Multi-Role Fighter Aircraft (MRFA) programme, is expected to be discussed by the Defence Ministry and could be cleared ahead of French President Emmanuel Macron's visit to Delhi later this month. The acquisition aims to enhance the Indian Air Force's combat capabilities and boost domestic aerospace manufacturing under the 'Make in India' initiative.
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  UPSC Angle: India nears approval for Rafale jet acquisition.

  Key Facts:

  • India is set to purchase 114 Rafale F4 multirole fighters from France.
  • The deal is estimated at Rs 3.25 lakh crore.
  • The deal falls under the Indian Air Force's Multi-Role Fighter Aircraft (MRFA) programme.
  • The planned fleet has 88 single-seat aircraft and 26 twin-seat trainer variants.
  • India already operates 36 Rafale 'C' variant jets.
  • India has placed an order for 26 Rafale-M naval variants worth ₹63,000 crore.
• 2025-11-26 [Defense & Security] — India-France Armaments Agreement
  India previously ordered a precision-guided weapon system, along with other armaments, from France to equip its Rafale fighter jets in 2020 during standoff with China in eastern Ladakh. It is known for its high accuracy and modular design, making it adaptable for multiple platforms, including the Rafale and Light Combat Aircraft Tejas.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Ordered from: France
  • Year of order: 2020
  • Use: Equip Rafale fighter jets
  • Features: high accuracy, modular design
• 2025-11-14 [Defense & Security] — India and France partner for jet engine development
  India has partnered with France's Safran to manufacture jet engines for next-generation combat aircraft.
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  UPSC Angle: India and France partner for jet engine development.

  Key Facts:

  • India partners with France's Safran to manufacture jet engines
  • For next-generation combat aircraft
• 2025-04-10 [Defense & Security] — Centre approves deal for Rafale-M jets
  The Indian government has approved a ₹63,000-crore deal with France for procuring 26 Rafale-M jets, enhancing India's defense capabilities.
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  UPSC Angle: India approves deal for 26 Rafale-M jets from France.

  Key Facts:

  • Deal approved for ₹63,000 crore
  • Procuring 26 Rafale-M jets
  • Supplier country: France
  • ₹63,000-crore deal
  • 26 Rafale-M jets
  • France

Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) Strategic Expansion

Focus: A series of contracts, orders, and Joint Ventures specifically involving Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) for radars and avionics.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the central role of key DPSUs like BEL in indigenizing critical defence electronics and reducing import dependence.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-21 [Defense & Security] — BEL and SASMOS sign MoU to strengthen defence indigenization
  Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) and SASMOS signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to collaborate on advanced defence technologies.The collaboration aims to enhance India's aerospace and defence capabilities while expanding the global export potential of Make in India products and systems and contributing meaningfully to India's vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat and Viksit Bharat 2047.
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  UPSC Angle: BEL and SASMOS sign MoU to strengthen defence indigenization.

  Key Facts:

  • BEL and SASMOS signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to collaborate on advanced defence technologies.
  • The strategic partnership is aligned with the Government of India's Atmanirbhar Bharat mission and focuses on co-development and co-indigenization in key technology domains, including, Fibre Optics & Photonics, Tank Electronics, Naval Systems & Airborne Platforms.
  • The collaboration aims to enhance India's aerospace and defence capabilities while expanding the global export potential of Make in India products and systems and contributing meaningfully to India's vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat and Viksit Bharat 2047.
• 2025-11-25 [Defense & Security] — India's Defence Manufacturing Boost: BEL & Safran JV for HAMMER Weapons
  Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) and France's Safran Electronics & Defence have partnered to manufacture HAMMER smart precision-guided air-to-ground weapons in India, supporting the country's defence indigenization efforts. The joint venture aims to enhance self-reliance, reduce import dependence, and foster advanced defence technology collaboration between India and France.
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  UPSC Angle: BEL & Safran JV to manufacture HAMMER weapons in India.

  Key Facts:

  • Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL): Signed joint venture agreement
  • Safran Electronics & Defence (SED): Signed joint venture agreement
  • HAMMER: precision-guided air-to-ground weapon system
  • Shareholding: 50:50 joint venture company
  • Aero India 2025: Memorandum of understanding signed
  • HAMMER: precision-guided air-to-ground weapon
  • HAMMER (Highly Agile Modular Munition Extended Range): smart, precision-guided, air-to-ground weapon
  • Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) and Safran Electronics & Defence signed an agreement.
  • The agreement is for production of HAMMER smart precision-guided air-to-ground weapons in India.
  • The agreement formalizes a Joint Venture private limited company with 50:50 shareholding.
  • HAMMER stands for Highly Agile Modular Munition Extended Range.
• 2025-03-28 [Defense & Security] — BEL, MoD Ink ₹2,906 Cr Deal for LLTR 'Ashwini'
  Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) signed a contract with the Ministry of Defence (MoD) for ₹2,906 crore to acquire Low-Level Transportable Radar (LLTR) 'Ashwini,' enhancing India's defense technology.
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  UPSC Angle: BEL, MoD ink ₹2,906 Cr deal for LLTR 'Ashwini'.

  Key Facts:

  • Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) signed a ₹2,906 crore contract with the Ministry of Defence (MoD).
  • Acquisition of Low-Level Transportable Radar (LLTR) Ashwini.
• 2025-03-13 [Defense & Security] — BEL to procure Low-level Transportable Radar (Ashwini) for IAF
  The Ministry of Defence has signed a capital acquisition contract with Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), Ghaziabad, for procuring Low-level Transportable Radar, LLTR (Ashwini), for the Indian Air Force at a cost of ₹2,906 crore. The radar is indigenously designed and developed by the Electronics & Radar Development Establishment, DRDO. The contract was signed on March 12, 2025, in the presence of Defence Secretary Shri Rajesh Kumar Singh.
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  UPSC Angle: BEL to procure Low-level Transportable Radar (Ashwini) for IAF.

  Key Facts:

  • Contract signed with Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) for Low-level Transportable Radar (Ashwini)
  • Cost of procurement: Rs 2,906 crore
  • Radar is for the Indian Air Force (IAF)
  • Radar is indigenously designed and developed by Electronics & Radar Development Establishment, DRDO
  • Contract signed on March 12, 2025
  • Defence Secretary Shri Rajesh Kumar Singh was present at the signing
• 2025-03-08 [Defense & Security] — BEL Receives New Orders Worth ₹577 Crore
  Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), a Defence Public Sector Undertaking, announced that it has received new orders totaling ₹577 crore. This development strengthens BEL's position in the defence sector and contributes to India's indigenous defence capabilities.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)
  • New orders
  • ₹577 crore

FY25 Domestic Defence Production and Export Surge

Focus: Reports tracking the specific milestone of ₹1.54 lakh crore in defence production and ₹23,622 crore in exports for FY 2024-25.

UPSC Value: Provides concrete data points for the success of 'Make in India' in the defence sector for answer writing.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-21 [Defense & Security] — Nagpur Ammunition Facility & Guided Pinaka Rocket Export
  The Defence Minister flagged off the first export tranche of Guided Pinaka rockets to Armenia from the Nagpur Ammunition Facility. India's defence production reached ₹1.54 lakh crore in FY 2024–25, with the private sector contributing around 23%.
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  UPSC Angle: India exported Guided Pinaka rockets to Armenia from Nagpur facility.

  Key Facts:

  • First export tranche of Guided Pinaka rockets to Armenia
  • Defence production value in FY 2024–25: ₹1.54 lakh crore
  • Rise of about 18% from the previous financial year
  • Private sector contribution: around 23% of total domestic defence production
• 2026-01-21 [Economy] — India's Rising Defense Production
  India's defense production reached ₹1.54 lakh crore in FY 2024-25, marking an 18% increase from the previous year. The private sector contributes approximately 23% of the total domestic defense production. India aims to increase annual defense production to ₹3 lakh crore by 2029 and boost private-sector participation to over 50%.
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  UPSC Angle: India's defense production reached ₹1.54 lakh crore in FY25.

  Key Facts:

  • Target for annual defence production by 2029: ₹3 lakh crore
  • Target for private-sector participation: over 50% in the near future
  • Defense production value of ₹1.54 lakh crore in FY 2024–25
  • 18% rise in defense production from the previous financial year
  • Private sector contributes around 23% of total domestic defense production
  • Target to raise annual defense production to ₹3 lakh crore by 2029
  • Target to boost private-sector participation to over 50%
• 2025-11-21 [Economy] — India's Defence Production and Exports Reach Record Highs
  India's defence sector is experiencing unprecedented growth, with production reaching ₹1.54 lakh crore in FY 2024-25 and exports hitting ₹23,622 crore, a significant increase from less than ₹1,000 crore in 2014. The government is aiming for ₹3 lakh crore in production and ₹50,000 crore in exports by 2029. Reforms like DAP 2020 and DPM 2025 have facilitated faster procurement and increased domestic contracting.
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  UPSC Angle: India's defence production reached ₹1.54 lakh crore in FY25.

  Key Facts:

  • India's defence production reached ₹1.54 lakh crore in FY 2024-25.
  • Defence exports climbed to ₹23,622 crore in FY 2024-25.
  • Target is ₹3 lakh crore production and ₹50,000 crore exports by 2029.
  • Indigenous defence manufacturing reached ₹1,27,434 crore in FY 2023-24.
  • Highest-ever defence production of ₹1.54 lakh crore in India during 2024-25.
  • Defence exports of ₹23,622 crore in 2024-25.
  • Government aims for defence manufacturing of three lakh crore rupees.
  • Defence budget increased to ₹6.81 lakh crore in 2025-26.
  • Defence production reached ₹1.54 lakh crore in FY 2024–25
  • Defence exports hit ₹23,622 crore
  • Government targets ₹3 lakh crore production and ₹50,000 crore exports by 2029
  • DAP 2020 + DPM 2025 reforms resulted in faster procurement and increased domestic contracting
• 2025-08-13 [Economy] — Defense Production Reaches Record High
  In FY 2024–25, India's annual defense production reached a record high of ₹1,50,590 crore, marking an 18% increase from the previous fiscal year. Defence exports have also reached new heights, totaling ₹23,622 crore in FY 2024–25, a 12.04% increase.
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  UPSC Angle: Defense production reaches record high; increased exports.

  Key Facts:

  • Defence production: Rs. 1.51 lakh crore in FY25 (18% increase over FY24; 90% increase since FY20)
  • DPSUs contributed 77%, and the Private Sector contributed 23% to the production
  • Defence exports: Rs. 23,622 crore in FY25 (up 12.04% from previous year)
  • Annual defence production: ₹1,50,590 crore in FY25 (18% increase)
  • Defence exports: ₹23,622 crore in FY25 (12.04% increase)
  • Public Sector accounted for approximately 77% of the total production
  • Private sector's share rose to 23%
  • Defence exports: ₹23,622 crore in FY 2024–25
  • Increase: 12.04% over the previous fiscal year
  • Target: ₹3 lakh crore in defence production by 2029
  • Annual defence production reached ₹1,50,590 crore in FY25
  • 18% increase from the previous fiscal year’s ₹1.27 lakh crore
  • 90% growth since FY 2019–20 (₹79,071 crore)
  • DPSUs contributed 77%
  • Private Sector contributed 23%
  • Defence exports reached a record ₹23,622 crore in FY25 (up 12.04% from previous year)
• 2025-07-17 [Economy] — India's Defence Export Growth
  India's defence exports have seen significant growth, rising from ₹686 crore in 2013-14 to ₹23,622 crore in 2024-25, with private companies contributing approximately 65% of the total export value. Key export items include BrahMos, Akash, UAVs, artillery, and radars, with major importers being the USA, France, and Armenia.
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  UPSC Angle: India's defence exports rise significantly, private companies contribute 65%.

  Key Facts:

  • Defence exports: ₹23,622 crore (2024-25)
  • Private sector share: ~65% (₹15,233 crore)
  • Major export items: BrahMos, Akash, UAVs, artillery, radars
  • Major importers: USA, France, Armenia

Private Sector Integration in Defence Manufacturing

Focus: Procurement contracts specifically awarded to Indian private sector entities (Nibe, Bharat Forge, Mahindra) rather than solely DPSUs.

UPSC Value: Highlights the structural shift in India's defence ecosystem from PSU monopoly to active private sector participation under Atmanirbhar Bharat.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-03 [Defense & Security] — India signs contracts worth Rs 802 cr. for defense equipment procurement
  India has signed contracts worth Rs 802 cr. for defense equipment procurement The BOM Wagons and MMME will be produced with equipment and sub-systems sourced from indigenous manufacturers, giving a boost to the indigenous manufacturing and participation of the private sector in defense production, realizing the vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat.
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  UPSC Angle: India signs contracts worth Rs 802 cr for defense equipment.

  Key Facts:

  • Contracts worth Rs 802 cr signed
  • Contracts are for BOM Wagons and MMME equipment
  • The BOM Wagons and MMME will be produced with equipment and sub-systems sourced from indigenous manufacturers
  • These contracts reflect India's dedication to boosting its defense capabilities through the procurement of advanced equipment, emphasizing indigenous production, and fostering collaboration with the private sector
• 2026-01-03 [Defense & Security] — Suryastra MLRS Procurement Contract Signed
  A major procurement contract for the Suryastra Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) was signed on January 3, 2026, between the Ministry of Defence and Pune-based Nibe Limited, marking a significant step in operationalizing the system within the Indian Army and boosting India's long-range firepower. The system will be showcased for the first time during India's 77th Republic Day Parade on January 26, 2026.
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  UPSC Angle: Procurement contract signed for Suryastra Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS).

  Key Facts:

  • Procurement contract signed on: January 3, 2026
  • Parties: Ministry of Defence and Nibe Limited
  • System: Suryastra Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS)
  • Value: USD 32.593 million (around INR 293 crore)
  • Location of Nibe Limited: Pune
  • First public appearance: 77th Republic Day Parade, January 26, 2026
  • Suryastra is a universal multiple launch rocket system capable of firing rockets of multiple calibres from a single launcher platform
  • Mounted on an indigenously produced Tatra T815 6×6 high-mobility vehicle manufactured in India by BELM
  • Rockets with a maximum range of 150 km and 300 km and loitering munitions with 100 km range ammunition included
• 2026-01-02 [Defense & Security] — Defence Procurement Contracts Signed
  The Ministry of Defence signed defence procurement contracts worth ₹4,666 crore for Close Quarter Battle (CQB) Carbines for the Indian Army and Navy, and Heavyweight Torpedoes for the Indian Navy. The contract for CQB Carbines is worth ₹2,770 crore and will be fulfilled by Bharat Forge Limited and PLR Systems Pvt. Ltd. The contract for Heavy Weight Torpedoes is worth ₹1,896 crore with WASS Submarine Systems S.R.L. (Italy) for 48 torpedoes.
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  UPSC Angle: Defence procurement contracts signed for carbines and heavyweight torpedoes.

  Key Facts:

  • Total Value: ₹4,666 crore
  • CQB Carbines Contract: ₹2,770 crore
  • CQB Carbines Manufacturers: Bharat Forge Limited and PLR Systems Pvt. Ltd.
  • Heavy Weight Torpedoes Contract: ₹1,896 crore
  • Heavy Weight Torpedoes Supplier: WASS Submarine Systems S.R.L. (Italy)
  • Torpedoes Quantity: 48
  • Ministry of Defence (MoD) signed two defence procurement contracts worth ₹4,666 crore
  • More than 4.25 lakh CQB Carbines for IA and IN
  • Bharat Forge Limited will manufacture 60% of the carbines
  • PLR Systems Pvt. Ltd. will manufacture remaining 40% of carbines
  • 48 Heavy Weight Torpedoes for IN
  • Contract signed with WASS Submarine Systems S.R.L. (Italy)
  • Defence procurement contracts worth ₹4,666 crore signed
  • Acquisition of Close Quarter Battle (CQB) Carbines
  • CQB Carbine designed by DRDO's ARDE, Pune
  • CQB Carbine manufactured by Bharat Forge Ltd
• 2025-03-28 [Defense & Security] — Light Specialist Vehicles Procurement
  On March 27, 2025, the Ministry of Defence contracted with Force Motors Limited and Mahindra & Mahindra Limited to purchase approximately 5,000 Light Specialist Vehicles (LSVs) to enhance the Indian Army's mobility across various terrains.
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  UPSC Angle: MoD contracts for 5,000 Light Specialist Vehicles (LSVs).

  Key Facts:

  • Ministry of Defence signed contracts on March 27, 2025
  • Contracts with Force Motors Limited and Mahindra & Mahindra Limited
  • Purchase of approximately 5,000 Light Specialist Vehicles (LSVs)
  • LSVs can operate in harsh ground conditions
  • Capacity of 800 kg
  • Designed to replace old utility vehicles

Indian Launch Vehicle Developments (2025-2026)

Focus: Updates on the operational status and development of India's diverse launch vehicle fleet, including PSLV, SSLV, and RLV.

UPSC Value: Tracks the evolving capabilities, commercialization (SSLV), and reliability challenges (PSLV failure) of India's launch sector.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-13 [Science & Technology] — ISRO's PSLV-C62 Mission Experiences Anomaly During Third Stage
  ISRO's first launch of 2026, the PSLV-C62 mission, failed to place its 16 satellites into the intended orbit due to a third-stage malfunction, marking the second consecutive failure of the PSLV rocket. The mission carried the EOS-N1 earth observation satellite and 15 co-passenger satellites. PSLV is the third-generation launch vehicle of India and is called the 'workhorse of ISRO'.
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  UPSC Angle: ISRO's PSLV-C62 mission failed due to third-stage malfunction.

  Key Facts:

  • PSLV-C62 mission failed to place 16 satellites into intended orbit
  • Anomaly occurred during the third stage (PS3)
  • Second consecutive PSLV failure after PSLV-C61 in May 2025
  • PSLV-C62 mission failed due to a third-stage malfunction
  • Mission carried EOS-N1 satellite and 15 co-passenger satellites
  • Second consecutive failure of PSLV rocket
  • Launched on January 12, 2026, at 10:17 AM from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota
  • PSLV-C62 mission failed to achieve orbit
  • Second consecutive failure of the PSLV
  • Third stage malfunction critical
• 2026-01-12 [Science & Technology] — OrbitAid's AyulSAT Demonstrates In-Orbit Propellant Transfer
  OrbitAid Aerospace, a Chennai-based Indian space startup, launched AyulSAT through ISRO's PSLV-C62 mission to demonstrate in-orbit propellant transfer and docking readiness. The aim is to enable satellite life-extension, servicing, and reduction of space debris, laying the foundation of an on-orbit space economy.
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  UPSC Angle: OrbitAid's AyulSAT demonstrates in-orbit propellant transfer.

  Key Facts:

  • Developed by OrbitAid Aerospace (Chennai)
  • Launched through ISRO's PSLV-C62 mission
  • Demonstrates in-orbit propellant transfer and docking readiness
  • Aims to enable satellite life-extension, servicing, and reduction of space debris
• 2025-06-22 [Science & Technology] — HAL to build ISRO launch vehicles after tech transfer
  Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) won a bid to commercialize ISRO's smallest rocket, SSLV, with technology transfer occurring over the next two years, which will boost the private sector in space. HAL will manufacture at least two SSLVs end-to-end while observing ISRO's procedure, and can start commercial launches in August 2027. SSLV is cost-effective and can carry up to 500 kg payload to low-Earth orbit.
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  UPSC Angle: HAL to build ISRO launch vehicles after tech transfer.

  Key Facts:

  • Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) won a bid to commercialize ISRO's smallest rocket, SSLV
  • Technology transfer will occur over the next two years
  • HAL will manufacture at least two SSLVs end-to-end
  • HAL can start commercial launches in August 2027
  • SSLV can carry up to 500 kg payload to low-Earth orbit
• 2025-04-23 [Science & Technology] — ISRO Reusable Launch Vehicle Test
  The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) announced the successful test of its reusable launch vehicle, marking a significant step in low-cost space missions.
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  UPSC Angle: ISRO successfully tested its reusable launch vehicle.

  Key Facts:

  • ISRO
  • Reusable launch vehicle
  • Low-cost space missions

Granting of 'Miniratna' Status to Defence PSUs

Focus: A specific administrative pattern where the government grants 'Miniratna' Category-I status to various Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) to enhance their financial autonomy.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the post-corporatization strategy for the Ordnance Factory Board units, focusing on professionalization and operational independence of DPSUs.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-03 [Defense & Security] — Yantra India Limited Granted 'Miniratna' Status
  Defence Minister Rajnath Singh approved 'Miniratna' Category-I status for Yantra India Limited (YIL), allowing YIL's board to independently approve capital expenditure of up to ₹500 crore for modernization and new projects. This decision aims to strengthen domestic defence manufacturing and align with the 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' initiative.
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  UPSC Angle: Yantra India Limited granted 'Miniratna' Category-I status.

  Key Facts:

  • Yantra India Limited (YIL) granted 'Miniratna' Category-I status
  • YIL board can independently approve capital expenditure of up to ₹500 crore
  • Decision aligns with 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' initiative
• 2025-10-19 [Economy] — Hindustan Shipyard Receives Mini Ratna Status
  Hindustan Shipyard has been granted the Mini Ratna status in October 2025.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Hindustan Shipyard granted Mini Ratna status in October 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • Hindustan Shipyard
  • Mini Ratna status
  • October 2025
• 2025-05-31 [Defense & Security] — Miniratna Status to MIL, AVNL and IOL
  Union Minister Rajnath Singh approved the grant of 'Miniratna' Category-I status to 3 Indian Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs): Munitions India Limited (MIL), Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited (AVNL), and India Optel Limited (IOL).
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Miniratna Status to MIL, AVNL and IOL.

  Key Facts:

  • MIL, AVNL, and IOL granted 'Miniratna' Category-I status.

Operational and Administrative Developments at Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)

Focus: Organizational, operational, and leadership updates concerning Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), India's primary aerospace defense PSU.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding the management and strategic initiatives of India's key defense PSUs under the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' framework.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-31 [Economy] — HAL Appoints Kota Ravi as CMD
  Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) appointed Kota Ravi as its new Chairman and Managing Director (CMD). He will succeed Dr. D.K. Sunil who will retire in April 2026.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) appointed Kota Ravi as its new Chairman and Managing Director (CMD).
  • He will succeed Dr. D.K. Sunil who will retire in April 2026.
• 2025-10-29 [Defense & Security] — Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) signs agreement for SJ-100 civilian aircraft
  Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and Russian company, Aircraft Corporation, signed an agreement to develop the SJ-100 civilian aircraft, which will have two engines and a narrow body, for short routes. HAL will have the right to manufacture the aircraft for domestic customers. India plans to induct approximately 200 jets in this category in the next 10 years and manufacture 350 aircraft for the Indian Ocean Region.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: HAL signs agreement for SJ-100 civilian aircraft development.

  Key Facts:

  • HAL: Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
  • Russian Aircraft Corporation: Partner company
  • SJ-100: Name of the civilian aircraft
  • Two engines, narrow body: Specifications of the aircraft
  • 200 jets: Planned induction in the next 10 years
  • 350 aircraft: Planned manufacturing for the Indian Ocean Region
• 2025-08-14 [Defense & Security] — HAL Conducts Tests on Dhruv ALH to Fix Flaws
  Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) has conducted extensive tests on the Dhruv Advanced Light Helicopters (ALH) in a maritime setting off the Visakhapatnam coast to identify and fix flaws in helicopters operated by the navy and coast guard. The tests, which lasted for two weeks, involved operating the ALH from warships in various weather conditions. The data collected is being analyzed at the Rotary Wing Research & Design Centre, and the findings will be submitted to the defect investigation cell (DIC).
  More details

  UPSC Angle: HAL conducts tests on Dhruv ALH to fix flaws.

  Key Facts:

  • HAL conducted tests on Dhruv ALH off Visakhapatnam coast for two weeks
  • Tests involved operating ALH from warships in different weather conditions
  • Data being analyzed at Rotary Wing Research & Design Centre
  • Findings to be submitted to the defect investigation cell (DIC)
  • DIC includes officials from CEMILAC, Directorate General of Aeronautical Quality Assurance and HAL
  • Indian Institute of Science (IISc) involved to perform fatigue testing of a critical part in the helicopter's transmission system

Private Sector Defense Modernization Contracts

Focus: Recent contracts awarded specifically to Indian private sector firms (L&T, MKU, BFL) for upgrading or supplying critical defense systems.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the growing role of the private sector in India's defense ecosystem and the operationalization of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' in defense manufacturing.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-22 [Defense & Security] — Aerospace Division of BFL Secures Contracts Worth Rs 300 Crore
  The aerospace division of BFL secured contracts worth Rs 300 crore under EP-VI to supply indigenous unmanned systems (ISR and loitering munitions) to the Indian Army and Navy. ISR platforms include Omega One and Omega Nine ISR drones, while loitering munitions include Bayonet and Cleaver.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: BFL secures contracts for indigenous unmanned systems for Army/Navy.

  Key Facts:

  • BFL secured contracts worth Rs 300 crore under EP-VI.
  • Supply of indigenous unmanned systems (ISR and loitering munitions) to the IA and IN.
  • ISR Platforms: Omega One, Omega Nine ISR drones.
  • Loitering Munitions: Bayonet and Cleaver.
• 2026-01-11 [Defense & Security] — L&T to Upgrade Indian Army's Pinaka MLRS
  Larsen and Toubro (L&T) signed a contract with the Indian Army (IA), awarded by the Corps of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers (EME), to overhaul, upgrade and provide long-term support for the IA's Pinaka Multiple Launcher Rocket Systems (MLRS). Under the contract, L&T will overhaul existing launchers, upgrade obsolete components, modernize command and control elements, provide lifecycle support, and quality assurance and training.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: L&T to upgrade Indian Army's Pinaka MLRS.

  Key Facts:

  • L&T contract to upgrade Pinaka MLRS
  • Contract awarded by Corps of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers (EME)
  • L&T will overhaul launchers, upgrade components, modernize command and control, provide lifecycle support, quality assurance, and training
• 2025-10-17 [Defense & Security] — Ministry of Defence Signs Contract for Night Sights for Indian Army
  The Ministry of Defence signed a ₹659.47 crore contract with a consortium of MKU Ltd and Medbit Technologies Pvt Ltd for Night Sight (Image Intensifier) devices for 7.62x51mm Assault Rifles of the Indian Army. The new sights will enhance the SIG 716 Rifle's effective range up to 500 metres.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Defence ministry signs contract for night sights for Indian Army.

  Key Facts:

  • Ministry of Defence
  • ₹659.47 crore
  • MKU Ltd
  • Medbit Technologies Pvt Ltd
  • Night Sight (Image Intensifier) devices
  • 7.62x51mm Assault Rifles
  • Indian Army
  • SIG 716 Rifle
  • 500 metres

Evolution of India's Indigenous Launch Capabilities

Focus: Developments in India's launch vehicle sector, contrasting the testing and unveiling of the private Vikram-1 rocket with the continued operations of ISRO's PSLV.

UPSC Value: Highlights the diversification of India's strategic space capabilities through the coexistence of public (ISRO) and private (Skyroot) launch providers.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-12 [Science & Technology] — India's space program
  Jawaharlal Nehru Planetarium Director B.R. Guruprasad told ANI that January 12, 2026, marks India's first launch of the year. The PSLV is among the most reliable launch vehicles in the world and has earlier carried missions such as Chandrayaan-1, Mangalyaan and Aditya-L1. This will be the 64th PSLV launch.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: PSLV is a reliable launch vehicle.

  Key Facts:

  • India's first launch of the year is on January 12, 2026.
  • This will be the 64th PSLV launch.
• 2025-11-29 [Science & Technology] — India's First Private Orbital-Class Launch Vehicle: Vikram-I
  Vikram-I, developed by Skyroot Aerospace, is India's first privately-built orbital-class rocket capable of launching satellites into Earth orbit. Named after Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, it produces 1,200 kN of thrust using an all-carbon composite structure. The design emphasizes simplicity, reliability, and the ability to launch within 24 hours from any location.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Vikram-I: India's first private orbital-class launch vehicle by Skyroot Aerospace.

  Key Facts:

  • Rocket: Vikram-I
  • Developer: Skyroot Aerospace, a Hyderabad-based private space start-up
  • Type: India's first privately-built orbital-class rocket
  • Thrust: 1,200 kN
  • Features: all-carbon composite structure, designed for simplicity and reliability
• 2025-04-09 [Science & Technology] — Skyroot Aerospace's Vikram-1 Satellite Launch Vehicle
  Hyderabad-based Skyroot Aerospace Private Limited is developing the Vikram-1, India's first privately built orbital rocket. The project is supported by ISRO and IN-SPACE under the Department of Space (DoS), Government of India (GoI). The launch of 'Kalam-300,' the fifth and final stage of the Vikram-1 launch vehicle, was conducted at a private test facility.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Skyroot Aerospace developing Vikram-1, India's first privately built orbital rocket.

  Key Facts:

  • Skyroot Aerospace: Hyderabad (Telangana) based private company.
  • Support: Supported by ISRO and IN-SPACE under Department of Space (DoS), GoI.

Expansion of India's Heavy-Lift Space Launch Infrastructure

Focus: Items detailing the current operational limits of India's heaviest rockets and the specific infrastructure projects planned to support next-generation, significantly heavier satellite payloads.

UPSC Value: Understanding the strategic expansion of ISRO's infrastructure is essential for analyzing India's path toward self-reliance in defense communications and global competitiveness in the heavy-satellite launch market.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-27 [Science & Technology] — ISRO Plans Third Launch Pad at Shriharikota
  The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) plans to develop a third launch pad at Shriharikota, expected to be commissioned within four years. This facility is crucial for launching heavier satellites weighing 12,000–14,000 kg into various orbits and advanced launch vehicles.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ISRO plans third launch pad at Shriharikota.

  Key Facts:

  • ISRO planning a third launch pad at Shriharikota.
  • Expected commissioning within four years.
  • Aims to place bigger satellites weighing 12,000–14,000 kg into various orbits.
• 2025-11-02 [Science & Technology] — LVM3 Rocket Launches GSAT-7R
  ISRO launched GSAT-7R (CMS-03) communication satellite for the Indian Navy from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. GSAT-7R enhances secure communications and maritime domain awareness for the Indian Navy, marking a significant step towards India’s self-reliance in defense space infrastructure. The LVM3 rocket is ISRO's heaviest and most powerful launch vehicle.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ISRO launched GSAT-7R (CMS-03) for Indian Navy communications.

  Key Facts:

  • CMS-03 communication satellite
  • Launched by ISRO
  • Launch vehicle: LVM3-M5
  • Launch location: Sriharikota
  • Orbit: Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO)
  • CMS-03 also known as GSAT-7R
  • Launched by ISRO on November 2, 2025
  • Launch vehicle: LVM3-M5 (Bahubali) rocket
  • Launch site: Sriharikota
  • Multi-band communication satellite for the Indian Navy
  • CMS-03 weighs about 4,400 kg
  • Heaviest communication satellite launched from Indian soil
  • Provides services over a wide oceanic region, including the Indian landmass
  • The LVM3 rocket can carry up to 4,000 kg to space
  • LVM3-M5 is its fifth operational flight
  • ISRO launched CMS-03 communication satellite on November 2, 2025.
  • The launch vehicle was LVM3-M5.
  • CMS-03 is the 'heaviest' communication satellite carried by an Indian launch vehicle.
  • The satellite was placed into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).
  • The launch occurred from the spaceport in Sriharikota.
  • The satellite is intended for the Indian Navy.
  • ISRO successfully launched the GSAT-7R (CMS-03) communication satellite for the Indian Navy.
  • The launch took place from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota.
  • The LVM3 rocket is ISRO's heaviest and most powerful launch vehicle.
  • GSAT-7R enhances secure communications and maritime domain awareness for the Indian Navy.
  • This launch marks a significant step towards India’s self-reliance in defense space infrastructure.
• 2025-08-09 [Science & Technology] — India's 3rd Launch Pad in Sriharikota by 2029
  India is planning to establish its 3rd launch pad in Sriharikota by 2029 to enhance its space capabilities. This initiative aims to support the growing demands of the Indian space program and facilitate more frequent and diverse launch missions.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India planning 3rd launch pad in Sriharikota by 2029.

  Key Facts:

  • India's 3rd Launch Pad will be in Sriharikota.
  • Expected to be completed by 2029.

Defence Production Milestones & Export Targets

Focus: Items reporting identical statistical milestones (₹1.54 lakh crore production) and future targets (₹50,000 crore exports) for India's defence sector.

UPSC Value: Provides consistent data points to track the quantitative success of the 'Make in India' defence initiative over FY 2024-25.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-20 [Economy] — India's Defence Production and Exports Surge
  India's defence sector is experiencing significant growth, with production reaching ₹1.54 lakh crore in FY 2024-25 and exports hitting a record ₹23,622 crore. Indigenous production has also seen a substantial increase, and the private sector's role is expanding. The government aims for ₹3 lakh crore defence production and ₹50,000 crore defence exports by 2029.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's defence production reaches ₹1.54 lakh crore, exports at ₹23,622 crore.

  Key Facts:

  • Defence production: ₹1.54 lakh crore in FY 2024–25
  • Indigenous defence production: ₹1,27,434 crore in FY 2023–24 (up 174% from 2014–15)
  • Defence exports: Record ₹23,622 crore in FY 2024–25, to 80+ countries / over 100 nations
  • Ecosystem depth: 16,000 MSMEs, 788 industrial licences to 462 companies
  • Private sector share in total production: About 23% in FY 2024–25
  • Target: ₹3 lakh crore defence production and ₹50,000 crore defence exports by 2029
• 2025-12-20 [Economy] — India's Defence Exports and Self-Reliance
  India aims to be a developed nation by 2047, requiring strong strategic capabilities including a robust defence industrial base; reforms have opened the sector to private participation and eased FDI norms, leading to increased production and exports to over 80 countries. Self-reliance is seen as indispensable due to ongoing global conflicts and supply chain disruptions, and India's strategic location enhances its prospects as a global defence supplier.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India aims to be a developed nation by 2047 with strong defence.

  Key Facts:

  • Target of ₹50,000 crore in defence exports by 2029
  • Policy reforms have opened the defence sector to private participation
  • FDI norms eased
  • Corporatisation of the Ordnance Factory Board
  • Defence exports have expanded to over 80 countries
  • Aim to be a developed nation by 2047
• 2025-10-18 [Economy] — India's Defence Self-Reliance
  India has reduced import dependence in defence from 65-70% in 2014 to approximately 65% in 2025. The value of defence production in 2024-25 reached ₹1.50 lakh crore, with exports at ₹25,000 crore, with a target of ₹50,000 crore exports and ₹3 lakh crore domestic manufacturing by 2029.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's defence import dependence reduced to ~65% in 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • Import dependence in 2014: 65–70%
  • Indigenous production share (2025): ~65%
  • Defence production value (2024–25): ₹1.50 lakh crore
  • Defence exports (2024–25): ₹25,000 crore
  • Target (2029): ₹50,000 crore exports; ₹3 lakh crore domestic manufacturing

Strategic Expansion of India's Defense Co-production and Manufacturing Ecosystem

Focus: Agreements and facility launches focused on the joint production of high-tech defense hardware (Rafale fuselages, HAMMER PGMs, and WhAP) involving Indian entities like Tata and BEL with international partners.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the practical application of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' and 'Make for the World' initiatives, highlighting India's transition from a defense importer to a co-developer and exporter.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-18 [Defense & Security] — India and France to collaborate in the production of HAMMER PGMs with BEL
  India has entered into an agreement with France's Safran group to collaborate in the production of HAMMER (AASM) precision-guided air-to-ground weapons with BEL.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India and France collaborate on HAMMER PGMs with BEL.

  Key Facts:

  • The agreement is with France's Safran group to collaborate in the production of HAMMER (AASM) precision-guided air-to-ground weapons with BEL.
• 2025-09-24 [Defense & Security] — India's First Overseas Defence Manufacturing Facility
  India inaugurated its first overseas defence manufacturing facility in Berrechid, Morocco, established by Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL) in partnership with DRDO. The facility will produce the indigenously developed Wheeled Armoured Platform (WhAP) for the Royal Moroccan Army, aligning with India's "Make with Friends" and "Make for the World" vision. This initiative aims to generate local jobs and establish Morocco as a strategic defence manufacturing hub for Africa and Europe.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's first overseas defence manufacturing facility in Morocco.

  Key Facts:

  • Facility location: Berrechid, Morocco
  • Established by: Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL) in partnership with DRDO
  • Product: Wheeled Armoured Platform (WhAP)
  • Beneficiary: Royal Moroccan Army
  • Facility size: 20,000 sq. metres
  • Local sourcing target: One-third of components initially, rising to 50% in the future
  • India's first overseas defence manufacturing facility
  • Launched in: Berrechid, Morocco (2025)
  • TASL in partnership with DRDO
  • 20,000 sq. metre plant
• 2025-06-08 [Defense & Security] — Dassault Aviation and Tata to Manufacture Rafale Fuselages in India
  Dassault Aviation and Tata Advanced Systems Limited signed agreements to jointly manufacture the Rafale fighter aircraft fuselage in India. Tata Advanced Systems will establish a production facility in Hyderabad to manufacture key structural sections of the Rafale, with the first fuselage sections expected by 2028.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Dassault and Tata to manufacture Rafale fuselages in India.

  Key Facts:

  • Dassault Aviation and Tata Advanced Systems Limited signed agreements to jointly manufacture the Rafale fighter aircraft fuselage in India.
  • Tata Advanced Systems will establish a production facility in Hyderabad.
  • The first fuselage sections are expected by 2028.

Evolution of CPSE 'Ratna' Classification and Status Grants

Focus: Administrative updates regarding the granting of Navratna status to specific railway PSUs and the subsequent structural reform of the CPSE classification framework.

UPSC Value: Essential for understanding the governance, financial autonomy, and performance-based categorization of Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) in India.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-30 [Economy] — Government Plans Reform in Classification of CPSEs
  The Government of India is undertaking a major reform in the classification and performance assessment of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) to enhance their competitiveness, accountability, and alignment with national goals under Vision 2047. The proposal includes the introduction of two new 'Ratna' categories in addition to the existing Maharatna, Navratna, and Miniratna statuses.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Government plans reform in classification of CPSEs.

  Key Facts:

  • Government of India is undertaking a major reform in the classification and performance assessment of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs)
  • Aims to enhance their competitiveness, accountability, and alignment with national goals under Vision 2047
  • Includes the introduction of two new 'Ratna' categories
• 2025-06-10 [Economy] — IRCTC and IRFC Granted Navaratna Status
  The government has granted Navratna status to IRCTC and IRFC.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: IRCTC and IRFC Granted Navaratna status.

  Key Facts:

  • IRCTC
  • IRFC
  • Navratna status
• 2025-03-04 [Economy] — IRCTC and IRFC Granted Navratna Status
  The Central Government has granted Navratna status to IRCTC (Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation) and IRFC (Indian Railway Finance Corporation), making them the 25th and 26th Navratna CPSEs (Central Public Sector Enterprises) in India. Navratna status is a prestigious classification awarded to high-performing CPSEs, providing them with greater autonomy and financial flexibility.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: IRCTC and IRFC granted Navratna status.

  Key Facts:

  • IRCTC and IRFC are the 25th and 26th Navratna CPSEs
  • All seven listed railway PSUs now hold Navratna status
  • The seven Navratna railway PSUs include Container Corporation of India (Concor) (first to attain status in July 2014), Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL), IRCON International, RITES Limited, RailTel Corporation, IRCTC, and IRFC.
  • IRCTC and IRFC granted Navratna status
  • IRCTC is the Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation
  • IRFC is the Indian Railway Finance Corporation
  • They are the 25th and 26th Navratna CPSEs in India

Private Sector Infrastructure Projects in Maharashtra (2025)

Focus: Major private capital expenditure projects announced for Maharashtra's infrastructure across logistics, data centers, and defence sectors.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the sectoral diversification of private investment in Maharashtra beyond traditional manufacturing.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-12 [Economy] — Lodha Developers Signs MoU for Data Centre Park
  Lodha Developers has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) worth Rs 30,000 crore for establishing a data centre park in Palava. The project is expected to attract combined investments exceeding Rs 30,000 crore from Lodha and various data centre operators.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Lodha Developers MoU: Rs 30,000 crore
  • Data centre park in Palava
  • Combined investments exceeding Rs 30,000 crore
• 2025-07-01 [Defense & Security] — Reliance Infra and Coastal Mechanics Launch Defence MRO Hub
  Reliance Infrastructure and Coastal Mechanics have launched a Defence MRO hub in Maharashtra. The joint venture will focus on upgrading air and land defence platforms for the Indian armed forces and export clients, aligning with the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' initiative.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Reliance Infra and Coastal Mechanics launch Defence MRO hub.

  Key Facts:

  • A ₹20,000 crore opportunity in India's defence MRO and upgrade market
• 2025-05-16 [Economy] — Blackstone to invest ₹5,127 Cr in Maharashtra's logistics infrastructure
  Blackstone is set to invest ₹5,127 crore to boost Maharashtra's logistics infrastructure. This investment aims to enhance the state's logistics capabilities and support economic growth.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Blackstone
  • ₹5,127 Cr
  • Maharashtra
  • logistics infrastructure

Evolution of the 'Sudarshan Chakra' Defense Umbrella

Focus: Items detailing the technical specifications, operational deployment, and subsequent indigenous expansion of defense initiatives branded under the 'Sudarshan Chakra' name.

UPSC Value: Understanding the integration of imported high-tech systems like the S-400 with new indigenous strategic initiatives for comprehensive national airspace security.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-08-15 [Defense & Security] — Mission Sudarshan Chakra Launched
  On India's 79th Independence Day, the Prime Minister announced Mission Sudarshan Chakra, a multi-layered indigenous defense initiative to protect India's strategic, civilian, and religious sites from enemy attacks. It aims to create an advanced shield around critical installations, blending cultural ethos with modern strategic defence, and will be overseen by the Ministry of Defence.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Mission Sudarshan Chakra launched to protect strategic sites.

  Key Facts:

  • Mission Sudarshan Chakra
  • Launched on India's 79th Independence Day
  • Multi-layered indigenous defence initiative
  • Protects strategic, civilian, and religious sites
  • Inspired by the Sudarshan Chakra of Lord Krishna
  • Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Defence
• 2025-07-11 [Defense & Security] — S-400 'Sudarshan Chakra' Air Defence System
  The S-400 'Sudarshan Chakra' Air Defence System neutralizes aerial threats such as fighter jets, ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, and UAVs and ensures airspace denial and deterrence along western and northern borders. It also offers strategic cover to cities, military bases, and critical installations.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: S-400 'Sudarshan Chakra' air defence system deployed.

  Key Facts:

  • S-400 'Sudarshan Chakra' Air Defence System
  • Neutralizes aerial threats
  • Ensures airspace denial and deterrence
  • Strategic cover to cities, military bases, and critical installations
• 2025-05-19 [Defense & Security] — India's Air Defense System: S-400 Triumf
  The S-400 Triumf, acquired from Russia and named “Sudarshan Chakra” by India, is integrated into India's defense to enhance airspace security. It is capable of countering aerial threats including fighter jets, drones, cruise missiles, and ballistic missiles.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: S-400 Triumf (Sudarshan Chakra) enhances India's air defense capabilities.

  Key Facts:

  • S-400 Triumf developed by Russia's Almaz-Antey defense company.
  • India named the system “Sudarshan Chakra”.
  • 9M96E & 9M96E2: Short to medium-range missiles with ranges between 40 km and 120 km.
  • 48N6E3: Medium-range missile effective up to 250 km.
  • 40N6E: Long-range missile with a reach of up to 400 km.
  • Detects targets up to 600 km away.
  • Tracks up to 300 targets and engages 36 simultaneously.
  • Missiles reach speeds up to 17,000 km/h (Mach 14).
  • Fully operational within 5–10 minutes.
  • Recent Deployment: Operation Sindoor.