India's Strategic Ecology & Security 2025-26: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy
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The Big Picture
The 2025-2026 period signifies India's pivot from a regional power to a global agenda-setter, characterized by 'Strategic Leadership' in governance and 'Ecological Diplomacy'. This era is defined by three pillars: the institutionalization of military deterrence (post-Operation Sindoor), the assumption of chairmanships in critical global bodies (International IDEA, ICAO, IORA), and a localized-to-global shift in environmental standards (Ramsar 'Wetland Cities' and the National Vulture Action Plan).
Cross-Theme Insight
There is an emerging 'Security-Ecology-Governance' nexus. For example, India’s maritime security (Operation Sagar Bandhu) is now inseparable from its diplomatic leadership in IORA and its ecological commitments (Blue Flag beaches). Similarly, the domestic handling of H5N1 Avian Influenza through a 'One Health' model mirrors India's international push for resilient health governance in the UNHRC and IIAS. Security is no longer just kinetic; it is the management of 'vulnerability'—whether from terrorists, viruses, or climate-induced stampedes.
Textbook vs Reality Gap
Standard textbooks (e.g., Shankar IAS 10th Ed) list India as having 75-80 Ramsar sites; however, the 2025-26 reality has expanded this to 98 sites, introducing the 'Wetland City' accreditation (Udaipur). In security, while older materials focus on Operation Balakot (2019), current prep must focus on the 'Institutionalization' of Operation Sindoor (2025)—which involves not just the strike but the subsequent diplomatic evidence-sharing and educational 'patriotic processing' of the Pahalgam conflict.
How This Theme Is Evolving
India has evolved from 'Strategic Autonomy' (refusing to take sides) to 'Strategic Responsibility' (leading the side of global stability). This is evidenced by the CEC of India chairing International IDEA (2026) and India leading the ICAO Council (2025-28), moving from being a treaty-signatory to a rule-maker.
UPSC Exam Intelligence
Previous Year Question Pattern
Prelims consistently tests Ramsar site locations and conservation biology (Vulture drug: Diclofenac/IAS 2012). Recent trends show a shift toward 'Mission-based' questions (INS Sagardhwani/NDA-I 2024) and the specific names of military/HADR operations (Operation Cactus/NDA-II 2012; Operation Sindoor/2025 mocks). Mains questions are shifting from 'What is terrorism' to 'Institutional responses to hybrid threats'.
Probable Prelims Angles
- Location of 2025 Ramsar additions: Udaipur Jheel (Bihar), Patna Bird Sanctuary (UP), Chhari Dhand (Gujarat)
- India's First Wetland City: Udaipur (Accredited 2025)
- International IDEA Chairmanship (2026): Role of the Chief Election Commissioner
- Vulture Conservation: Meloxicam and Tolfenamic acid as safe alternatives to Diclofenac
- Operation Brahma (Myanmar) vs. Operation Sagar Bandhu (Sri Lanka): HADR targets
- H5N1 2025: Zoonotic transmission patterns in Kuttanad (Ducks) and MP (Cats)
Mains Answer Framework
- In 2025-26, India's role as a 'Vishwa Bandhu' (Global Friend) is substantiated by its transition from a reactive 'Net Security Provider' to a proactive 'Net Stability Leader' across ecological and strategic domains.
- Strategic Security: Institutionalizing deterrence through Operation Sindoor and the 'SAMBHAV' secure mobile ecosystem.. Ecological Diplomacy: Scaling Ramsar sites to 98 and leading the National Vulture Action Plan as a blueprint for biodiversity.. Global Governance: Utilizing chairmanships (ICAO, IDEA, IMO) to reform international norms to favor the Global South.. Disaster Resilience: Addressing systemic failures in crowd management (2025 stampedes) through NDMA's new 'Predictive Crowd Analytics' protocols.
- The integration of military readiness with ecological stewardship defines India's 2025-26 trajectory toward a 'Viksit Bharat' that is both secure and sustainable.
Preparation Strategy
Key Connections
Sub-Themes and News Coverage (21 themes, 96 news items)
Resurgence of Vulture Conservation in India (2025-2026)
Focus: A comprehensive pattern of state and national initiatives implementing the National Vulture Action Plan, including censuses, safe zones, and reintroduction programs.
UPSC Value: Demonstrates the multi-pronged approach (ex-situ and in-situ) required for species recovery, involving specific interventions like Vulture Safe Zones (VSZ) and ban on diclofenac.
8 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-15 [Environment & Ecology] — Tamil Nadu to Create Vulture Safe Zones (VSZs)
Tamil Nadu is creating Vulture Safe Zones (VSZs), starting with the Moyar River Valley in the Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, to protect vultures from toxic veterinary drugs like diclofenac. Vultures play a crucial ecological role by preventing the spread of disease and recycling nutrients. The main cause of vulture decline is attributed to diclofenac.More details
UPSC Angle: Tamil Nadu to create Vulture Safe Zones (VSZs).
Key Facts:
- State: Tamil Nadu
- Initiative: Vulture Safe Zones (VSZs)
- First VSZ: Moyar River Valley (Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve)
- Threat: Toxic veterinary drugs (diclofenac)
- Ecological Role: Prevents disease spread, recycles nutrients
- 2025-12-30 [Environment & Ecology] — Parvati–Arga Bird Sanctuary Declared Eco-Sensitive Zone
The Parvati–Arga Bird Sanctuary in Uttar Pradesh has been declared an Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) by the government to strengthen ecological protection by regulating developmental and human activities in the surrounding areas. The sanctuary is crucial for biodiversity conservation, climate resilience, groundwater recharge, and migratory bird habitats, particularly for threatened vulture species.More details
UPSC Angle: Parvati–Arga Bird Sanctuary declared Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ).
Key Facts:
- Parvati–Arga Bird Sanctuary in Uttar Pradesh declared an Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ)
- ESZ aims to strengthen ecological protection
- Sanctuary crucial for biodiversity conservation, climate resilience, groundwater recharge, and migratory bird habitats
- Important for threatened vulture species
- 2025-12-05 [Environment & Ecology] — BNHS to Reintroduce Critically Endangered Vulture Species in Assam
The Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) is set to reintroduce two critically endangered vulture species, Slender-billed Vultures (Gyps tenuirostris) and White-rumped Vultures (Gyps bengalensis), in Assam. India is home to nine species of Vulture, including the Oriental white-backed, Long-billed, and Slender-billed.More details
UPSC Angle: BNHS to reintroduce critically endangered vulture species in Assam.
Key Facts:
- BNHS: Bombay Natural History Society
- January 2026: Date of planned vulture release
- Six: Number of vultures to be released
- Slender-billed vulture (Gyps tenuirostris): Critically endangered vulture species
- White-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis): Critically endangered vulture species
- Assam: Location of vulture release
- Vulture Species: Slender-billed Vultures (Gyps tenuirostris), White-rumped Vultures (Gyps bengalensis)
- Location: Assam
- Reintroduction Date: January 2026
- Vultures are one of the 22 species of large carrion-eating birds that live mostly in the tropics and subtropics.
- India is home to nine species of Vulture namely the Oriental white-backed, Long-billed, Slender-billed, Himalayan, Red-headed, Egyptian, Bearded, Cinereous and the Eurasian Griffon
- BNHS to reintroduce Slender-billed Vultures (Gyps tenuirostris) and White-rumped Vultures (Gyps bengalensis) in Assam.
- India is home to nine species of Vulture.
- 2025-11-08 [Environment & Ecology] — National Vulture Survey Reveals Decline
The First National Vulture Census indicates a 70% drop in vulture nesting areas since 2000, with the decline being severe in northern India. Key causes include the veterinary drug diclofenac, habitat loss, and food scarcity. India is home to 9 vulture species, with 4 being critically endangered.More details
UPSC Angle: National Vulture Census: 70% drop in nesting areas since 2000.
Key Facts:
- First National Vulture Census (MoEFCC, BNHS)
- 70% drop in nesting areas since 2000
- Causes: veterinary drug diclofenac, habitat loss, food scarcity
- India hosts 9 species (4 critically endangered)
- Wildlife conservation policy, NBAP 2019, eco-toxicity regulation
- 2025-09-26 [Environment & Ecology] — Vultures and Public Health: Preventing Pandemics
Vultures are crucial to public health in South Asia as nature's waste managers, reducing disease spread. India's vulture population has declined by over 95% since the 1990s due to diclofenac, posing public health risks. India's upcoming vulture conservation strategy focuses on integrating wildlife, livestock, and health data, enhancing collaboration and empowering local communities.More details
UPSC Angle: Vultures crucial for public health; population decline poses pandemic risk.
Key Facts:
- Vultures
- diclofenac
- 95% decline in vulture populations since 1990s
- Central Asian Flyway (CAF)
- Integrating wildlife, livestock, and health data
- 2025-09-05 [Environment & Ecology] — Vulture Knowledge Portal Launched in Assam
India's First Vulture Knowledge Portal, named The Vulture Network, has been launched in Assam by We Foundation India & Gauhati University’s Department of Zoology as a comprehensive platform for vulture conservation. Partners include ABMN, LASA Foundation, and Suraksha Samitee, with a special focus on the Slender-billed vulture.More details
UPSC Angle: India's First Vulture Knowledge Portal launched in Assam.
Key Facts:
- Portal name: The Vulture Network
- Launched in: Guwahati, Assam
- By: We Foundation India & Gauhati University’s Department of Zoology
- Focus: Vulture conservation, especially Slender-billed vulture
- Partners: ABMN, LASA Foundation, Suraksha Samitee
- 2025-08-24 [Environment & Ecology] — Vulture Conservation in India
Vultures play a vital role in keeping the environment clean and disease-free by scavenging on carcasses. A decline in vulture populations can lead to an increase in diseases in humans due to improper disposal of carcasses and an increase in feral dogs. There are nine vulture species recorded in India, each with varying IUCN status.More details
UPSC Angle: Vulture conservation is vital for disease control.
Key Facts:
- Nine vulture species recorded in India
- Oriental white-backed vulture (Gyps Bengalensis): Critically endangered
- Slender-billed vulture (Gyps tenuirostris): Critically endangered
- 2025-03-17 [Environment & Ecology] — India's Vulture Conservation Efforts
An Indian long-billed vulture was spotted with its chick at Ramadevarabetta in Karnataka, which is India's only vulture sanctuary. India has a National Vulture Action Plan 2020-2025, involving conservation breeding centers, rescue centers, and reintroduction programs, as well as monitoring populations and establishing vulture safe zones. Ramadevarabetta wildlife sanctuary in Ramanagara district, Karnataka houses long-billed, Indian, Egyptian, and white-rumped vultures.More details
UPSC Angle: India's National Vulture Action Plan 2020-2025 aims to conserve vultures.
Key Facts:
- Location: Ramadevarabetta, Karnataka
- Plan: National Vulture Action Plan 2020-2025
- Vulture Species: Long-billed, Indian, Egyptian, and white-rumped vultures
India's Election to Leadership Roles in International Bodies (2025-2026)
Focus: A collection of reports detailing India's election to or assumption of chairship in various multilateral organizations (IDEA, IORA, ICAO, IMO, IIAS, UNHRC) for terms beginning in 2025-2026.
UPSC Value: Demonstrates India's growing diplomatic influence and successful bid for leadership positions in diverse global governance institutions, relevant for International Relations (GS-II).
8 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-04 [Polity & Governance] — CEC Gyanesh Kumar to Chair International IDEA in 2026
Chief Election Commissioner Gyanesh Kumar will assume the Chairship of the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) in 2026. He will formally take over the position on December 3, 2025, during a Council meeting in Stockholm, Sweden.More details
UPSC Angle: CEC Gyanesh Kumar to chair International IDEA in 2026.
Key Facts:
- Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) Gyanesh Kumar will chair International IDEA in 2026.
- He will take over the position on December 3, 2025.
- The Council meeting will be held in Stockholm, Sweden.
- India is a founding member of International IDEA.
- International IDEA was established in 1995 and has 35 member countries.
- 2025-12-24 [International Relations] — India Reelected to ICAO Council
India has been re-elected to the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for the term 2025 to 2028, reflecting the increased confidence of the 193 member states in India. The election is held every three years.More details
UPSC Angle: India re-elected to the ICAO Council for 2025-2028.
Key Facts:
- India re-elected to ICAO Council
- Term: 2025-2028
- ICAO has 193 member states
- 2025-12-02 [International Relations] — India Re-elected to IMO Council
India was re-elected to the Council of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in Category B for the 2026-27 term with 154/169 votes. This is India's second consecutive highest vote tally, reinforcing its maritime influence. The Council is the executive body of the IMO, responsible for supervising its work and making policy decisions.More details
UPSC Angle: India re-elected to the IMO Council in Category B for 2026-27.
Key Facts:
- International Maritime Organization (IMO)
- Council
- Category B
- 154/169 votes
- 2026–27 term
- 2025-11-29 [Polity & Governance] — CEC of India to Chair International IDEA in 2026
The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) of India is set to assume the role of Chairperson of the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) for the year 2026. International IDEA, established in 1995, is an inter-governmental organization that works to support stronger democratic institutions and electoral processes worldwide. India is a founding member of International IDEA.More details
UPSC Angle: CEC of India to chair International IDEA in 2026.
Key Facts:
- CEC of India: Chairperson of International IDEA in 2026
- International IDEA: inter-governmental organization established in 1995
- International IDEA Secretariat: Stockholm, Sweden
- India: founding member of International IDEA
- International IDEA Focus Areas: Electoral Processes; Constitution-Building; Democracy Assessment; Political Participation and Representation; Climate Change and Democracy; Digitalization and Democracy
- 2025-10-17 [International Relations] — India Elected to UN Human Rights Council
India has been elected unopposed to the UN Human Rights Council for the seventh time, for the 2026–2028 term. The election reflects India’s strong commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms.More details
UPSC Angle: India elected to UN Human Rights Council for 2026–2028.
Key Facts:
- UN Human Rights Council
- India
- 2026–2028 term
- seventh time
- 2025-10-14 [International Relations] — India to chair IORA in 2025
India is set to assume the chair of the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) in November 2025 for the next two years. As the incoming chair, India intends to strengthen the organization's governance, boost its budget, enhance data management through technology, and collaborate with institutions to develop maritime courses.More details
UPSC Angle: India to chair IORA in November 2025.
Key Facts:
- India to assume IORA Chair in November 2025
- Duration: Two years
- Goals: strengthen governance, boost budget, enhance data management, develop maritime courses
- 2025-06-06 [Polity & Governance] — India Elected to IIAS Presidency
India has been elected President of the International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS) for the term 2025–2028, marking the first time elections were held through a ballot, with India securing 61.7% of the votes. IIAS, established in 1930 and headquartered in Brussels, is an international non-profit organization focused on public governance solutions.More details
UPSC Angle: India elected President of the International Institute of Administrative Sciences.
Key Facts:
- India has been elected President of the International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS) for the term 2025–2028.
- India secured the top position by winning 61.7% votes.
- 2025-03-22 [International Relations] — India to chair Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) in November 2025
India will assume the Chair of IORA in November 2025 for a two-year term, focusing on increasing funding, integrating technology for data management, and developing maritime-focused academic collaborations. IORA is a regional organization promoting economic cooperation, trade, and security among Indian Ocean littoral states, but faces challenges like funding constraints and limited institutional capacity. India's priorities include engaging the private sector, strengthening maritime security, and using technology for improved policy analysis.More details
UPSC Angle: India to chair IORA in November 2025 for two years.
Key Facts:
- India will become Chair of IORA in November 2025 for a two-year term.
- IORA was founded in March 1997 in Mauritius.
- IORA has 23 member states across the Indian Ocean Region.
- India's priorities include increasing funding, integrating technology, and developing maritime-focused academic collaborations.
- IORA's budget is limited, estimated to be a few million dollars.
- The Indian Ocean Commission has a $1.3 billion budget (2020-25).
- India can leverage its Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) in Gurugram to enhance maritime surveillance.
2025 Indian Counter-Terrorism Response and Investigation
Focus: A series of kinetic military responses (Operation Sindoor), diplomatic evidence-sharing, and police investigations following specific terrorist incidents in India during 2025.
UPSC Value: India's evolving internal security doctrine, emphasizing proactive defense and international legal cooperation in counter-terrorism.
7 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-24 [International Relations] — India-Israel Joint Working Group on Counter Terrorism
The 10th meeting of the India-Israel Joint Working Group (JWG) on Counter Terrorism (CT) was held in New Delhi on February 24, 2026. Both sides condemned terrorism in all forms and discussed ways to strengthen cooperation against challenges, including terrorist recruitment, abuse of technology, and financing of terrorism. They expressed concern over the increasing use of UAVs, drones, and AI for terrorist purposes.More details
UPSC Angle: India-Israel Joint Working Group on Counter Terrorism met.
Key Facts:
- 10th meeting of India-Israel Joint Working Group (JWG) on Counter Terrorism (CT) held on February 24, 2026
- Location: New Delhi
- Delegations led by: Dr. Vinod Bahade, Joint Secretary (Counter Terrorism), MEA of India and Mr. Nadav Eschar, Head of Bureau, Strategic Affairs Division, MFA of Israel
- Concerns: Increasing use of UAVs, drones, and AI for terrorist purposes
- 2026-02-13 [International Relations] — UN Security Council 1267 Sanctions Committee
The UN Security Council 1267 monitoring report linked Pakistan-based Jaish-e-Mohammed to the Delhi Red Fort terror attack and noted plans for a women-only wing.More details
UPSC Angle: UN 1267 report links JeM to Red Fort attack.
Key Facts:
- UN Security Council committee: 1267 Sanctions Committee
- Terrorist group linked: Jaish-e-Mohammed
- 2025-11-26 [Defense & Security] — 26/11 Mumbai Attacks and Cross-Border Terrorism
The Mumbai terror attacks of 26/11 continue to cast a shadow on India, with recent incidents like the Pahalgam attack and the Delhi Red Fort blast highlighting the persistent threat of terrorism emanating from Pakistan. Investigations reveal links to Pakistan-based terrorist groups and the involvement of global jihadist groups like ISIS.More details
UPSC Angle: 26/11 Mumbai attacks highlight the persistent threat of terrorism.
Key Facts:
- Pahalgam terror attack in April 2025
- Delhi Red Fort blast in November 2025
- Jaish-e-Mohammed
- Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind
- al-Qaeda affiliate
- ISIS
- Operation Sindoor
- 2025-11-13 [Defense & Security] — Counter Intelligence Kashmir conducts raids related to 'white-collar terror module'.
The Counter Intelligence wing of Jammu and Kashmir Police conducted raids at multiple locations in the Kashmir Valley concerning the 'white-collar terror module' and the recent blast near Delhi's Red Fort. Around 10 individuals, including three government employees, were detained for questioning.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Counter Intelligence Kashmir (CIK) carried out raids at 13 locations.
- Raids are in connection with the “white-collar terror module” and the recent blast near Delhi's Red Fort.
- Around 10 persons, including three government employees, have been picked up for questioning.
- 2025-07-22 [Defense & Security] — NIA Files Chargesheet in Chittorgarh Explosives Case
The National Investigation Agency (NIA) filed a supplementary chargesheet against Firoz Khan, a key accused in the Chittorgarh explosives recovery case. Khan was arrested in April 2025 after absconding for three years.More details
UPSC Angle: NIA files chargesheet; implications for national security and counter-terrorism efforts.
Key Facts:
- NIA filed chargesheet against Firoz Khan in Chittorgarh explosives case.
- Khan arrested in April 2025.
- 2025-06-10 [International Relations] — India Proposes Global South Counter-Terror Block
India has proposed a new platform—T20 (Twenty Against Terrorism)—to unite Global South nations facing persistent terrorism threats. Operation Sindoor involved targeted military action reaffirming India's doctrine of proactive defence.More details
UPSC Angle: India proposes T20 (Twenty Against Terrorism) for Global South nations.
Key Facts:
- T20 (Twenty Against Terrorism)
- Global South
- Operation Sindoor
- 2025-05-15 [International Relations] — India to present evidence on Pahalgam attack at UN
An Indian technical team has reached New York to present evidence concerning the Pahalgam terror attack to the Monitoring Team of the 1267 Sanctions Committee, which decides on the global listing of terrorist groups. India has accused The Resistance Front (TRF) of carrying out the attack that occurred on April 22.More details
UPSC Angle: India presents evidence on Pahalgam attack to UN's 1267 Sanctions Committee.
Key Facts:
- Meeting between an Indian delegation and UN officials, including Vladimir Voronkov (UNOCT) and Natalia Gherman (CTED).
- The Resistance Front (TRF) claimed responsibility for the April 22 Pahalgam terror attack and is a front for Lashkar-e-Taiba.
- Indian Armed Forces launched Operation Sindoor on May 7, targeting terror infrastructure in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Jammu and Kashmir.
- Location: New York, United Nations
- Presenting nation: India
- Evidence for: Pahalgam terror attack
- Addressee: Monitoring Team of the 1267 Sanctions Committee
- Accused group: The Resistance Front (TRF)
- Attack date: April 22
The Multi-Dimensional Institutionalization of Operation Sindoor
Focus: Items documenting the military, strategic, diplomatic, political, and educational processing of Operation Sindoor following the 2025 Pahalgam conflict.
UPSC Value: Illustrates the 'Whole-of-Government' approach to national security, where a military event is leveraged for diplomatic signaling, technological upgrades, and shaping national identity.
7 news items in this theme:
- 2025-08-20 [Society & Culture] — NCERT Incorporates 'Operation Sindoor' Lessons into Syllabus
The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) has introduced modules on 'Operation Sindoor' for Classes 3 to 12, over three months after the Pahalgam killings and subsequent military conflict between India and Pakistan. There are two modules, one for Classes 3 to 8 titled 'Operation Sindoor – A saga of valour' and another for Classes 9 to 12 titled 'Operation Sindoor – A mission of honour and bravery'.More details
UPSC Angle: NCERT incorporates 'Operation Sindoor' lessons into syllabus.
Key Facts:
- NCERT introduces modules on Operation Sindoor
- Classes 3 to 8: 'Operation Sindoor – A saga of valour'
- Classes 9 to 12: 'Operation Sindoor – A mission of honour and bravery'
- Introduced after Pahalgam killings and military conflict between India and Pakistan
- 2025-07-11 [Defense & Security] — NSA Doval on Operation Sindoor
National Security Advisor Ajit Doval stated that India hit nine terrorist targets in Pakistan during Operation Sindoor and that the operation lasted 23 minutes. He challenged critics to provide evidence of any damage to India during the operation.More details
UPSC Angle: NSA Doval claims India hit terrorist targets in Pakistan during Operation Sindoor.
Key Facts:
- Ajit Doval
- Operation Sindoor
- Pakistan
- 9 terrorist targets
- 23 minutes
- 2025-07-05 [Defense & Security] — Operation Sindoor Lessons
During Operation Sindoor, India faced Pakistan as the main adversary, with China and Türkiye providing support to Pakistan, according to Lieutenant General Rahul R. Singh. Lt. Gen. Singh highlighted these lessons at a Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) event on “New Age Military Technologies”.More details
UPSC Angle: Operation Sindoor lessons highlight geopolitical challenges and regional alliances.
Key Facts:
- Pakistan was the “front face” adversary during Operation Sindoor.
- China and TĂĽrkiye provided vital support to Pakistan during Operation Sindoor.
- 2025-07-01 [Defense & Security] — India fast-tracks 52 satellites for precision surveillance
Following Operation Sindoor, India is rapidly developing 52 satellites to enhance precision surveillance capabilities. This initiative aims to bolster national security and improve monitoring capabilities.More details
UPSC Angle: India developing 52 satellites to enhance precision surveillance capabilities.
Key Facts:
- India
- fast-tracks
- 52 satellites
- precision surveillance
- Operation Sindoor
- 2025-06-21 [Defense & Security] — Rajnath Singh on 'New India'
Defence Minister Rajnath Singh stated that Operation Sindoor was proof that the new India was assertive, resolute and would no longer be a victim of terrorism. He made these remarks while addressing jawans at the Barakhana organized on the eve of International Day of Yoga 2025 at the Army's Northern Command in Udhampur.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Rajnath Singh: Defence Minister
- Location: Army's Northern Command in Udhampur, J&K
- Event: Barakhana on the eve of International Day of Yoga 2025
- Assertion: New India is assertive and resolute against terrorism, evidenced by Operation Sindoor
- Operation Sindoor was proof that the new India was assertive, resolute and would no longer be a victim of terrorism
- 2025-06-09 [International Relations] — Shashi Tharoor Leads Delegation Briefing U.S. on Operation Sindoor
A delegation led by Congress MP Shashi Tharoor briefed key U.S. interlocutors about Operation Sindoor, India's retaliation to the April 22 Pahalgam terror attack. The delegation met with U.S. Vice President Vance, members of Congress, think tanks, and the Indian-American community.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Shashi Tharoor led a delegation briefing U.S. on Operation Sindoor.
- Operation Sindoor is India's retaliation to the April 22 Pahalgam terror attack.
- 2025-05-12 [Defense & Security] — DGMOs Press Briefing on Operation Sindoor
Following a meeting with ministers and military officials, Director General of Military Operations (DGMO) Lt General Rajiv Ghai, along with Air Marshal A K Bharti and Vice Admiral AN Pramod, addressed the media regarding 'Operation Sindoor'. Air Marshal A K Bharti stated that Indian forces were targeting terrorists and infrastructure in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, but the Pakistani military's intervention led to a response in kind. He affirmed that India's air bases, defense systems, and equipment are fully operational.More details
UPSC Angle: DGMOs Press Briefing on Operation Sindoor.
Key Facts:
- DGMO Lt General Rajiv Ghai, Air Marshal AK Bharti, Vice Admiral AN Pramod, and Maj Gen SS Sharda were present at the briefing.
- Air Marshal A K Bharti confirmed Indian forces targeted terrorists and their infrastructure in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.
- India's air bases, defense systems, and equipment are fully operational.
- Indian Air Force's Director General of Air Operations (DGAO) is Air Marshal Bharti.
- Forces have achieved the objectives of Operation Sindoor.
- All pilots are back home.
Historical Military Engagements in India
Focus: Specific historical battles, invasions, and military rebellions spanning the 17th to 20th centuries.
UPSC Value: Useful for studying the timeline of military history, from Mughal decline to British consolidation and post-independence integration.
6 news items in this theme:
- 2025-11-25 [History & Heritage] — Lachit Diwas: Tributes to Lachit Borphukan
Tributes were paid to Lachit Borphukan on Lachit Diwas. He was an Ahom general who defeated the Mughals in the Battle of Saraighat (1671) and is a symbol of Assamese valour & patriotism.More details
UPSC Angle: Lachit Diwas commemorates Lachit Borphukan, Ahom general.
Key Facts:
- Lachit Borphukan: Ahom general
- Battle of Saraighat (1671): Defeated Mughals
- Lachit Borphukan Gold Medal: Awarded to the best cadet of the National Defence Academy
- 2025-09-15 [History & Heritage] — Operation Polo
In 1948, India launched “Operation Polo”, a swift military campaign that lasted four days. The Nizam surrendered on 17 September 1948, integrating Hyderabad into the Indian Union.More details
UPSC Angle: Operation Polo integrated Hyderabad into the Indian Union in 1948.
Key Facts:
- Operation Polo
- 1948
- Hyderabad
- Indian Union
- Nizam
- 17 September 1948
- 2025-07-24 [History & Heritage] — Paika Rebellion Context and Details
The Paika Rebellion of 1817 involved Paikas and Kondh tribals resisting British policies on land, taxation, and administration. In March 1817, about 400 Kondh tribal fighters marched from Ghumusar towards Khurda and joined forces with the Paikas, led by Bakshi Jagabandhu.More details
UPSC Angle: Paika Rebellion of 1817; resistance against British policies.
Key Facts:
- Led by Bakshi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar
- Involved Paikas and Kondh tribals
- Rebels attacked British establishments and looted treasury offices
- Resistance continued until 1825
- 2025-06-25 [History & Heritage] — East India Company Recaptures Murshidabad in 1763
On June 24, 1763, the East India Company, led by Major John Adams, recaptured Murshidabad, re-installing Mir Jafar as the puppet Nawab of Bengal. This capture was pivotal in the Company's struggle for Bengal, following Mir Jafar's initial installation post-Plassey (1757) and subsequent deposition in 1760. This event deeply entrenched the East India Company's authority in Bengal, setting the stage for direct British rule and significant exploitation of the region.More details
UPSC Angle: East India Company recaptures Murshidabad in 1763.
Key Facts:
- Event: East India Company recaptured Murshidabad
- Date: June 24, 1763
- Leader: Major John Adams
- Outcome: Re-installed Mir Jafar as Nawab of Bengal
- Significance: Cemented British power in Bengal
- Preceding event: Battle of Plassey (1757)
- Mir Qasim challenged British supremacy by curbing trade abuses and strengthening his administration, leading to conflict.
- 2025-03-23 [History & Heritage] — Nadir Shah's Invasion of India
Nadir Shah, the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran, invaded India and defeated Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah 'Rangila' in 3 hours. Nadir Shah's army, though smaller with 55,000 soldiers, outclassed the Mughal army of 300,000 due to modern tactics and weaponry. He crossed the Khyber Pass after conquering Kandahar and swiftly took control of Mughal vassal states, heading towards Delhi.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Nadir Shah: Founder of Afsharid dynasty of Iran
- Battle Duration: 3 hours
- Nadir Shah's Army: 55,000 soldiers
- Mughal Army: 300,000 soldiers
- 2025-03-01 [History & Heritage] — Nadir Shah's Invasion of India
Nadir Shah's army defeated Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah 'Rangila' in the Battle of Karnal within 3 hours, leading to Nadir Shah's capture and plunder of Delhi, taking the Peacock Throne and the Koh-i-noor diamond. The Mughal Empire was left severely weakened, and its power declined over the next century. Nadir Shah was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran.More details
UPSC Angle: Nadir Shah defeated Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah, plundered Delhi.
Key Facts:
- Battle of Karnal: Nadir Shah defeated Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah
- Nadir Shah plundered Delhi
- Took Peacock Throne and Koh-i-noor diamond
- Mughal Empire severely weakened
- Nadir Shah: Founder of Afsharid dynasty of Iran
Indian Military HADR Operations 2025
Focus: Specific instances of named Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) operations conducted by the Indian Armed Forces in 2025 across domestic and international theaters.
UPSC Value: Demonstrates India's 'First Responder' doctrine and the strategic use of military assets for humanitarian diplomacy and regional stability under the SAGAR framework.
5 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-15 [Defense & Security] — India's Armed Forces in Humanitarian Aid and Disaster Relief
The Indian Armed Forces are increasingly involved in Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) operations, both domestically and internationally, guided by the ethos of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” and SAGAR. NDMA guidelines recognize the pivotal role of the forces, with the Army deploying troops and field hospitals, the Air Force providing airlift, and the Navy offering maritime support.More details
UPSC Angle: Indian Armed Forces in Humanitarian Aid and Disaster Relief.
Key Facts:
- HADR operations are a vital part of India's global engagement.
- The Armed Forces are often the first responders in disasters.
- The objective of HADR is ensuring a “prompt, efficient, coordinated, and responsive” reaction.
- The Army may deploy troops and set up field hospitals.
- The Air Force is tasked with airlifting relief personnel and medical aid.
- The Navy can use ships for evacuation and transport of relief goods.
- The Coast Guard supports in maritime disasters like cyclones or tsunamis.
- During the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, nearly 20,900 personnel, 40 naval and Coast Guard ships, 34 aircraft and 42 helicopters were deployed.
- Over 28,700 people were rescued on the mainland, more than 6,000 evacuated from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and 6.36 lakh shifted to relief camps.
- 2025-12-24 [International Relations] — India Pledges Reconstruction Aid to Sri Lanka
India has pledged a reconstruction package of $450 million to Sri Lanka as part of its 'Neighbourhood First Policy' under Operation Sagar Bandhu, highlighting India's commitment to assisting Sri Lanka's recovery efforts. The aid includes humanitarian assistance, relief supplies, and medical assistance sourced and distributed by the High Commission of India in Colombo.More details
UPSC Angle: India pledges reconstruction aid to Sri Lanka under Operation Sagar Bandhu.
Key Facts:
- India pledged $450 million reconstruction package to Sri Lanka
- Part of India's 'Neighbourhood First Policy'
- Under 'Operation Sagar Bandhu'
- Humanitarian aid, relief supplies, and medical assistance provided
- India
- Sri Lanka
- $450 million aid
- Neighbourhood First policy
- Economic diplomacy
- Humanitarian assistance
- 2025-12-08 [International Relations] — India's Operation Sagar Bandhu in Sri Lanka
Indian Army engineers are collaborating with the Sri Lankan Army to restore connectivity by removing a damaged bridge on the A35 road in Kilinochchi. The Indian Army Field Hospital near Kandy has treated over 2,200 patients and performed major emergency surgeries. The Indian Navy deployed four more ships (INS Gharial, LCU 54, 51, and 57) to deliver 1,000 tonnes of HADR material.More details
UPSC Angle: India's Operation Sagar Bandhu in Sri Lanka.
Key Facts:
- Indian Army engineers restoring connectivity on A35 road in Kilinochchi.
- Indian Army Field Hospital near Kandy treated over 2,200 patients.
- Indian Navy deployed INS Gharial, LCU 54, 51, and 57.
- 1,000 tonnes of HADR material delivered.
- 2025-09-09 [Defense & Security] — Operation Rahat: Humanitarian Assistance by Indian Army
Under 'Operation Rahat', the Indian Army's Western Command conducted 82 HADR missions across Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu & Kashmir, evacuating over 6,000 people and providing medical aid to 13,000+ citizens. Relief efforts included air drops of 48 tons of rations and infrastructure restoration.More details
UPSC Angle: Indian Army's 'Operation Rahat' conducted HADR missions.
Key Facts:
- Indian Army's Western Command conducted 82 HADR missions under 'Operation Rahat'
- Area of operations: Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu & Kashmir
- Evacuated over 6,000 people
- Provided medical aid to 13,000+ citizens
- Air drops of 48 tons of rations
- Army aviation assets flying over 250 hours
- 2025-04-02 [International Relations] — Operation Brahma: India's Humanitarian Aid to Myanmar
India, acting as a first responder, is providing humanitarian assistance and disaster relief to Myanmar through Operation Brahma. Indian Navy ships INS Gharial and INS Satpura have been deployed to deliver relief material to quake-hit Myanmar.More details
UPSC Angle: India provides humanitarian aid to Myanmar through Operation Brahma.
Key Facts:
- India launched the Operation Brahma, to provide humanitarian aid to Myanmar.
- Earthquake impact & response: 7.7-magnitude earthquake struck Myanmar.
- INS Satpura and INS Savitri were dispatched, carrying 40 tonnes of humanitarian aid to Yangon.
- Operation Brahma is the Indian government's initiative for humanitarian assistance and disaster relief to Myanmar.
- INS Gharial, a mugger class amphibious warfare vessel, and INS Satpura, a Shivalik class stealth multi-role frigate, are involved in the operation.
- INS Gharial sailed with 440 tonnes of relief material.
- INS Karmuk and LCU 52 carried approximately 40 and 30 tons of relief material respectively.
Public Stampedes and Crowd Management Crisis in India (2025)
Focus: A series of high-fatality stampedes occurring at religious festivals, railway stations, and public celebrations across multiple Indian states throughout 2025, highlighting systemic failures in crowd control.
UPSC Value: Critical for Disaster Management (GS Paper III) regarding NDMA guidelines for crowd management and the administrative accountability of local authorities during mass gatherings.
5 news items in this theme:
- 2025-11-02 [Society & Culture] — Temple Stampede in Andhra Pradesh
A stampede at a temple in Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, resulted in 9 deaths and 15 injuries during Ekadashi celebrations. Across India, stampedes at temples, religious festivals, and public gatherings have claimed around 100 lives in 2025 alone.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Stampede occurred in Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh.
- 9 devotees killed and 15 injured.
- Occurred during Ekadashi celebrations.
- Around 100 lives have been lost in stampedes at temples, religious festivals, and public gatherings across India in 2025.
- 2025-08-30 [Sports & Awards] — RCB Announces Compensation for Stampede Victims
Royal Challengers Bengaluru (RCB) announced a compensation of â‚ą25 lakh each to the families of the eleven people who died in the franchise's IPL victory celebrations.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- RCB: â‚ą25 lakh compensation to families of stampede victims
- 11 people died in the stampede
- 2025-07-01 [Society & Culture] — Puri Rath Yatra Stampede claims three lives
A stampede during the Puri Rath Yatra has resulted in the death of three devotees, prompting the Odisha CM to order an immediate probe into security lapses.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Puri Rath Yatra
- stampede
- three deaths
- Odisha CM
- probe into security lapses
- 2025-06-30 [Society & Culture] — India's Turbulent First Half of 2025
India faced a challenging six months marked by stampedes, a plane crash, military confrontation with Pakistan, and floods/landslides, causing numerous casualties, injuries, and displacement. Key events include stampedes at Kumbh Mela, New Delhi Railway Station, Bengaluru, and Puri, along with floods affecting northeastern India and Himachal Pradesh.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Stampedes: Kumbh Mela, New Delhi Railway Station, Bengaluru, Puri
- Air India flight crash in Ahmedabad
- Military confrontation with Pakistan
- Floods and landslides in northeastern India and Himachal Pradesh
- 47 deaths due to floods and landslides: 17 in Assam, 12 in Arunachal Pradesh, 6 each in Meghalaya and Mizoram, 3 in Sikkim, 2 in Tripura, 1 in Nagaland
- Over 4 lakh people affected in Assam across 15 districts
- Flash floods displaced over 56,000 people in Manipur
- Flash floods in Himachal Pradesh killed 17 people and caused heavy damage, estimated at Rs 300 crore
- 2025-06-06 [Society & Culture] — Bengaluru Stampede Leads to Suspension of Police Chief
Following a stampede at M. Chinnaswamy Stadium in Bengaluru that resulted in 11 deaths and 56 injuries during celebrations of Royal Challengers Bengaluru's (RCB) IPL-2025 victory, Chief Minister Siddaramaiah suspended Bengaluru Police Commissioner B. Dayananda and other responsible police officials.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- M. Chinnaswamy Stadium
- Bengaluru
- Royal Challengers Bengaluru (RCB)
- IPL-2025
- Chief Minister Siddaramaiah
- Bengaluru Police Commissioner B. Dayananda
India's Ramsar Wetland Portfolio: Expansion and Management
Focus: Updates regarding the numerical expansion, city-level accreditation, and management challenges of India's Ramsar wetland sites.
UPSC Value: Useful for tracking India's progress under the Ramsar Convention, including the addition of new sites, the introduction of the 'Wetland City' tag, and conservation issues in existing sites.
5 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-17 [Environment & Ecology] — Wetland Mitras Protecting India's Wetlands
A project transforming farmers, boat ferrymen, and teachers into 'wetland mitras' is contributing to the conservation of India's wetlands. Currently, India has 98 wetlands designated as Ramsar sites, with Chhari-Dhand wetland in Gujarat and Patna Bird Sanctuary in Uttar Pradesh being the latest additions in 2026.More details
UPSC Angle: Wetland Mitras protecting India's wetlands.
Key Facts:
- WWF-India has a programme aimed at protecting the wetlands of India
- India has 98 wetlands designated as Ramsar sites
- The Chhari-Dhand wetland in Gujarat and Patna Bird Sanctuary in Uttar Pradesh being the latest frontiers in the lineage, declared as Ramsar sites in 2026.
- There are over 1,200 wetland mitras enrolled across Indian topographies
- Janardhan was part of the committee that received the Water Sustainability Awards 2021 hosted by TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute)
- 2026-02-03 [Environment & Ecology] — Two New Wetlands Added to India's Ramsar List
Two new wetlands, Patna Bird Sanctuary (Uttar Pradesh) and Chhari Dhand Wetland Reserve (Gujarat), have been added to India's Ramsar List, bringing the total to 98. Wetlands cover approximately 5% of India’s land area, but India has lost nearly 40% of its natural wetlands over the last three decades due to urbanization. Tamil Nadu holds the highest number of Ramsar sites (20) in the country.More details
UPSC Angle: Two new wetlands added to India's Ramsar List, total now 98.
Key Facts:
- Patna Bird Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh added to Ramsar List
- Chhari Dhand Wetland Reserve, Gujarat added to Ramsar List
- India has 98 Ramsar sites
- Wetlands cover approximately 5% of India’s land area (around 15.9 million hectares)
- India has lost nearly 40% of its natural wetlands over the last three decades due to urbanization
- Tamil Nadu holds the highest number of Ramsar sites (20) in the country
- 2025-09-10 [Environment & Ecology] — Udaipur receives Ramsar Wetland City accreditation
Udaipur has received the Ramsar Wetland City accreditation during the Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan Awards and Wetland Cities Recognition Ceremony 2025, organized by the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC). Udaipur is surrounded by five major wetlands: Pichola, Fateh Sagar, Rang Sagar, Swaroop Sagar, and Doodh Talai.More details
UPSC Angle: Udaipur receives Ramsar Wetland City accreditation.
Key Facts:
- Udaipur
- Ramsar Wetland City accreditation
- Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan Awards and Wetland Cities Recognition Ceremony 2025
- Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC)
- Pichola, Fateh Sagar, Rang Sagar, Swaroop Sagar, and Doodh Talai wetlands
- Union Minister Shri Bhupender Yadav
- 2025 Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan
- Wetland Cities Recognition Awards in New Delhi
- 2025-07-13 [Environment & Ecology] — Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary
Hundreds of buffaloes are grazing freely in the restricted Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary area in Samkehar, Bathu and Panalath near the Pong Wetland, violating sanctuary norms. The Pong Dam Lake, also known as Maharana Pratap Sagar, is a man-made reservoir formed by the Pong Dam on the Beas River in Himachal Pradesh's Kangra district. It was designated a Ramsar site in 2002 and covers approximately 245 sq.km, comprising the water body and surrounding wetland environments.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Location: Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh
- Also known as Maharana Pratap Sagar
- Man-made reservoir on Beas River
- Designated a Ramsar site in 2002
- Area: Approximately 245 sq.km
- Constructed in 1975
- Highest earth-fill dam in India
- 2025-03-17 [Environment & Ecology] — India's Conservation Efforts
India is expanding its network of Ramsar-designated wetlands, with 91 sites covering 1.35 million hectares, making it the country with the most Ramsar sites in Asia and third globally. India maintains 1,022 protected areas, encompassing 5.43% of its geographic territory, including national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and tiger and elephant reserves.More details
UPSC Angle: India has the most Ramsar sites in Asia.
Key Facts:
- 91 Ramsar sites covering 1.35 million hectares
- 1,022 protected areas encompassing 5.43% of India's geographic territory
- Project Snow Leopard
- Project Cheetah
- Amrit Kaal Ka Tiger Vision (Tiger@2047)
Resurgence of H5N1 Avian Influenza Across India (2025)
Focus: Multiple distinct outbreaks and alerts regarding H5N1 Avian Influenza affecting poultry, wildlife, and humans across different Indian states throughout 2025.
UPSC Value: Useful for tracking the geographical spread of zoonotic diseases and the variation in state-level public health responses.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-12-25 [Agriculture] — Avian Flu Threatens Duck-Rearing in Kuttanad
Recurring H5N1 avian flu outbreaks in Kuttanad threaten traditional open duck farming. Migratory birds are suspected as carriers.More details
UPSC Angle: Avian flu outbreaks in Kuttanad threaten traditional open duck farming.
Key Facts:
- Threat: Recurring H5N1 avian flu outbreaks
- Location: Kuttanad
- Threatened: Traditional open duck farming
- Suspected carriers: Migratory birds
- 2025-08-15 [Environment & Ecology] — UP Issues Alert Due to Bird Flu Threat
Uttar Pradesh has issued a state-wide alert due to the growing threat of Bird Flu (H5N1), directing relevant departments to implement strict safety protocols to protect animals and birds, especially in zoos and wildlife sanctuaries. Human infections of H5N1 are rare, with a high fatality rate (~60%).More details
UPSC Angle: UP issues alert due to Bird Flu (H5N1) threat.
Key Facts:
- Uttar Pradesh
- State-wide alert
- Bird Flu (H5N1)
- Safety protocols for animals and birds
- Zoos and wildlife sanctuaries
- H5N1 fatality rate ~60%
- 2025-04-05 [Science & Technology] — ICMR blames bird flu, other factors for Narasaraopet girl's death
An ICMR team investigating the death of a girl in Narasaraopet with H5N1 bird flu symptoms met with Andhra Pradesh CM N. Chandrababu Naidu on April 4, 2025, to discuss the factors that led to the death.More details
UPSC Angle: ICMR blames bird flu, other factors for Narasaraopet girl's death.
Key Facts:
- An ICMR team met with Andhra Pradesh CM N. Chandrababu Naidu on April 4, 2025.
- The meeting discussed the death of a girl in Narasaraopet exhibiting symptoms of the H5N1 bird flu virus.
- 2025-03-01 [Environment & Ecology] — Avian flu found in Madhya Pradesh
The Health Ministry confirmed the presence of Avian Influenza (H5N1) in three pet cats and a live bird market in Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh, on January 31, 2025. The ministry stated that all necessary public health measures were instituted.More details
UPSC Angle: Avian Influenza (H5N1) confirmed in Madhya Pradesh.
Key Facts:
- Avian Influenza (H5N1)
- Chhindwara
- Madhya Pradesh
- January 31, 2025
- Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh
National Vulnerability & Status Reports
Focus: Major annual institutional reports (CSE, Germanwatch, UN) released in 2025 that rank or assess India's overall environmental status and climate vulnerability.
UPSC Value: Offers authoritative indices and rankings (Climate Risk Index, Water Stress) essential for substantiating arguments about India's global vulnerability standing.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-12-24 [Environment & Ecology] — India 9th most climate-hit nation
According to the Climate Risk Index (CRI) 2026 released by Germanwatch at COP30 in Belém, Brazil, India ranks ninth among the countries most affected by extreme weather events over the past three decades (1995-2024). During this period, India endured nearly 430 extreme weather events, resulting in over 80,000 deaths, 1.3 billion people affected, and $170 billion in economic losses.More details
UPSC Angle: India ranks ninth among countries most affected by extreme weather events.
Key Facts:
- India ranks ninth in the Climate Risk Index (CRI) 2026.
- The CRI covers data from 1995 to 2024.
- India endured nearly 430 extreme weather events.
- Extreme weather events resulted in over 80,000 deaths.
- 1.3 billion people were affected by extreme weather events.
- Economic losses amounted to $170 billion.
- 2025-09-13 [Environment & Ecology] — India 9th Worst Hit by Climate Disasters
India has been ranked 9th among the countries worst affected by climate-related disasters over the past 30 years, according to the latest Climate Risk Index (CRI) report by Germanwatch. From 1995 to 2024, India recorded 80,000 fatalities and experienced economic losses worth 170 billion USD due to extreme weather events.More details
UPSC Angle: India ranked 9th worst hit by climate disasters; Climate Risk Index.
Key Facts:
- Climate Risk Index (CRI) report by Germanwatch
- India ranked 9th
- 80,000 fatalities (1995-2024)
- 170 billion USD economic losses
- 430 extreme weather events
- 2025-06-04 [Environment & Ecology] — CSE's 'State of India's Environment' Report Warns of Mounting Crisis
The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) released its annual 'State of India's Environment in Figures 2025' report, revealing a worsening crisis across environmental and developmental fronts. The report, which analyzed 48 indicators across environment, agriculture, public health, and human development, ranked 36 states and Union Territories, highlighting that no state consistently performs well across all areas. The report points to increasing extreme weather events, declining public health, and stalled infrastructure development as major concerns.More details
UPSC Angle: CSE report highlights environmental crisis; focus on key findings.
Key Facts:
- The 'State of India's Environment in Figures 2025' report was released by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) on June 4, 2025.
- The report used 48 indicators across four thematic areas: environment, agriculture, public health, and human development.
- The report ranked 36 states and Union Territories.
- India's greenhouse gas emissions reached 7.8%, the highest global share since 1970.
- E-waste rose by 147% in seven years.
- Plastic waste hit a record 4.14 million tonnes in 2022-23.
- Forest diversions for development reached a decade-high last year, with 29,000 hectares cleared.
- Human deaths due to elephant attacks rose by 36% compared to 2020-23.
- 135 districts are extracting groundwater from depths exceeding 40 metres.
- Toxic heavy metals were found in almost half of the country's monitored river sites in 2022.
- The government has remediated only half of its legacy waste despite a 2026 deadline.
- Extreme weather events triggered 5.4 million internal displacements, nearly half in Assam.
- 2025-03-28 [Environment & Ecology] — World Water Development Report 2025
The World Water Development Report 2025 indicates that 25 countries, home to one-quarter of the world's population, face 'extremely high' water stress every year, and climate change is increasing seasonal variability in water availability. Globally, agriculture dominates freshwater withdrawals at 72%, followed by industry (15%) and domestic use (13%).More details
UPSC Angle: World Water Development Report 2025: water stress and climate change.
Key Facts:
- 25 countries face 'extremely high' water stress every year.
- Agriculture sector dominates freshwater withdrawals (72%).
- Industry uses 15% of freshwater withdrawals.
- Domestic/municipal use accounts for 13% of freshwater withdrawals.
- Global freshwater withdrawals increased by 14% between 2000 and 2021.
Indian Representation and Recognition in UN Environmental Governance (2025)
Focus: Indian individuals and official delegations securing leadership roles or prestigious awards within United Nations-affiliated environmental frameworks and climate summits in 2025.
UPSC Value: Highlights India's increasing soft power and proactive participation in global climate diplomacy and environmental policy-making.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-12-11 [Environment & Ecology] — Supriya Sahu wins UNEP Champions of the Earth Award 2025
Supriya Sahu, Additional Chief Secretary of Tamil Nadu, has won the UNEP Champions of the Earth 2025 Award for her leadership in climate mitigation, adaptation, and heat resilience.More details
UPSC Angle: Supriya Sahu wins UNEP Champions of the Earth 2025 award.
Key Facts:
- Supriya Sahu, Additional Chief Secretary of Tamil Nadu, won the UNEP Champions of the Earth 2025 Award.
- Awarded for leadership in climate mitigation, adaptation, and heat resilience.
- 2025-09-26 [Environment & Ecology] — UNEP Young Champions of the Earth Award 2025
Jinali Mody from India, founder of Banofi Leather, which creates eco-friendly leather from banana waste, is a winner of the UNEP Young Champions of the Earth Award 2025. The award aims to empower youth in addressing climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution, offering USD 20,000 seed funding and mentorship.More details
UPSC Angle: Jinali Mody wins UNEP Young Champions of the Earth Award 2025.
Key Facts:
- UNEP Young Champions of the Earth Award 2025
- Jinali Mody (India)
- Banofi Leather
- USD 20,000 seed funding
- 2025-05-17 [Environment & Ecology] — Arunabha Ghosh Appointed South Asia Envoy to COP-30
Arunabha Ghosh, CEO of the Council of Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW), has been appointed as the South Asia envoy for the 30th Conference of Parties (COP-30) in Belém, Brazil.More details
UPSC Angle: Arunabha Ghosh appointed South Asia envoy for COP-30 in Belém, Brazil.
Key Facts:
- Arunabha Ghosh, founder and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of New Delhi(Delhi)-based Council of Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW), a climate and energy think tank of India, has been appointed as the South Asia envoy for the 30th Conference of Parties (COP-30).
- 2025-05-03 [Environment & Ecology] — India Champions Chemical & Waste Governance at BRS COPs 2025
India reaffirmed its leadership in environmental governance at the BRS COPs 2025 in Geneva. Led by Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav, the Indian delegation advocated for sound management of chemicals and wastes, access to finance and technology for developing countries, and action on plastic pollution. The conference theme, “Make visible the invisible”, highlights global concern over the unseen hazards of chemical mismanagement.More details
UPSC Angle: India champions chemical & waste governance at BRS COPs 2025.
Key Facts:
- India participated in BRS COPs 2025 in Geneva
- Advocated for sound management of chemicals and wastes
- Pushed for action on plastic pollution
- Conference theme: “Make visible the invisible”
- BRS COPs 2025
- Chemical
- Waste Governance
Strategic Documentation and Commemoration of Indian Military Operations
Focus: A collection of 2025 reports detailing the historical context, modern execution (Sindoor), and formal commemorations (Pawan, Trident) of major Indian military interventions.
UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding India's defense history, the evolution of joint-service operations, and the role of defense PSUs in maintaining operational readiness.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-12-05 [History & Heritage] — Operation Trident (1971)
Operation Trident was launched on December 4, 1971, as part of the India-Pakistan War. The primary goal was to inflict significant damage on Pakistani vessels in the Karachi harbour. INS Kiltan, Katchall, Nipat, Nighat, and Veer participated in the operation.More details
UPSC Angle: Operation Trident launched on December 4, 1971, during India-Pakistan War.
Key Facts:
- December 4, 1971: Launch date
- Karachi harbour: Target location
- INS Kiltan, Katchall, Nipat, Nighat, and Veer: Participants in the operation
- Soviet Osa missile boats equipped with SS-N-2 Styx missiles: Equipment used by Indian Navy
- 2025-11-29 [History & Heritage] — Operation Pawan: Homage Paid to Soldiers
The Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) of India recently paid homage to soldiers who laid down their lives during Operation Pawan, the 1987 Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) mission in Sri Lanka. Launched by the Rajiv Gandhi government in 1987, Operation Pawan was India's first major overseas military campaign post-Independence.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Operation: Operation Pawan
- Year: 1987
- Involved: Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) mission in Sri Lanka
- Objective: to help quell the civil war between the Tamil and Sinhala communities
- Significance: India's first major overseas military campaign post-Independence
- Launched under: Indo-Sri Lanka Accord, 1987
- 2025-10-18 [Defense & Security] — HAL Supports IAF Operational Readiness During 'Operation Sindoor'
HAL provided 24/7 maintenance and logistics support during 'Operation Sindoor' in 2025, ensuring IAF operational readiness. The integration of the BrahMos missile on Su-30 MKI, used to strike terrorist hideouts, validates the combat reliability of indigenously maintained systems.More details
UPSC Angle: HAL supported IAF during 'Operation Sindoor'.
Key Facts:
- HAL
- Operation Sindoor (2025)
- IAF
- BrahMos missile
- Su-30 MKI
- 2025-05-08 [History & Heritage] — India's Military Operations
In the news were discussions of India's past military operations against Pakistan, including Operation Sindoor, Operation Vijay (1999 Kargil conflict), Operation Safed Sagar (1999 Kargil conflict) and Operation Bandar (2019 Balakot air strikes). Operation Cactus Lily (1971 Indo-Pak War) was an air assault operation conducted in December 1971 during the Bangladesh Liberation War.More details
UPSC Angle: Discussions of India's past military operations against Pakistan.
Key Facts:
- Operation Vijay: Launched in May 1999 to reclaim areas occupied by Pakistani forces during the Kargil War.
- Operation Safed Sagar: The Indian Air Force's role in the 1999 Kargil War.
- Operation Bandar: India's response to the February 2019 Pulwama terror attack.
- Operation Cactus Lily: An air assault operation conducted in December 1971 during the Bangladesh Liberation War.
- Operation Pawan was the codename given to the mission of the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) in Sri Lanka from 1987 to 1990.
- Operation Poomalai: India's “parippu drop” or Operation Poomalai was launched by the Indian Air Force mission in 1987 to airdrop supplies to civilians trapped in Jaffna when Sri Lankan forces had laid siege to the peninsula.
IORA Institutional Strengthening and Leadership Transition 2025
Focus: Institutional activities, governance reforms, and leadership changes within the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) during the 2025 calendar year.
UPSC Value: Highlights India's strategic 'SAGAR' vision and its evolving role in shaping regional architecture and maritime diplomacy in the Indian Ocean.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-11-25 [International Relations] — India to chair Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) in 2025
India is set to assume the chairship of the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) in November 2025, with plans to strengthen the organization's governance, funding mechanisms, and regional cooperation. India aims to enhance data management, integrate digital tools, boost IORA's budget, and collaborate with institutions to develop maritime courses.More details
UPSC Angle: India to chair Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) in 2025.
Key Facts:
- India takes over IORA chairship in November 2025.
- IORA consists of 23 member states bordering the Indian Ocean.
- Secretariat is based in Ebene, Mauritius.
- India's objectives include integrating digital tools and encouraging private sector investment.
- India aims to strengthen IORA as a platform for regional security, economic growth, and sustainable development.
- 2025-11-21 [International Relations] — IORA Annual Trade Dialogue to be hosted by Mozambique in December 2025
The Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) Annual Trade Dialogue will be hosted by Mozambique from December 1-2, 2025, providing a platform for IORA's 23 Member States, Dialogue Partners, and experts to review global and regional trade developments. The dialogue aims to raise awareness of regional cooperation opportunities in trade and investment, deepen public-private cooperation, and facilitate trade opportunities among IORA Member States.More details
UPSC Angle: IORA Annual Trade Dialogue to be hosted by Mozambique.
Key Facts:
- The IORA Annual Trade Dialogue will be hosted by Mozambique from December 1 to 2, 2025.
- The dialogue includes IORA's 23 Member States, Dialogue Partners, and experts.
- Key topics include trade flows, green transition, blue economy opportunities, and SME promotion.
- The Indian Ocean carries half of the world's container ships, one-third of global bulk cargo, and two-thirds of oil shipments.
- 2025-11-04 [International Relations] — Workshop on Integrated Marine Debris Observing System
The Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) held a Workshop on “Integrated Marine Debris Observing System on November 4, 2025.More details
UPSC Angle: IORA held a Workshop on Integrated Marine Debris Observing System.
Key Facts:
- IORA held a Workshop on “Integrated Marine Debris Observing System on November 4, 2025.
- 2025-04-18 [International Relations] — India to assume IORA chair for 2025-2027
India is set to assume the chair of the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) in November 2025 for the next two years and aims to enhance the organization's resilience. India plans to boost IORA's budget, improve data management through technology, and collaborate with institutions to develop maritime courses. IORA is strategically significant for India, complementing its SAGAR vision and promoting regional stability and development.More details
UPSC Angle: India to assume IORA chair for 2025-2027, enhance resilience.
Key Facts:
- India will assume the IORA chair in November 2025 for two years.
- India is currently the Vice-Chair of IORA.
- IORA's intra-regional trade was around $800 billion in 2022.
- The 24th IORA Council of Ministers Meeting was held virtually on May 21, 2025, hosted by Sri Lanka.
Aviation Safety Incidents Involving Indian Carriers
Focus: Reports covering crashes, medical emergencies, and technical failures (fires) involving Indian airlines in 2025.
UPSC Value: Highlights challenges in aviation safety, pilot health, and crisis management within the civil aviation sector.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-07-22 [Science & Technology] — Air India auxiliary power unit fire
An Air India plane's auxiliary power unit caught fire after landing at Delhi airport from Hong Kong on July 22, 2025. All passengers and crew members are safe.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Air India
- Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) fire
- Delhi Airport
- Flight from Hong Kong
- July 22, 2025
- 2025-07-13 [Polity & Governance] — Top news of the day
Pilots association says AI-171 crew acted in line with responsibility under challenging conditions. President Droupadi Murmu on July 13, 2025 nominated former Foreign Secretary Harsh Vardhan Shringla, Special Public Prosecutor in the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks case Ujjwal Nikam, Kerala BJP leader C. Sadanandan Master and Delhi-based historian Meenakshi Jain to the Rajya Sabha.More details
UPSC Angle: President nominated Harsh Vardhan Shringla to Rajya Sabha.
Key Facts:
- Pilots association says AI-171 crew acted in line with responsibility under challenging conditions
- President Droupadi Murmu nominated on July 13, 2025 former Foreign Secretary Harsh Vardhan Shringla, Special Public Prosecutor in the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks case Ujjwal Nikam, Kerala BJP leader C. Sadanandan Master and Delhi-based historian Meenakshi Jain to the Rajya Sabha.
- 2025-06-13 [Disaster Management] — Air India Ahmedabad plane crash
Air India flight AI171, a Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner traveling from Ahmedabad to London, crashed shortly after takeoff on June 12, 2025, resulting in 241 confirmed fatalities out of the 242 people on board. The aircraft crashed in a densely populated area near the airport, and the black box was recovered from the roof of a medical college hostel. Tata Group, the parent company of Air India, announced â‚ą1 crore compensation for the families of the deceased.More details
UPSC Angle: Air India flight AI171 crashed after takeoff in Ahmedabad; fatalities.
Key Facts:
- Air India
- Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner
- Flight 171
- Ahmedabad
- London Gatwick
- June 12, 2025
- 242 deaths
- Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB)
- ICAO standards
- India is the world's 3rd-largest domestic aviation market
- Air India flight AI171 crashed on June 12, 2025
- Ahmedabad to London flight
- 241 fatalities confirmed
- 1 survivor: Ramesh Viswashkumar
- Black box recovered
- Crash site: Meghaninagar area near Ahmedabad airport
- Tata Group announced â‚ą1 crore compensation
- Former Gujarat CM Vijay Rupani was among the deceased
- Aircraft departed at 1.39 pm local time from runway 23
- Last recorded altitude of the aircraft was 190m
- 2025-04-19 [Defense & Security] — DGCA orders probe into Air India Express pilot's death
The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) has launched an investigation into the death of an Air India Express pilot who suffered a heart attack after flying from Srinagar to Delhi. The probe will examine allegations of delayed emergency medical response and the preparedness of the medical facility at Indira Gandhi International Airport.More details
UPSC Angle: DGCA orders probe into Air India Express pilot's death.
Key Facts:
- Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA)
- Air India Express
- Srinagar
- Delhi
- Indira Gandhi International Airport
Indian Air Force Public Outreach and Ceremonial Displays
Focus: Specific instances of the Indian Air Force conducting large-scale air shows and ceremonial flypasts for public engagement and national anniversaries across different regions.
UPSC Value: Understanding the IAF's role in public diplomacy, regional strategic presence, and the significance of ceremonial protocols in national defense.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-24 [Defense & Security] — Gangapur Dam
The Indian Air Force recently held an Air Show in Nasik, Maharashtra, near the Gangapur Dam on the Godavari River.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Gangapur Dam
- Godavari River
- Nasik, Maharashtra
- 2025-11-09 [Defense & Security] — IAF Organizes Air Show in Guwahati
The Eastern Air Command of the Indian Air Force organized its first full-scale air show in Guwahati to mark the IAF's 93rd anniversary. The theme was "Infallible, Impervious and Precise", with over 75 aircraft and helicopters displayed.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Organized by Eastern Air Command of Indian Air Force
- First full-scale air show in Guwahati
- Marking 93rd anniversary of Indian Air Force
- Theme: "Infallible, Impervious and Precise"
- Over 75 aircraft and helicopters displayed
- Location: Lachit Ghat above Brahmaputra River
- 2025-08-14 [Defense & Security] — IAF to Stage Flypast over Red Fort with Operation Sindoor Flag
The Indian Air Force (IAF) will conduct a special flypast over the Red Fort, featuring three helicopters carrying the National Flag and the Operation Sindoor flag. The aircraft will shower flower petals over the public. Invitations to the event include Operation Sindoor on the top right corner, with a sketch of the Chenab railway bridge.More details
UPSC Angle: IAF to stage flypast over Red Fort with Operation Sindoor flag.
Key Facts:
- IAF to stage a flypast over the Red Fort with National Flag and Operation Sindoor flag
- Aircraft will shower flower petals over the public
- Invitations feature Operation Sindoor and a sketch of the Chenab railway bridge
Operation Sindoor as a Pillar of 2025 National Narrative
Focus: Recurring official mentions by the Prime Minister throughout 2025 framing 'Operation Sindoor' as the primary symbol of India's military strength and defense indigenization.
UPSC Value: Examines the use of military milestones in national strategic communication and the practical application of 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' in defense operations.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-12-29 [Schemes & Programs] — Mann Ki Baat Highlights National Achievements
Narendra Modi in Mann Ki Baat highlighted 2025 as a year of national achievements, including Operation Sindoor as a symbol of firm national security, the first Indian reaching the International Space Station, and the cheetah population crossing 30 in India. Other achievements mentioned were the Prayagraj Maha Kumbh, Ram Mandir flag-hoisting at Ayodhya, Vande Mataram completing 150 years, and various sports events.More details
UPSC Angle: Mann Ki Baat highlights Operation Sindoor and space achievements.
Key Facts:
- Operation Sindoor: Symbol of firm national security
- First Indian reached the International Space Station
- Cheetah population crossed 30 in India
- Prayagraj Maha Kumbh
- Ram Mandir flag-hoisting at Ayodhya
- Vande Mataram completed 150 years
- 2025-10-21 [Defense & Security] — PM Modi Celebrates Diwali with Navy on INS Vikrant
Prime Minister Narendra Modi celebrated Diwali with Navy officers and sailors aboard the INS Vikrant, off the Goa coast. He highlighted achievements in defense manufacturing, noting that defense production has more than tripled in 11 years, crossing â‚ą1.5 lakh crore last year. He also mentioned that one new indigenous warship or submarine has been added to the Navy every 40 days since 2014.More details
UPSC Angle: PM celebrates Diwali on INS Vikrant, highlighting defense manufacturing.
Key Facts:
- PM celebrated Diwali on INS Vikrant
- Celebrated success of Operation Sindoor
- INS Vikrant (IAC-1): India's first indigenously built aircraft carrier
- Symbolizes Aatmanirbhar Bharat in naval modernization
- Narendra Modi: Prime Minister of India
- INS Vikrant: Location of Diwali celebration
- Goa coast: Location of INS Vikrant
- â‚ą1.5 lakh crore: Defense production last year
- 40 days: Frequency of new warship/submarine addition to Navy
- BrahMos and Akash: Missiles mentioned by PM Modi
- Operation Sindoor: Operation in which Indian Missiles proved their capabilities
- 2025-08-15 [Defense & Security] — PM Modi Highlights Operation Sindoor
During his Independence Day address, PM Modi saluted the brave warriors of Operation Sindoor from the Red Fort. He said that the army was able to carry out its tasks without worry because the power of Make in India was in their hands. Operation Sindoor was India’s strongest military action against Pakistan.More details
UPSC Angle: PM Modi highlights Operation Sindoor.
Key Facts:
- Operation Sindoor
- Make in India
- Red Fort
Expansion of India's Ramsar Sites Network (Late 2025)
Focus: A specific sequence of additions to India's Ramsar list in late 2025, tracking the increase in the national tally from 93 to 96.
UPSC Value: Tracking the specific additions (Udhwa, Siliserh, Kopra) and the growing total of Ramsar sites is critical for Environment & Ecology prelims.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-12-15 [Environment & Ecology] — New Ramsar Sites
India's tally of Ramsar sites has now reached 96 with recent additions. Siliserh Lake is located in Alwar district, Rajasthan and lies within the buffer zone of the Sariska Tiger Reserve. Kopra Jalashay is located in Chhattisgarh and is a reservoir-type wetland originally constructed for irrigation purposes and supports migratory birds like the Greater Spotted Eagle.More details
UPSC Angle: India's tally of Ramsar sites reaches 96 with recent additions.
Key Facts:
- Total Ramsar sites in India: 96
- Siliserh Lake: Alwar district, Rajasthan; buffer zone of Sariska Tiger Reserve
- Kopra Jalashay: Chhattisgarh; supports migratory birds like the Greater Spotted Eagle
- Kopra Jalashay Location: upper catchments of the River Mahanadi
- 2025-12-12 [Environment & Ecology] — Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary Declared Ramsar Site
Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary in Jharkhand was declared a Ramsar Site in 2025. The sanctuary supports a diverse ecosystem with over 146 bird species.More details
UPSC Angle: Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary in Jharkhand declared a Ramsar Site.
Key Facts:
- Location: Sahebganj district of Jharkhand
- Components: Pataura Lake and Berhale Lake
- Part of: Ganga River floodplain
- Surrounded by: Rajmahal Hills
- Bird species: over 146 species
- Endangered species: band-tailed fish eagle, lesser adjutant stork, and common pochard.
- 2025-09-29 [Environment & Ecology] — New Ramsar Sites in Bihar
Two new Ramsar Sites, Gokul Jalashay in Buxar and Udaipur Jheel in West Champaran, were added in Bihar, bringing the total number of Ramsar Sites in India to 93, covering over 13.6 lakh hectares. India now ranks 3rd globally in the number of Ramsar sites, with the first being the UK (176 sites) and second being Mexico (144 sites).More details
UPSC Angle: Two new Ramsar Sites added in Bihar; India now has 93.
Key Facts:
- New Ramsar Sites: Gokul Jalashay (Buxar, Bihar), Udaipur Jheel (West Champaran, Bihar)
- Total Ramsar Sites in India: 93
- Total area covered: 13.6 lakh hectares
- India's global ranking: 3rd
- UK: 176 Ramsar sites
- Mexico: 144 Ramsar sites
- Ramsar Convention signed: 1971
- Ramsar Convention came into force: 1975
- Bihar now has 5 Ramsar sites
- Two new Ramsar sites added in Bihar: Gokul Jalashay (Buxar district) & Udaipur Jheel (West Champaran district)
- India's global ranking: 3rd (after UK and Mexico)
- India's ranking in Asia: 1st
Major Astronomical Phenomena in India (2025)
Focus: Significant celestial and astronomical events observable from the Indian subcontinent throughout 2025, including a meteor shower, a total lunar eclipse, and Zero Shadow Day.
UPSC Value: Relevant for General Science (Astronomy) and Geography (Earth-Sun-Moon relationships and celestial mechanics).
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-12-13 [Science & Technology] — Geminid Meteor Shower Peak
The Geminid meteor shower is set to peak over India between December 13–15, 2025, offering up to 100–120 meteors per hour under dark skies. The Geminids are known for their high meteor rates, bright fireballs, and slow-moving streaks, making them among the most spectacular celestial events visible from Earth.More details
UPSC Angle: Geminid meteor shower peak offers 100-120 meteors per hour.
Key Facts:
- Geminid meteor shower peak: December 13–15, 2025.
- Up to 100–120 meteors per hour.
- Known for high meteor rates and bright fireballs.
- Arise from the asteroid 3200 Phaethon
- 2025-09-07 [Geography] — Total Lunar Eclipse Visible in India
The longest total lunar eclipse visible from India since 2022 will occur on the intervening night of September 7 and 8. Astronomers note that this is the first time since July 27, 2018, that an entire total lunar eclipse will be observable from all parts of the country. The eclipse is expected to spark wide public curiosity from villages to cities.More details
UPSC Angle: Lunar eclipse visibility from India; dates and astronomical significance.
Key Facts:
- Blood Moon appeared on September 7, 2025.
- It was the longest Blood Moon since 2022.
- Longest total lunar eclipse visible from India since 2022 occurred on the intervening night of September 7 and 8, 2025
- First time since July 27, 2018, that an entire total lunar eclipse will be observable from all parts of the country
- Next total lunar eclipse: December 31, 2028
- Divya Oberoi: chair of the Public Outreach and Education Committee (POEC) of the Astronomical Society of India and associate professor at the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics
- Longest total lunar eclipse since 2022 will occur on September 7 and 8, 2025
- First time since July 27, 2018, that an entire total lunar eclipse will be observable from all parts of India
- Divya Oberoi: chair of the Public Outreach and Education Committee (POEC) of the Astronomical Society of India and associate professor at the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics, Pune
- The eclipse will begin at around 8.58 p.m.
- Totality will start close to 11 p.m. and reach its peak at 11.42 p.m.
- The eclipse will finally end at 1.26 a.m.
- Nehru Centre Planetarium (Mumbai) Director: Arvind Paranjpye
- 2025-04-24 [Geography] — Zero Shadow Day in Bengaluru
The Indian Institute of Astrophysics in Bengaluru celebrated Zero Shadow Day on April 24, 2025. Zero Shadow Day occurs twice a year for places located between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S), when no shadow is cast by any object standing upright on the ground at solar noon.More details
UPSC Angle: Zero Shadow Day observed in Bengaluru.
Key Facts:
- Zero Shadow Day occurred in Bengaluru on April 24, 2025
- Occurs twice a year between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn
- No shadow is cast by upright objects at solar noon
IAF Operational Safety and Aircraft Incidents 2025
Focus: A series of crashes and emergency landings involving different Indian Air Force aircraft types (Jaguar, Apache, and others) occurring throughout 2025.
UPSC Value: Critical for analyzing defense preparedness, flight safety protocols, and the technical reliability of the IAF's diverse fleet.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-11-14 [Defense & Security] — IAF aircraft crashes near Chennai; pilot ejects safely
An Indian Air Force (IAF) aircraft crashed on Thiruporur-Nemmeli Road near Chennai on November 14, 2025, at around 2 p.m., but the pilot ejected to safety.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Date: November 14, 2025
- Location: Thiruporur-Nemmeli Road near Chennai
- Aircraft: Indian Air Force (IAF)
- Time of accident: Around 2 p.m.
- 2025-06-13 [Defense & Security] — IAF Apache makes emergency landing
An Indian Air Force Apache attack helicopter made a precautionary landing near Pathankot on June 13, 2025, later returning to its base after technical checks.More details
UPSC Angle: IAF Apache made precautionary landing near Pathankot.
Key Facts:
- IAF Apache attack helicopter made a precautionary landing near Pathankot
- 2025-04-03 [Defense & Security] — IAF Jaguar Jet Crashes in Jamnagar
An Indian Air Force (IAF) Jaguar trainer jet crashed near Jamnagar, resulting in the death of one pilot. The other pilot ejected safely. The IAF operates six squadrons of the Jaguar deep penetration fighter jet.More details
UPSC Angle: IAF Jaguar trainer jet crashed near Jamnagar; one pilot died.
Key Facts:
- An IAF Jaguar trainer jet crashed near Jamnagar.
- One pilot was killed.
- The IAF operates six squadrons of the Jaguar deep penetration fighter jet.
- IAF Jaguar fighter jet crash
- Near Jamnagar IAF station, Gujarat
- One pilot died
Expansion and Maintenance of Blue Flag Beach Certifications in India
Focus: Specific updates regarding Indian beaches regaining, retaining, or being nominated for the international Blue Flag eco-label certification in 2025.
UPSC Value: This thread is significant for GS Paper III (Environment and Ecology) regarding coastal zone management and international environmental standards.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-11-13 [Environment & Ecology] — TN's Kovalam Beach Retained Blue Flag Certification for 5th Consecutive Year
TN's Kovalam Beach Retained Blue Flag Certification for 5th Consecutive Year and the state has selected 10 more beaches in Tamil Nadu to pursue global certification.More details
UPSC Angle: Kovalam Beach's Blue Flag certification indicates sustainable tourism and environmental standards.
Key Facts:
- TN's Kovalam Beach Retained Blue Flag Certification for 5th Consecutive Year
- State has selected 10 more beaches in Tamil Nadu to pursue global certification
- 2025-10-22 [Environment & Ecology] — Blue Flag Beaches in India
India has a total of 18 Blue Flag beaches. Five beaches from Maharashtra — Shrivardhan, Nagaon, Parnaka, Guhagar, and Ladghar — received certification in 2025.More details
UPSC Angle: India has a total of 18 Blue Flag beaches.
Key Facts:
- Total Certified Beaches: 18
- Five new beaches from Maharashtra received certification in 2025: Shrivardhan, Nagaon, Parnaka, Guhagar, and Ladghar
- 2025-03-26 [Environment & Ecology] — Rushikonda Beach Regains Blue Flag Certification
Rushikonda Beach has regained Blue Flag certification. Blue Flag certification is an eco-label awarded to beaches and marinas that meet certain environmental and quality standards.More details
UPSC Angle: Rushikonda Beach regains Blue Flag certification.
Key Facts:
- Rushikonda Beach regained Blue Flag certification.
Indian Armed Forces Strategic and Operational Engagements 2025
Focus: Major events involving the Indian Armed Forces across medical, strategic, and international operational dimensions during the late 2025 period.
UPSC Value: Demonstrates the multi-faceted nature of national defense preparedness, encompassing specialized medical support (MILMEDICON), top-level strategic planning (Combined Commanders' Conference), and multilateral military diplomacy (Exercise Bright Star).
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-09-09 [Defense & Security] — Combined Commanders' Conference 2025
The Combined Commanders' Conference (CCC) 2025, the apex-level brainstorming forum of the Armed Forces, will be held in Kolkata, West Bengal from September 15 to 17, 2025. The theme for this year's conference is “Year of Reforms – Transforming for the Future”. The conference will focus on Reforms, Transformation & Change and Operational Preparedness.More details
UPSC Angle: Combined Commanders' Conference 2025 to be held in Kolkata.
Key Facts:
- Combined Commanders' Conference (CCC) 2025 will be held in Kolkata, West Bengal
- Dates: September 15 to 17, 2025
- Theme: “Year of Reforms – Transforming for the Future”
- 2025-08-31 [Defense & Security] — MILMEDICON-2025: International Conference on Physical and Mental Trauma in Military Settings
Union Minister of State Sanjay Seth inaugurated 'MILMEDICON-2025: International Conference on Physical and Mental Trauma in Military Settings' in New Delhi. This event commemorates the 100th anniversary of the Military Nursing Service (MNS).More details
UPSC Angle: MILMEDICON-2025: International Conference on Physical and Mental Trauma.
Key Facts:
- Event: MILMEDICON-2025: International Conference on Physical and Mental Trauma in Military Settings
- Inaugurated by: Union Minister of State Sanjay Seth
- Location: New Delhi
- Commemoration: 100th anniversary of the Military Nursing Service (MNS)
- 2025-08-28 [Defense & Security] — India participates in Exercise Bright Star 2025
More than 700 personnel from the Indian Armed Forces and Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff are participating in the Multilateral Exercise 'BRIGHT STAR 2025' from August 28 to September 10, 2025. Hosted by Egypt in conjunction with the US, this edition features military activities, including Live Firing by the three Services. It also includes a Command Post Exercise to enhance joint planning and decision-making.More details
UPSC Angle: India participates in Exercise Bright Star 2025 in Egypt.
Key Facts:
- Biennial multilateral tri-service drill
- Hosted by Egypt and the US since 1980
- Participation of the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force
- Exercise BRIGHT STAR 2025
- Egypt
- August 28 – September 10, 2025
- More than 700 personnel from the Indian Armed Forces & Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff
- Hosted by Egypt and the US
- Includes Live Firing and Command Post Exercise
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