India's Unmanned Frontiers and Integrated Air Shield: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

By early 2026, India's defense paradigm has shifted from reactive border management to a proactive, 'Integrated Air-Land' defense. This transformation is anchored by the convergence of strategic multi-layered shields (S-400) and tactical, soldier-centric unmanned systems. The pivot, catalyzed by 'Operation Sindoor', marks the transition of the Indian Army from an infantry-heavy force to a machine-integrated, drone-capable entity. The focus has moved beyond simple surveillance to active 'kinetic interception' and autonomous battlefield logistics.

Cross-Theme Insight

The threads reveal a collapse of the traditional silos between 'Air Defense' and 'Unmanned Systems.' The synergy between indigenous 'Saksham' counter-drone systems and 'Astra' BVRAAM missiles represents a unified 'kill-chain' ecosystem. Furthermore, the establishment of 19 Drone Training Centers and the deployment of 'Ashni Drone Platoons' indicate that drone proficiency is now a core military competency, intended to be standardized across every battalion by 2027.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks (e.g., Majid Husain's 'Geography of India') emphasize physical terrain like the Himalayas as natural defensive barriers. However, the 2025-26 reality shifts the front line to the 'Electronic and Aerial Frontier.' While NCERT's 'Security in the Contemporary World' focuses on traditional state-sponsored conflict, current developments like '3D-printed battlefield drones' and 'EMP Rocket Warheads' (Thread 10) introduce a level of technological asymmetry and non-traditional threats (e.g., cross-border drug/arms smuggling via drone) that standard curricula have yet to integrate.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The trajectory has evolved from 'Emergency Foreign Procurement' (Heron Mk II, S-400) in 2024-25 to 'Sovereign Integration' in 2026. India is moving away from being a mere operator of foreign tech to a manufacturer of advanced systems like Shield AI's V-BAT and indigenous MALE (Medium-Altitude Long-Endurance) drones. There is a clear shift from using drones as 'passive eyes' to 'autonomous racers' and 'kinetic interceptors' (WARSC 2026).

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

UPSC has transitioned from testing the 'country of origin' (e.g., Heron/S-400, CDS-II 2023) to 'operational characteristics' (IAS 2025, NID 6281) and 'civilian-military dual-use' (IAS 2020, NID 5893). Expect future questions to focus on the technical differences between indigenous interceptors (Astra vs VSHORADS) and the policy implications of 'Mission-mode Frontier Tech'.

Probable Prelims Angles

• Operational ceiling and endurance of MALE Drones (35,000+ ft, 30+ hours).
• Technical distinction between Astra (BVRAAM) and VSHORADS (MANPADS).
• Functionality of 'Saksham' vs 'Indrajaal' counter-drone systems.
• MeitY's role in the 'Frontier Technology Mission' for drones.
• Specifics of 'Operation Alert' and its technological components on the J&K border.

Mains Themes

• The role of Drone Technology in bridging the 'asymmetry gap' in modern cross-border warfare.
• Critically evaluate India’s transition to an 'Integrated Air-Land' defense doctrine in the context of lessons from the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
• Challenges of indigenizing the defense supply chain: A case study of the 3D-printed battlefield capability.
• The impact of autonomous systems on the traditional 'Command and Control' structure of the Indian Army.

Preparation Strategy

Key Connections

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (13 themes, 51 news items)

India's Strategic Expansion of Drone and Counter-Drone Capabilities (2025-2026)

Focus: A concerted surge in acquiring, developing, and integrating diverse unmanned aerial systems (stealth, MALE, tactical) and counter-drone measures, driven by operational lessons from 'Operation Sindoor'.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the rapid shift towards unmanned warfare in India's defense posture, highlighting the mix of indigenous development (Akashastra, Saksham) and foreign procurement (Heron, V-BAT).

10 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-17 [Science & Technology] — India's Regulated Drone Ecosystem
  As of February 2026, India has a regulated drone ecosystem with over 38,500 registered drones, nearly 40,000 DGCA-certified remote pilots, and 244 approved training organizations. Drones are utilized across sectors like land surveys, agriculture, infrastructure inspection, and disaster management.
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  UPSC Angle: India's regulated drone ecosystem statistics.

  Key Facts:

  • Registered Drones (UIN): 38,500+
  • DGCA-certified remote pilots: 39,890
  • Approved training organizations: 244
  • SVAMITVA Scheme: 3.28 lakh villages surveyed using drones
  • Property Cards: 2.76 crore prepared for 1.82 lakh villages across 31 states
  • Namo Drone Didi initiative: 1,094 drones distributed to women SHGs including 500+
• 2026-02-17 [Science & Technology] — PM Modi sets 2047 vision for India as AI superpower
  PM Narendra Modi stated that India's IT sector could reach $400 billion by 2030 with AI and that India should be among the top three AI superpowers globally by 2047. He highlighted the importance of creating diverse datasets that represent India's plurality and AI development in regional languages. The Union Budget 2026-27 expands support for data centers and cloud infrastructure, strengthening domestic compute capacity.
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  UPSC Angle: India's AI sector could reach $400B by 2030; top 3 by 2047.

  Key Facts:

  • India's IT sector could reach $400 billion by 2030 due to AI
  • Goal to be among the top three AI superpowers globally by 2047
  • Emphasis on diverse datasets and AI development in regional languages
  • Support for data centers and cloud infrastructure in Union Budget 2026-27
  • India transitioning to a product-driven economy
  • Deep technology becoming a major area for investment
  • PM Modi projects India's IT sector could reach $400 billion by 2030 due to AI
  • Investment moving into defence, space, and biopharma sectors
• 2026-01-31 [Defense & Security] — Indian Army to Procure V-BAT VTOL UAS from US Firm, to be Made in India
  The Indian Army signed an agreement with US defence technology firm Shield AI to procure V-BAT vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), which will be manufactured in India. Shield AI will supply V-BAT VTOL drones and licenses for its Hivemind autonomy software.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Army to procure V-BAT VTOL UAS from US firm.

  Key Facts:

  • Indian Army signed an agreement with Shield AI (USA) for V-BAT VTOL UAS procurement.
  • V-BAT VTOL UAS will be manufactured in India.
  • Shield AI will supply V‑BAT VTOL drones and Hivemind autonomy software.
• 2026-01-01 [Defense & Security] — India's Stealth Drone 'Akashastra-V'
  India's domestically developed stealth drone, 'Akashastra-V', has completed its maiden test flight and is designed for a specific operational role.
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  UPSC Angle: Akashastra-V is India's domestically developed stealth drone.

  Key Facts:

  • India's latest domestically developed stealth drone is named 'Akashastra-V'.
• 2025-12-02 [Defense & Security] — India Procures Heron Mk II UAVs
  India has placed emergency orders for Heron Mk II Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) from Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) to enhance surveillance along sensitive borders. The Army and Air Force already operate these UAVs, and the Navy is acquiring them for the first time to enhance unmanned capabilities following Operation Sindoor.
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  UPSC Angle: India procures Heron Mk II UAVs from Israel for border surveillance.

  Key Facts:

  • Heron Mk II
  • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
  • Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI)
  • Army
  • Air Force
  • Navy
  • Operation Sindoor
  • Medium-Altitude Long-Endurance (MALE)
  • 45 hours endurance
  • 150 knots top speed
  • 35,000 ft altitude
  • 1,000 km operating range
• 2025-11-06 [Defense & Security] — Mobile 'Drone Factory' Revolution in India
  Indian private defence firms have unveiled mobile fabrication units capable of 3D-printing drones directly on the battlefield. These mobile “drone factories” can design, print, assemble, and deploy unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) within hours.
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  UPSC Angle: Mobile 'drone factories' can 3D-print drones on the battlefield.

  Key Facts:

  • Mobile 'drone factories'
  • 3D-printing drones
  • Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)
• 2025-10-10 [Defense & Security] — Army inducts 'Saksham' to neutralise aerial threats
  The Indian Army has inducted 'Saksham', an indigenously developed counter-drone system, to neutralize aerial threats, bolstering security and defence technology under the IAF modernization program.
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  UPSC Angle: Army inducts 'Saksham' to neutralise aerial threats.

  Key Facts:

  • Army inducted 'Saksham' to neutralize aerial threats.
  • 'Saksham' is a counter-drone system.
  • Indigenously developed.
  • Part of IAF modernization.
• 2025-10-10 [Defense & Security] — Indian Army Equips Infantry Battalions with Drone Platoons
  The Indian Army is equipping 380 infantry battalions with Ashni Drone Platoons, enhancing their capabilities with advanced drone technology for modern warfare and surveillance.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Army equips infantry battalions with Ashni Drone Platoons.

  Key Facts:

  • Indian Army equips 380 infantry battalions with Ashni Drone Platoons.
• 2025-08-14 [Defense & Security] — India's Push for Drone Modernisation
  Following Operation Sindoor, India is intensifying efforts to modernise its unmanned aerial capabilities, having secured 31 MQ-9B Reapers from the US in 2024 to boost maritime surveillance and strategic cooperation. India requires high-altitude, long-range fixed-wing drones for heavy payload precision strikes, along with smaller, cost-effective systems for targeted missions, favouring American components over complete systems.
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  UPSC Angle: India modernising drone capabilities, secured 31 MQ-9B Reapers from US.

  Key Facts:

  • Secured: 31 MQ-9B Reapers from the US in 2024
• 2025-07-11 [Defense & Security] — India to procure Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) Drones
  India is procuring 87 Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) drones to enhance surveillance along its sea and land borders. MALE drones can fly over 30 hours at a maximum altitude of at least 35,000 feet and are equipped with advanced surveillance and combat capabilities. The 87-drone MALE project serves two aims: fill the medium-altitude tier between smaller tactical UAVs and the high-altitude Guardians, and indigenise a capability so far dominated by Israeli imports.
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  UPSC Angle: India procures MALE drones for enhanced border surveillance.

  Key Facts:

  • 87 Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) drones
  • Fly over 30 hours
  • Maximum altitude of at least 35,000 feet
  • Advanced surveillance and combat capabilities
  • 87
  • Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) drones
  • 30 hours flight capability
  • 35,000 feet maximum altitude
  • surveillance
  • reconnaissance
  • strike missions

Indigenous Aerial Interceptor Systems

Focus: Flight testing and validation of indigenous air-to-air (AAM) and surface-to-air (SAM) missile systems for air defense.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates progress in 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' regarding complex air defense technologies and the operationalization of systems like Astra and MRSAM.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2025-07-12 [Defense & Security] — DRDO and IAF Conduct Successful Flight Test of Astra Missile
  The Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Air Force (IAF) successfully conducted a flight-test of the indigenous Astra missile from a Sukhoi-30 MKI, engaging high-speed aerial targets off the coast of Odisha. The Astra missile is an advanced Beyond-Visual-Range Air-to-Air Missile (BVRAAM) capable of engaging aerial targets over 100 km away with advanced guidance and navigation systems. It can operate in all weather conditions, day and night, with a maximum speed exceeding Mach 4 and an operational ceiling of up to 20 km altitude.
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  UPSC Angle: DRDO and IAF successfully conduct flight test of Astra missile.

  Key Facts:

  • Astra missile flight-tested by DRDO and IAF
  • Launched from Sukhoi-30 MKI off the coast of Odisha
  • Advanced Beyond-Visual-Range Air-to-Air Missile (BVRAAM)
  • Range: Over 100 km
  • Maximum speed: Exceeds Mach 4
  • Operational ceiling: Up to 20 km altitude
• 2025-04-22 [Defense & Security] — DRDO Conducts Successful Flight Tests of MRSAM in April 2025
  In April 2025, the DRDO and the Indian Army successfully conducted four flight-tests of the Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (MRSAM) from Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Island off the coast of Odisha, India. The missile system, jointly developed by DRDO and Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI), has a range of approximately 70 kilometers and is designed to provide multi-layered air defense.
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  UPSC Angle: DRDO successfully conducted flight-tests of MRSAM.

  Key Facts:

  • Missile System: Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (MRSAM)
  • Tests: Four flight-tests conducted in April 2025
  • Location: Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha
  • Joint Development: DRDO and Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI)
  • Range: Approximately 70 kilometers
  • Features: Advanced phased-array radar, interceptor missiles with advanced guidance, and a mobile launcher system
• 2025-04-05 [Defense & Security] — DRDO & Indian Army conduct MRSAM flight tests
  The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Army successfully conducted four flight-tests of the Army version of the Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (MRSAM) from Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Island off the coast of Odisha on April 03 & 04, 2025. The four operational flight-trials were carried out against high-speed aerial targets, intercepting and destroying them with direct hits, proving its operational capability at long-range, short-range, high altitude and low altitude. These trials have paved the way for operationalisation of weapon systems in two Regiments.
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  UPSC Angle: DRDO & Indian Army conduct MRSAM flight tests.

  Key Facts:

  • DRDO
  • Indian Army
  • Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (MRSAM)
  • Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Island
  • Odisha
  • April 03 & 04, 2025
  • Eastern Command
  • Southern Commands
  • Integrated Test Range, Chandipur
  • Rajnath Singh (Raksha Mantri)
  • Samir V Kamat (Chairman DRDO)
• 2025-04-03 [Defense & Security] — DRDO Tests Vertically Launched Short Range Surface-to-Air Missile
  DRDO successfully tested the Vertically Launched Short Range Surface-to-Air Missile at the Chandipur integrated testing range. The missile system has been jointly developed by the Indian Navy and DRDO, and it is a surface-launched variant of the Astra missile.
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  UPSC Angle: DRDO tested Vertically Launched Short Range Surface-to-Air Missile.

  Key Facts:

  • Vertically Launched Short Range Surface-to-Air Missile
  • Tested by DRDO at Chandipur
  • Jointly developed by Indian Navy and DRDO
  • Surface-launched variant of Astra missile
• 2025-03-15 [Defense & Security] — Astra BVRAAM Missile Successfully Tested from LCA Tejas
  India successfully tested the Astra Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile (BVRAAM) from the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas AF MK1 prototype off the coast of Chandipur, Odisha. The missile, developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), achieved a direct hit on a flying target, enhancing India's air defense capabilities. The missile has a range of over 100 kilometers.
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  UPSC Angle: Astra BVRAAM missile successfully tested from LCA Tejas.

  Key Facts:

  • Missile: Astra BVRAAM (Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile)
  • Launch Platform: Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas AF MK1 prototype
  • Location: Off the coast of Chandipur, Odisha
  • Developed By: Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
  • Range: Over 100 kilometers
  • Astra BVRAAM
  • LCA Tejas AF MK1 Prototype

MeitY's Frontier Technology Missions

Focus: The Ministry of Electronics and IT's specific mission-mode interventions for emerging technologies (AI and Drones) in early 2025.

UPSC Value: Highlights the government's sectoral approach to regulating and promoting Industry 4.0 technologies.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-18 [Schemes & Programs] — Atal Innovation Mission launches AI-Preneurs of India
  The Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) under NITI Aayog launched AI-Preneurs of India at the India AI Impact Summit 2026, documenting the journeys of 45 pioneering AI startups solving real-world problems. It is the 7th edition of AIM's Innovations For You series and showcases India's growing deep-tech and AI startup ecosystem.
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  UPSC Angle: Atal Innovation Mission launches AI-Preneurs of India.

  Key Facts:

  • AI-Preneurs of India documents the journeys of 45 pioneering AI startups.
  • It is the 7th edition of AIM's Innovations For You series.
• 2025-05-02 [Science & Technology] — IndiaAI Mission partners with Intel India to enhance AI capabilities
  On May 2, 2025, the IndiaAI Mission partnered with Intel India to enhance AI capabilities and skilling nationwide.
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  UPSC Angle: IndiaAI Mission partners with Intel India to enhance AI capabilities.

  Key Facts:

  • IndiaAI Mission partnered with Intel India on May 2, 2025.
  • The partnership aims to enhance AI capabilities.
  • The partnership aims to enhance AI skilling nationwide.
• 2025-03-20 [Science & Technology] — MeitY and Drone Federation India launched National Innovation Challenge for Drone Research (NIDAR)
  The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) and Drone Federation India, under the SwaYaan initiative, have launched the National Innovation Challenge for Drone Research (NIDAR). The challenge aims to inspire and engage India's student and research communities to develop collaborative autonomous drones. The SwaYaan initiative was approved in 2022 to focus on capacity building for human resource development in Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS).
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  UPSC Angle: MeitY and Drone Federation launch National Innovation Challenge for Drone Research.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched by: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) and Drone Federation India
  • Initiative: SwaYaan
  • Challenge: National Innovation Challenge for Drone Research (NIDAR)
  • Aims to: develop collaborative autonomous drones
  • SwaYaan approved in: 2022
  • Focus: capacity building for human resource development in Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)
• 2025-03-06 [Science & Technology] — Union Minister launches initiatives under India AI mission
  Union Minister for Electronics & Information Technology, Shri Ashwini Vaishnaw launched various initiatives under India AI mission on March 6, 2025, at Convention Hall, The Hotel Ashok, New Delhi.
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  UPSC Angle: Union Minister launches initiatives under India AI mission.

  Key Facts:

  • Union Minister for Electronics & Information Technology: Shri Ashwini Vaishnaw
  • Event Date: 06 Mar 2025
  • Venue: Convention Hall, The Hotel Ashok, New Delhi

Cross-Border Drone Incursions and Counter-Measures (2025-2026)

Focus: A persistent pattern of Pakistani drone surveillance/smuggling attempts along the J&K border and specific Indian defensive responses (Operation Alert, counter-drone systems).

UPSC Value: Highlights the evolution of hybrid warfare tactics involving drones along the LoC and the effectiveness of India's technological responses.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-12 [Defense & Security] — Suspected Pakistani Drones Spotted Along LoC, IB in J&K
  Security forces reported movement of suspected drones from Pakistan in forward areas along the International Border (IB) and Line of Control (LoC) in Samba, Rajouri, and Poonch districts of Jammu and Kashmir. The drones hovered over Indian territory before returning to the Pakistan side.
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  UPSC Angle: Increased drone activity along LoC/IB raises security concerns.

  Key Facts:

  • Drones spotted in Samba, Rajouri, and Poonch districts.
  • Drones originated from Pakistan.
• 2025-12-16 [Defense & Security] — India's Counter-Drone Systems Effective Against Pakistan
  The Indian military's counter-drone systems proved highly effective in downing almost all Yiha UCAVs deployed by Pakistan during Operation Sindoor. These systems integrate radar, electronic warfare, and kinetic interceptors, forming a layered defense against low-altitude aerial threats. The Indian Army unveiled a reconstructed Turkish Yiha drone, showcased on December 15, 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: India's counter-drone systems effective against Pakistan's Yiha UCAVs.

  Key Facts:

  • Indian military's counter-drone systems downed almost all Yiha UCAVs deployed by Pakistan.
  • The systems integrate radar, electronic warfare, and kinetic interceptors.
  • The Indian Army unveiled a reconstructed Turkish Yiha drone on December 15, 2025.
• 2025-10-04 [Defense & Security] — Pakistani drone sighted in J&K's Samba district
  Security forces launched a search operation after a Pakistani drone was sighted hovering over a forward village along the International Border in Jammu and Kashmir's Samba district. The drone was seen coming from the Pakistani side and triggered alarm in the border belt. Security forces and police teams were deployed to ensure that there is no airdropping of any payload like narcotics and weapons.
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  UPSC Angle: Pakistani drone sighted in J&K's Samba district; search operation launched.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Nanga village, Ramgarh sector, Samba district, Jammu and Kashmir
  • Drone Origin: Pakistan
  • Security measure: Search operation launched
• 2025-08-11 [Defense & Security] — BSF to launch Operation Alert along Pakistan border
  The Border Security Force (BSF) will launch 'Operation Alert' along the western border with Pakistan from August 11-17, 2025, in response to continuous threats, infiltrations and smuggling incidents through drones. The operation aims to maintain vigilant eyes on every activity from Pakistan and prevent any undesirable activities across the border ahead of Independence Day.
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  UPSC Angle: BSF's 'Operation Alert' along Pakistan border to counter infiltration.

  Key Facts:

  • BSF will launch Operation Alert from August 11-17, 2025
  • Operation Alert in response to threats, infiltrations and smuggling incidents through drones
  • Increased patrolling and security check-points
  • Border monitored 24/7

Drone Warfare: Cross-Border Threats and Technological Response

Focus: A specific pattern of hostile drone incursions followed by Indian Army exercises focused on UAV technology and rapid drone deployment.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the practical escalation of hybrid warfare on the western front and the direct technological adaptation by the military.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-08-14 [Defense & Security] — Indian Army Enhances Drone Capabilities
  The Indian Army is rapidly integrating advanced technology by assembling 50 drones in just three hours at the Mimoon Military Station in Punjab. This initiative highlights the Army's commitment to incorporating advanced technology and rapid deployment capabilities.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Army enhances drone capabilities.

  Key Facts:

  • Indian Army
  • Gurge Division
  • Nine Corps
  • Mimoon Military Station
  • Punjab
  • 50 drones
  • 3 hours
• 2025-07-30 [Defense & Security] — Exercise Divya Drishti Conducted by Indian Army in East Sikkim
  The Indian Army recently conducted 'Exercise Divya Drishti' in the high-altitude regions of East Sikkim to test advanced military technologies. The exercise tested new technologies designed to improve battlefield awareness, real-time surveillance, and quick decision-making. Troops from the Trishakti Corps used a mix of ground-based systems and aerial platforms, including UAVs and drones, to create realistic battle scenes.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Army conducts 'Exercise Divya Drishti' in East Sikkim.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise Divya Drishti conducted by the Indian Army in East Sikkim.
  • High-altitude technology demonstration exercise.
  • Troops from the Trishakti Corps, headquartered in Sukna on the outskirts of Siliguri, used a mix of ground-based systems and aerial platforms, including UAVs and drones.
  • A key highlight was the use of AI-enabled sensors linked with advanced communication systems.
• 2025-05-20 [Defense & Security] — Indian Army Thwarts Drone and Missile Attacks Targeting Golden Temple
  On May 20, 2025, the Indian Army reported that it successfully thwarted drone and missile attacks from Pakistan targeting the Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) in Amritsar, Punjab. The attacks occurred on the intervening night of May 7-8, following India's actions against terror attacks originating from Pakistan.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Army thwarts drone and missile attacks targeting Golden Temple.

  Key Facts:

  • Indian Army
  • Pakistan
  • Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib)
  • Amritsar, Punjab
  • May 7-8, 2025
• 2025-05-12 [Defense & Security] — Drones spotted in Rajasthan's Barmer district
  Incoming drones, suspected to have been launched from across the International Border, were spotted in Rajasthan's Barmer district. This prompted the administration to enforce a strict blackout, advising residents to stay indoors and switch off their lights.
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  UPSC Angle: Drones spotted in Rajasthan's Barmer district.

  Key Facts:

  • Drones spotted in Rajasthan's Barmer district.
  • Drones suspected to have been launched from across the International Border.
  • Administration enforced a strict blackout.

Russia-Ukraine War: Aerial Warfare and Military Aid (2025-2026)

Focus: Reports tracking drone/missile attacks and military aid transfers between Russia, Ukraine, and the US over a 9-month period.

UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing the evolution of aerial combat tactics and the sustainment of military capabilities through foreign aid in prolonged conflicts.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-02 [International Relations] — UN News Report on February 2, 2026
  The Rafah border crossing reopened in Gaza, and UN officials warned of ongoing violence. A Russian drone attack in eastern Ukraine killed and injured civilian mine workers. Global space leaders convened in Vienna to discuss the peaceful future of outer space.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Rafah border reopens amid continuing violence in Gaza.
  • A Russian drone attack killed 12 and injured 16 civilian mine workers in eastern Ukraine.
  • Global space leaders convene in Vienna on peaceful future of outer space.
• 2025-08-30 [Defense & Security] — Extended Range Attack Munitions (ERAM) Missile
  The Trump administration has approved the sale of 3,350 Extended Range Attack Munitions (ERAM) missiles to Ukraine. ERAM is a next-generation, air-launched, precision-guided missile with a range between 240 and 450 kilometers.
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  UPSC Angle: Trump administration approves sale of ERAM missiles to Ukraine.

  Key Facts:

  • Missile: Extended Range Attack Munitions (ERAM)
  • Range: 240 to 450 kilometers
  • Warhead: 500-pound high-explosive warhead
  • Guidance: GPS, inertial navigation, and a terminal seeker
  • Launch platforms: F-16s
  • 3,350 missiles to Ukraine
• 2025-06-03 [Defense & Security] — Operation Spider's Web
  Ukraine launched its largest drone attack, targeting Russian military airbases in what is referred to as “Operation Spiderweb”. More than 40 Russian aircraft were reportedly destroyed or critically damaged.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

Q1 2026 Air Defense Modernization

Focus: Procurement and delivery updates from January 2026 focusing specifically on India's multi-layered air defense capabilities (S-400 and anti-drone systems).

UPSC Value: Demonstrates India's focus on plugging air defense gaps—ranging from strategic missile shields to tactical anti-drone measures—in the immediate post-conflict period.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-31 [Defense & Security] — India to Receive Remaining S-400 Squadrons in 2026
  India is scheduled to receive the remaining two S-400 missile squadrons from Russia in 2026, with one expected in June and the other in November, according to Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh. The S-400 system played a crucial role in 'Operation Sindoor'.
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  UPSC Angle: India to receive remaining S-400 missile squadrons from Russia in 2026.

  Key Facts:

  • India will receive the remaining two S-400 Squadrons in 2026.
  • One S-400 squadron to be delivered in June 2026, the other in November 2026.
  • S-400 defence system played a crucial role in 'Operation Sindoor'.
• 2026-01-31 [Defense & Security] — Indian Army to Procure Anti-Drone Systems
  The Department of Military Affairs is procuring 45 units of hand-held Anti-Drone Systems for the Indian Army. The tender process commenced on January 31, 2026, and is aimed at bolstering national security.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Army to procure anti-drone systems.

  Key Facts:

  • Indian Army is procuring 45 units of Anti-Drone System (Hand Held).
  • Tender ID: GEM/2025/B/6515837.
  • Tender commenced on January 31, 2026, and closes on February 9, 2026.
• 2026-01-06 [Defense & Security] — India to receive remaining S-400 missile squadrons
  India is scheduled to receive the remaining two S-400 missile squadrons in 2026, with one expected in June and another in November, according to Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh. The S-400 system played a crucial role in Operation Sindoor.
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  UPSC Angle: India to receive remaining S-400 missile squadrons in 2026.

  Key Facts:

  • S-400 squadrons: Two remaining
  • Delivery schedule: One in June 2026, one in November 2026
  • Role in Operation Sindoor: assisted India in prevailing in the four-day military conflict with Pakistan

Enhanced Border and Maritime Vigilance Operations

Focus: Operational updates regarding heightened surveillance, technology deployment, and security coordination at India's land (LoC) and maritime borders.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the tactical application of surveillance technology and the continuous state of readiness along critical frontiers.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-25 [Defense & Security] — Indian Army Intensifies Border Vigilance
  The Indian Army has intensified vigilance along the Line of Control (LoC) along the Pakistan border ahead of Republic Day 2026 celebrations, following security threats from cross-border terrorism and pro-Khalistan outfits. Security forces are conducting patrolling along high-altitude border lines.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Army intensifies border vigilance along LoC ahead of Republic Day.

  Key Facts:

  • Indian Army intensified vigilance along the LoC
  • Heightened security due to security threats from cross-border terrorism
  • Increased surveillance after the killing of Jaish-e-Mohammed commander Usman in J&K's Kathua on January 23
• 2025-08-14 [Defense & Security] — High-Tech Defence at the Line of Control
  As India prepares to celebrate its 79th Independence Day, security at the Line of Control (LoC) has been heightened with advanced technology. The Indian Army is employing robotic mules, AI-powered surveillance, quadcopters, and modern night-vision gear to complement the efforts of soldiers, ensuring constant vigilance and protection of Indian territory.
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  UPSC Angle: High-tech defence at LoC with robotic mules and AI surveillance.

  Key Facts:

  • 79th Independence Day
  • Line of Control (LoC)
  • Rajouri's Sunderbani sector
  • Robotic mules
  • AI-powered surveillance
  • Quadcopter drones
  • Modern night-vision gear
  • Three-layer security grid
  • 24/7 monitoring
• 2025-06-14 [Defense & Security] — Indian Coast Guard Chairs 137th Offshore Security Coordination Committee (OSCC) Meeting
  The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) chaired the 137th meeting of the Offshore Security Coordination Committee (OSCC) in New Delhi. The OSCC was constituted in 1978 to ensure the effective functioning of offshore security arrangements and develops contingency plans for offshore security.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Coast Guard chairs 137th Offshore Security Coordination Committee meeting.

  Key Facts:

  • 137th meeting of the Offshore Security Coordination Committee (OSCC) chaired by the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) in New Delhi
  • OSCC constituted in 1978
  • Purpose: Ensure the effective functioning of offshore security arrangements
  • Develops contingency plans to be implemented by various agencies in respect of offshore security

Advancements in Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)

Focus: Developments involving drone and high-altitude platform technologies for diverse applications ranging from defense to sports.

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking the diversification of India's aerospace capabilities beyond traditional aviation.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-11 [Sports & Awards] — Aryan Mehta Wins Gold at World Advanced Robotics Sports Championship (WARSC) 2026
  Aryan Mehta clinched a gold medal at the World Advanced Robotics Sports Championship (WARSC) 2026 in autonomous drone racing, marking India's first-ever gold in this event. This highlights India's growing talent in futuristic sports that blend technology, engineering, and competitive strategy.
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  UPSC Angle: Aryan Mehta wins gold at World Advanced Robotics Sports Championship 2026.

  Key Facts:

  • Aryan Mehta won gold medal at WARSC 2026
  • Category: autonomous drone racing
  • India's first gold in WARSC
• 2025-05-21 [Science & Technology] — India's High-Altitude Platform prototype completes flight tests
  India's High-Altitude Platform (HAP) prototype, designed by National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), successfully completed pre-monsoon flight tests with a certified autopilot system. The HAP is an unmanned, solar-powered aircraft that flies in the stratosphere at 17 to 22 kilometers altitude and can be used for border patrolling, surveillance, telecommunications, and weather monitoring.
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  UPSC Angle: India's High-Altitude Platform prototype completes flight tests.

  Key Facts:

  • High-Altitude Platform (HAP) prototype
  • National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL)
  • pre-monsoon flight tests
  • certified autopilot system
  • unmanned
  • solar-powered aircraft
  • 17 to 22 kilometers altitude
  • Aeronautical Test Range (ATR) at Chitradurga, Karnataka
  • border patrolling
  • surveillance
  • telecommunications
  • weather monitoring
• 2025-05-15 [Defense & Security] — India's First Micro-Missile Based Counter-Drone System
  India has developed its first micro-missile-based counter-drone system for Army Air Defence, addressing a critical void in India's anti-drone warfare preparedness. This cost-effective system offers an economical alternative to expensive air defence systems against low-cost drone threats and has garnered interest from the Indian Air Force.
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  UPSC Angle: India develops first micro-missile-based counter-drone system.

  Key Facts:

  • First micro-missile-based counter-drone system
  • For Army Air Defence
  • Cost-effective alternative to expensive air defence systems
  • Interest from Indian Air Force

Soldier-Centric Combat & Support Systems

Focus: Development of man-portable equipment and weaponry designed specifically for individual soldier effectiveness and survival

UPSC Value: Focuses on modernizing infantry capabilities through indigenous personal equipment and small arms.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-08 [Science & Technology] — DRDO Develops Portable Desalination System
  DRDO has developed a portable desalination system for soldiers in remote areas. DRDO was Established in 1958 – 1 Jan.
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  UPSC Angle: DRDO develops portable desalination system for soldiers.

  Key Facts:

  • Developed by Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO)
  • Established: 1958 – 1 Jan
  • Head: Samir V. Kamat
• 2025-10-17 [Defense & Security] — DRDO Tests Military Combat Parachute System (MCPS)
  The DRDO successfully tested the indigenously developed Military Combat Parachute System (MCPS) at an altitude of 32,000 feet. The MCPS is designed for combat freefall operations by special forces, enabling safe and precise landings from high altitudes during tactical missions.
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  UPSC Angle: DRDO tests Military Combat Parachute System (MCPS).

  Key Facts:

  • DRDO
  • Military Combat Parachute System (MCPS)
  • 32,000 feet
  • combat freefall operations
  • special forces
• 2025-06-23 [Defense & Security] — DRDO's 5.56x45 mm CQB Carbine
  A carbine developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has emerged as the lowest bidder in the Indian Army tender for buying over 4 lakh close-quarter battle carbines. This boosts #atmanirbharta in critical technology and highlights the design and development by Armament Research and Development Establishment(ARDE).
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  UPSC Angle: DRDO carbine lowest bidder for Indian Army's CQB carbines.

  Key Facts:

  • Carbine developed by DRDO is the lowest bidder in Indian Army tender
  • Tender is for buying over 4 lakh close-quarter battle carbines
  • Carbine is 5.56x45 mm CQB
  • Designed and developed by Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE)
  • DRDO shared the information on 'X'
  • India entered a new quantum era on June 17 through DRDO-Industry-Academia Centre of Excellence (DIA-CoE), IIT Delhi
  • DRDO developed 5.56x45 mm CQB Carbine
  • Selected as L1 in Indian Army Request for Proposal (RFP)
  • Indian Army looking to acquire these carbines
  • Potential for one of the biggest contracts for Indian-designed and developed small arms
  • New quantum era demonstrated on June 17 through DRDO-Industry-Academia Centre of Excellence (DIA-CoE), IIT Delhi

Tactical Unmanned Systems and Counter-Drone Technology

Focus: Development of indigenous tactical unmanned aerial systems (UAS) for logistics and combat alongside specialized short-range air defense systems (VSHORADS) designed to neutralize drone threats.

UPSC Value: It illustrates India's integrated approach to modernizing battlefield technology by simultaneously advancing offensive drone capabilities and defensive anti-drone systems.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-17 [Defense & Security] — India's MANPADS Arsenal
  India is one of the 12 countries that produce MANPADS (Man-Portable Air Defense Systems). The Igla-S, a Russian-origin system, was recently inducted to replace the aging Igla-M and has a range of up to 6 km. VSHORADS is an indigenously developed system by DRDO (Research Centre Imarat) and has undergone successful flight trials to neutralize drones and low-altitude threats.
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  UPSC Angle: India produces MANPADS; Igla-S inducted to replace Igla-M.

  Key Facts:

  • India is one of the 12 countries that produce MANPADS.
  • Igla-S: A Russian-origin system with a range of up to 6 km.
  • VSHORADS: An indigenously developed system by DRDO (Research Centre Imarat).
• 2025-05-29 [Defense & Security] — IG Defence secures patent for fixed-wing tactical UAS
  IG Defence secured a patent for its fixed-wing tactical unmanned aerial system (UAS), designed for modern combat conditions. The indigenous drone can carry a warhead payload of up to 5 kg and offers extended endurance with a minimal logistical footprint, enhancing India's battlefield capabilities. The system enables forces to detect, track and engage targets with high precision while significantly reducing risk to personnel on the ground.
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  UPSC Angle: IG Defence secures patent for fixed-wing tactical UAS.

  Key Facts:

  • IG Defence
  • patent for fixed-wing tactical unmanned aerial system (UAS)
  • warhead payload up to 5 kg
• 2025-05-08 [Defense & Security] — Paras Defence and Heven Drones Joint Venture
  Paras Defence and Heven Drones signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on May 6, 2025, to establish a joint venture for manufacturing logistics and cargo drones in India. The joint venture, named “Paras Heven Drones India”, will focus on logistics drones with payloads ranging from 10kg to 40kg and follows a 51-49 ownership model, with Paras Defence holding the majority stake.
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  UPSC Angle: Paras Defence and Heven Drones joint venture for logistics drones.

  Key Facts:

  • Joint venture named “Paras Heven Drones India”.
  • Focus on logistics drones with payloads ranging from 10kg to 40kg.
  • 51-49 ownership model, with Paras Defence holding the majority stake.

Indian Army Structural and Technological Modernization

Focus: A specific series of initiatives in late 2025 focusing on the Indian Army's organizational restructuring, drone integration, and future roadmap.

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking the specific phases of India's military modernization, particularly the shift towards unmanned systems and integrated battle groups.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-28 [Defense & Security] — Army Unveils Transformation Roadmap
  The Army Chief has revealed a three-phase roadmap to build a future-ready force by 2047, aligning military transformation with India's vision of Viksit Bharat, emphasizing modernization, integration, and resilience to meet evolving security challenges.
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  UPSC Angle: Army unveils transformation roadmap to build a future-ready force by 2047.

  Key Facts:

  • Army Chief
  • Three-phase roadmap
  • Future-ready force
  • 2047
  • Viksit Bharat
  • Modernization
  • Integration
  • Resilience
• 2025-09-18 [Defense & Security] — Indian Army to set up 19 Drone Training Centers
  The Indian Army will establish 19 drone training centers at premier academies to ensure all soldiers are drone-trained by 2027, integrating drone operations into the core curriculum of soldier training; the Defence Minister endorsed this as a potential gamechanger. The army will procure nearly 1,000 drones, ranging from 200m to 250 km, and 600 training simulators.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Army to establish 19 drone training centers by 2027.

  Key Facts:

  • Indian Army
  • 19 drone training centers
  • 2027
  • 1,000 drones
  • 200 m to 250 km drone range
  • nano, micro, small, and medium weight categories
  • 140 first person view drones
  • 600 training simulators
  • drone training centres
  • 19 establishments
  • Operation Sindoor
• 2025-08-04 [Defense & Security] — Indian Army to Integrate UAVs
  The Indian Army is planning a major organisational overhaul to integrate UAVs and counter-UAV systems as standard battalion-level assets across most units. This restructuring includes the formation of light commando battalions, integrated brigades, and specialised artillery regiments. 30 light commando battalions, called Bhairav, each comprising 250 specially trained soldiers, will be raised.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Army to integrate UAVs as standard battalion-level assets.

  Key Facts:

  • Integrate UAVs and counter-UAV systems at battalion level
  • Formation of light commando battalions, integrated brigades, and specialised artillery regiments
  • 30 light commando battalions, called Bhairav, each comprising 250 soldiers, will be raised

Next-Generation Weapon Systems

Focus: Development of advanced kinetic and non-kinetic offensive capabilities including lasers, EMPs, and glide bombs

UPSC Value: Tracks the strategic shift towards futuristic warfare technologies and precision strike capabilities.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-21 [Defense & Security] — DRDO Developing EMP Rocket Warhead
  The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is calling on private industry to develop an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) rocket warhead for non-lethal electronic warfare. This warhead would neutralize enemy communications, radars, and drones without causing physical destruction. The initiative highlights India's commitment to diversifying into non-kinetic forms of warfare.
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  UPSC Angle: DRDO developing EMP rocket warhead for non-lethal electronic warfare.

  Key Facts:

  • DRDO's Technology Development Fund (TDF) is seeking private sector collaboration.
• 2025-06-16 [Defense & Security] — DRDO Developing Advanced Weapon Systems Against China, Pakistan
  DRDO is developing advanced weapon systems to counter threats from Pakistan and China. These systems integrate QRSAM, VSHORADS, and 5-kilowatt lasers. CDS General Anil Chauhan emphasized the need for multi-domain ISR and integration of various sensors.
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  UPSC Angle: DRDO developing advanced weapon systems against China, Pakistan.

  Key Facts:

  • DRDO
  • General Anil Chauhan
  • QRSAM
  • VSHORADS
  • 5-kilowatt lasers
  • multi-domain ISR
• 2025-04-12 [Defense & Security] — DRDO conducts trials of long-range glide bomb
  The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) conducted release trials of a long-range glide bomb. This highlights advancements in India's defense technology and capabilities.
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  UPSC Angle: DRDO conducts trials of long-range glide bomb.

  Key Facts:

  • Organization: DRDO
  • Weapon: Long-range glide bomb