Industrial Modernization and Strategic Deep-Tech Ecosystems: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

India is executing a strategic pivot from being a service-oriented IT hub to a high-value industrial and deep-tech powerhouse. This transition is underpinned by a 'Triple Helix' model of innovation (Government-Academia-Industry) that decentralizes R&D. Beyond central agencies like DRDO or ISRO, the current landscape features state-led initiatives (e.g., Tamil Nadu's Deep Tech Policy), venture capital integration, and 'Civil-Military Fusion' where academic institutions like IITs and IISc are directly solving frontline defense and industrial challenges.

Cross-Theme Insight

The 'Full-Stack' approach to national sovereignty is now visible: it integrates manufacturing infrastructure (MSME GVC integration), technical intelligence (AI/Quantum missions), specialized human capital (Defence Tech M.Tech programs), and resource sustainability (Circular Economy frameworks). NITI Aayog has transitioned from a generalist think-tank to a 'Technical Architect,' designing specific 'State Support Missions' to replicate the NITI model at state levels (SITs) and sector-specific roadmaps for automotive and semiconductor global integration.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks (e.g., Laxmikanth Ch. 56, Ramesh Singh Ch. 9) emphasize the NITI Aayog vs. Planning Commission structural debate and generic MSME classifications. However, the 2025 exam reality (IAS 2025, NID: 6286) focuses on specific 'Sovereign Tech' breakthroughs like the 'Majorana 1 chip' and 'Deep Learning' subsets. While static theory discusses 'indigenization' through PSUs, current trends show a radical shift toward 'Precision Governance' and 'Startup-led Defense,' where VC-funded entities and hackathons like KAVACH-2023 are the primary drivers of innovation.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The theme has evolved from 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' as a defensive posture (2020) to a proactive 'Global Value Chain (GVC)' dominance strategy (2024-2026). The trajectory moves from basic digitalization (TIDE 2.0) to specialized, frontier-tech dominance in Quantum, 6G, and AI-led circular manufacturing, signaled by the Jaipur Declaration on 3R and the State Support Mission.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

Recent questions demonstrate a shift from 'What is NITI Aayog' to 'How does NITI Aayog function' (NDA-II 2025: State Support Mission; CDS-I 2023: Strategy and framework objectives). GS-3 has moved from naming technologies to testing conceptual depths, such as 'Circular Economy' principles (IAS 2025: NID: 6248) and the distinction between AI/Deep Learning/Quantum Qubits (IAS 2022/2025).

Probable Prelims Angles

• Nodal agency for 'BRICS Centre for Industrial Competencies' (National Productivity Council).
• Features of the 'Jaipur Declaration' (Regional 3R and Circular Economy Forum).
• Functioning of the 'State Support Mission' and 'State Institutions for Transformation' (SITs).
• Distinction between 'Quantum Qubits' and 'Majorana 1' hardware in the context of Indian R&D.
• MSME turnover exclusions: Export turnover is now excluded from the limit for classification.

Preparation Strategy

Key Connections

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (14 themes, 54 news items)

Deep Tech Ecosystem: State Policies, Investment, and R&D Challenges

Focus: Items detailing the broader support environment for deep tech, including state-level policies (Tamil Nadu), VC/funding trends, and structural R&D challenges.

UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing the multi-layered approach (State vs Centre, Public vs Private) required to build a deep tech ecosystem beyond just definitions.

8 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-06 [Schemes & Programs] — Tamil Nadu Launches Deep Tech Startup Policy 2025-26
  The Deep Tech Startup Policy 2025‑26 was launched by Chief Minister M.K. Stalin at the UmagineTN 2026 summit in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The policy, coordinated by the Tamil Nadu Technology (iTNT) Hub, aims to support 100 deep tech startups and mobilise ₹100 crore in public and private investment over the next five years.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Tamil Nadu's Deep Tech Startup Policy 2025-26 aims to boost innovation.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched by: Chief Minister M.K. Stalin in Chennai, Tamil Nadu
  • Coordinated by: Tamil Nadu Technology (iTNT) Hub
  • Targets: Support for 100 deep tech startups
  • Investment target: ₹100 crore in public and private investment over five years
• 2026-01-14 [Schemes & Programs] — Tamil Nadu Approves Deep Tech Startup Policy
  Tamil Nadu approved the Tamil Nadu Deep Tech Startup Policy, 2025-26, which aims to accelerate the innovation and commercialization of advanced technologies and earmarks $11.08 billion (INR 9970 crore) to back 100 startups and strengthen the innovation ecosystem.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Tamil Nadu approves Deep Tech Startup Policy with $11.08 billion allocation.

  Key Facts:

  • Tamil Nadu Deep Tech Startup Policy, 2025-26 approved.
  • Aims to accelerate the innovation and commercialization of advanced technologies.
  • Earmarks $11.08 billion (INR 9970 crore) to back 100 startups.
• 2025-12-20 [Schemes & Programs] — TIDE 2.0 Scheme
  The “Technology Incubation and Development of Entrepreneurs 2.0 (TIDE 2.0)” Scheme was launched in the year 2019. It promotes technology-based entrepreneurship by providing financial & technical support to incubators engaged in supporting ICT startups primarily engaged in using emerging technologies such as IoT, AI, Block-chain, Robotics etc.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: TIDE 2.0 Scheme promotes technology-based entrepreneurship with financial support.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched in 2019
  • Promotes technology-based entrepreneurship by providing financial & technical support to incubators
  • Supports ICT startups primarily engaged in using emerging technologies such as IoT, AI, Block-chain, Robotics etc
• 2025-11-13 [Economy] — VC Interest in Indian Defence Innovation
  Indian VCs are increasingly investing in defence innovation and deep-tech startups, particularly those focused on AI, space-tech, and cybersecurity, driven by the government's focus on self-reliance in defence and technology. A ₹1 lakh crore corpus for research and innovation in sunrise domains like defence-tech signals a growing commitment to building a robust capital stack.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: VCs increasingly invest in Indian defence innovation startups.

  Key Facts:

  • VCs investing in defence innovation and deep-tech startups
  • Focus on AI, space-tech, and cybersecurity
  • ₹1 lakh crore corpus for research and innovation in defence-tech
• 2025-10-18 [Economy] — India's Deep Tech Moment: Private Capital Must Meet Public Missions
  India has launched big missions—Semicon India, IndiaAI Mission, National Quantum Mission, Anusandhan National Research Foundation—to secure technological self-reliance. However, the country spends only about 0.65% of GDP on R&D, and the private sector's share is far below innovation leaders.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's missions for technological self-reliance need private capital.

  Key Facts:

  • Missions: Semicon India, IndiaAI Mission, National Quantum Mission, Anusandhan National Research Foundation
  • R&D spending: 0.65% of GDP
• 2025-07-12 [Economy] — India's AI Ecosystem: Challenges and the Path Forward
  India faces structural challenges in its AI ecosystem, including a weak R&D base, limited AI-specialized PhDs, poor academia-industry collaboration, and brain drain of top-tier talent. The IT sector focuses on services rather than innovation, with low investment in foundational AI research and an absence of AI-first national champions. Venture capital flows are primarily directed towards consumer tech, not deep-tech innovation.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India faces structural challenges in its AI ecosystem development.

  Key Facts:

  • Weak R&D base
  • Limited AI-specialized PhDs
  • Poor academia-industry collaboration
  • Brain drain of top-tier talent
  • IT sector focused on services, not innovation
  • Low investment in foundational AI research
  • Absence of AI-first national champions
  • Venture capital focused on consumer tech
• 2025-06-16 [Polity & Governance] — Policy Reforms to Enhance Ease of Innovation and Research
  On June 15th, 2025, the Union Minister of State announced policy reforms to enhance “Ease of Innovation” and “Ease of Doing Research”. These reforms aim to provide relief to innovators, researchers, scholars, scientists, and institutions across the country.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Policy reforms to enhance Ease of Innovation and Research.

  Key Facts:

  • Union Minister of State for Science and Technology; Earth Sciences
  • June 15, 2025
  • Policy reforms
  • Ease of Innovation
  • Ease of Doing Research
• 2025-05-01 [Science & Technology] — India's Deep Tech Initiatives
  Deep Tech refers to technology based on significant scientific or engineering advancements, requiring extensive research and development, including AI, quantum computing, biotechnology, and robotics. India's initiatives related to Deep Tech include the Deep Ocean Mission, National Quantum Mission, IndiaAI Mission, National Research Foundation, Startup India, and India Semiconductor Mission.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Deep Tech involves significant scientific advancements requiring extensive R&D.

  Key Facts:

  • Deep Tech based on significant scientific or engineering advancements
  • Examples: AI, quantum computing, biotechnology, and robotics
  • India's Initiatives: Deep Ocean Mission, National Quantum Mission, IndiaAI Mission, National Research Foundation, Startup India, India Semiconductor Mission

Strategic Development of Amaravati as a Global Knowledge & Tech Hub

Focus: A collection of policy frameworks, infrastructure projects, and investment initiatives aimed at establishing Amaravati as a sustainable, deep-tech capital (Quantum, AI, Green Energy).

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the multi-pillar approach to greenfield city development, integrating vision statements (Swarna Andhra), human capital (APSCHE), institutional partnerships (BITS, SRM), and sustainability.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-10 [Science & Technology] — Quantum Valley in Amaravati
  Union MoS Jitendra Singh and AP CM N. Chandrababu Naidu laid the foundation stone for India's first Quantum Valley in Amaravati, AP, which is planned to be completed by August 2026 and will host a quantum computer by December 2026. The project will host an IBM–TCS Quantum Innovation Centre, a Quantum Talent Hub, and a Quantum Reference Facility to be established by SRM University, focusing on R&D, innovation, manufacturing, and skill development in quantum computing, AI, cybersecurity, healthcare, defence, and finance.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's first Quantum Valley in Amaravati.

  Key Facts:

  • Foundation stone laid for India's 1st Quantum Valley in Amaravati, AP.
  • The project will host an IBM–TCS Quantum Innovation Centre.
  • A Quantum Talent Hub and a Quantum Reference Facility to be established by SRM University will be a part of this.
  • The government plans to complete the Quantum Valley complex by August 2026.
  • The quantum computer is planned to be installed by December 2026.
• 2025-10-23 [Economy] — AP Chief Minister's UAE Visit for Investments
  Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu is on a three-day UAE visit to boost foreign investments in green energy, digital infrastructure, and urban development, promoting Andhra Pradesh as a global investment hub. UAE real estate leader Ravi P.N.C. Menon pledged a ₹100 crore donation for a public library in Amaravati.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • ₹100 crore donation pledged by Ravi P.N.C. Menon for a library in Amaravati
• 2025-07-16 [Science & Technology] — BITS Pilani to Set Up India's First AI Campus in Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh
  BITS Pilani announced the launch of India's first AI Plus Campus in Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, focusing on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and related fields. Admissions will begin in 2027, with an investment of Rs 1,000 crore, and the Capital Region Development Authority (CRDA) has allotted 70 acres of land for the project.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: BITS Pilani to establish India's first AI campus in Andhra Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh
  • Investment of Rs 1,000 crore
  • Admissions to begin in 2027
  • 70 acres of land allotted by CRDA
  • BITS Pilani to launch India's first AI Plus Campus in Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh.
  • Campus will focus on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and related fields.
  • Admissions to begin in 2027.
  • Investment of Rs 1,000 crore.
  • Capital Region Development Authority (CRDA) has allotted 70 acres of land for the project.
  • Announced by Kumar Mangalam Birla, Chancellor of BITS and Chairman of Aditya Birla Group.
• 2025-06-30 [Science & Technology] — APSCHE's Quantum Computing Initiative
  Andhra Pradesh State Council of Higher Education (APSCHE) has trained over 1,000 faculty members and 100,000 students under a quantum capacity-building program, inspired by the Amaravati Quantum Declaration. The state recorded a positive Gender Parity Index in quantum technologies.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: APSCHE's quantum computing initiative trains faculty and students.

  Key Facts:

  • Organisation: Andhra Pradesh State Council of Higher Education (APSCHE)
  • Number of faculty trained: Over 1,000
  • Number of students trained: 100,000
  • Inspiration: Amaravati Quantum Declaration
  • Gender Parity Index: Positive, with higher participation of girl students
• 2025-06-25 [Polity & Governance] — Andhra Pradesh Launches "Swarna Andhra @2047" Vision
  Andhra Pradesh launched its "Swarna Andhra @2047" vision, aiming to transform the state's economy and governance. The plan aims to develop Amaravati into a global knowledge hub, projected to support 3.5 million people and create 1.5 million jobs by 2050. The Public-Private-People Partnership (P4) model seeks to eradicate poverty by 2029, with over 87,000 adoptions already registered.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Andhra Pradesh launches 'Swarna Andhra @2047' vision.

  Key Facts:

  • Vision: "Swarna Andhra @2047"
  • State: Andhra Pradesh
  • Objective: Transform state's economy and governance
  • Amaravati: Aims to be a global knowledge hub
  • Jobs target in Amaravati: 1.5 million by 2050
  • Population target in Amaravati: 3.5 million by 2050
  • Poverty eradication target: By 2029 using P4 model
  • Investments attracted: Rs9.34 lakh crore
  • Jobs expected from investments: 8.5 lakh
  • GSDP growth target for 2024–25: 12.02%
• 2025-04-21 [Environment & Ecology] — Amaravati: Renewable-Powered City
  Amaravati, the planned capital of Andhra Pradesh, is on track to become the world's first city powered entirely by renewable energy.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Amaravati aims to be world's first renewable-powered city.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Andhra Pradesh.

Indian Army's Civil-Academic R&D Collaborations

Focus: A pattern of the Indian Army and defence bodies partnering with civil academic institutions and PSUs to foster indigenous research, AI adoption, and dual-use technology.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the shift towards civil-military fusion in R&D, leveraging institutions like IISc, DTU, and EdCIL for defence modernization.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-19 [Defense & Security] — Military AI & the Urgency of Guardrails
  India abstained from signing the 'Pathways to Action' declaration at the 3rd REAIM Summit (Responsible AI in the Military Domain), along with the U.S. and China. India has called a legally binding instrument on LAWS “premature”, citing security concerns and the evolving nature of military AI.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India abstains from 'Pathways to Action' declaration on military AI.

  Key Facts:

  • India abstained from signing 'Pathways to Action' declaration at 3rd REAIM Summit.
  • India considers a legally binding instrument on LAWS “premature”.
  • India abstained from signing the 'Pathways to Action' declaration at the 3rd REAIM Summit (Responsible AI in the Military Domain).
• 2026-01-01 [Defense & Security] — MoU between Indian Army and IISc Bengaluru
  In January 2026, the Indian Army and IISc Bengaluru signed an MoU to develop an indigenous AI-based system for defence applications. The collaboration aims to address challenges in the digital information and security landscape.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Indian Army and IISc Bengaluru MoU for indigenous AI-based defence system.

  Key Facts:

  • MoU signed in January 2026 between the Indian Army and IISc, Bengaluru
  • Objective: to develop a fully indigenous AI-based system for defence applications
• 2025-10-24 [Defense & Security] — Indian Army & DTU Partnership
  The Indian Army (IA) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Delhi Technological University (DTU), Delhi, to enhance collaboration in research, innovation, and skill development across critical advanced technological domains.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Indian Army and DTU MoU for research, innovation, and skill development.

  Key Facts:

  • Indian Army (IA) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Delhi Technological University (DTU), Delhi
  • Enhance collaboration in research, innovation, and skill development
  • Covers joint research and academic initiatives in Defence Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, Cyber Security, Geoinformatics, Data Analytics, and Soldier Upskilling
• 2025-09-11 [Defense & Security] — iDEX-DIO and EdCIL MoU
  Innovations for Defence Excellence–Defence Innovation Organisation (iDEX-DIO) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with EdCIL (India) Limited on September 9, 2025, in New Delhi. The collaboration aims to develop dual-use cutting-edge technologies through the ASPIRE (Accelerating Strategic Progress in Research and Education) programme, linking defence expertise with emerging ed-tech solutions.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: iDEX-DIO and EdCIL MoU to boost defence innovation.

  Key Facts:

  • Signed on September 9, 2025, in New Delhi.
  • Signatories: Amit Satija(MoD); Govind Jaiswal(EdCIL).
  • Aim: Develop dual-use, cutting-edge technologies under the new ASPIRE programme.
• 2025-05-27 [International Relations] — IndianOil and Indian Army MoU
  IndianOil and the Indian Army signed an MoU on May 27, 2024, to promote hydrogen and fuel cell technology for heavy-duty e-mobility. Reliance Foundation and INCOIS also signed an MoU on the same date in 2024 to enhance safety and livelihoods for those who depend on the ocean.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: IndianOil and Indian Army MoU to promote hydrogen and fuel cell technology.

  Key Facts:

  • Signed by: IndianOil and Indian Army
  • Date: May 27, 2024
  • Purpose: Promote hydrogen and fuel cell technology for heavy-duty e-mobility

NITI Aayog's Strategic Roadmaps for Global Value Chain Integration

Focus: A series of strategic reports by NITI Aayog designed to enhance India's manufacturing capabilities and participation in global value chains across specific industrial sectors.

UPSC Value: Understanding these reports is essential for analyzing India's industrial policy, export-led growth strategies, and the 'Make in India' initiative.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-13 [Economy] — NITI Aayog report urges leveraging FTAs to boost electronics exports
  A NITI Aayog report suggests India needs to leverage free trade agreements (FTAs) and promote domestic manufacturing of components to increase its electronics goods exports. India's share in the $4.6 trillion global market is only around 1% for 2024.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: NITI Aayog report urges leveraging FTAs to boost electronics exports.

  Key Facts:

  • NITI Aayog's Trade Watch Quarterly report
  • electronics segment represents a $4.6 trillion global market
  • India's share in this market stands at only around 1% for 2024
  • India and the European Union (EU) on January 27
  • 19th trade deal for India
  • Mauritius (April 2021 implemented)
  • Australia (December 2022 implemented)
  • UAE (May 2022 implemented)
  • Oman (signed in December 2025)
  • U.K. (signed in July 2025)
  • EFTA (implemented in October 2025 - Switzerland, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway)
  • New Zealand (talks concluded in December 2025)
• 2025-10-30 [Economy] — India's Manufacturing Sector Potential
  A NITI Aayog report, in collaboration with CII and Deloitte, highlights India's potential to become a top three global manufacturing hub by 2035 by leveraging AI, robotics, and digital twins, potentially adding $270 billion to GDP by 2035 and $1 trillion by 2047, while generating over 100 million skilled jobs. The report, released by NITI Aayog's Frontier Tech Hub, charts India's strategic pathway to advanced manufacturing leadership through technology integration, sectoral focus, and institutional reforms, covering 13 high-impact sectors under five clusters with a 10-year roadmap from 2026-2035.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's manufacturing sector potential to become top 3 global hub.

  Key Facts:

  • NITI Aayog's vision document for advanced manufacturing
  • Aims for 25% GDP from manufacturing by 2047
  • Targets 100 million jobs
  • Identifies AI & ML, Advanced Materials, Digital Twins, and Robotics as high-impact technologies across 13 priority sectors
  • India can position itself among the top three global manufacturing hubs by 2035
  • Advanced manufacturing integration could add $270 billion to GDP by 2035
  • Advanced manufacturing integration could add $1 trillion to GDP by 2047
  • Expansion of high-tech clusters can generate over 100 million skilled jobs
  • Published by NITI Aayog's Frontier Tech Hub, in collaboration with CII and Deloitte
  • Covers 13 high-impact sectors under five clusters
  • 10-year roadmap (2026–2035) to integrate frontier technologies into production ecosystems
• 2025-07-05 [Economy] — NITI Aayog Launches Report on Chemical Industry
  NITI Aayog launched a report titled 'Chemical Industry: Powering India's Participation in Global Value Chains', highlighting that India's share in global chemical value chains is 3.5%, with a chemical trade deficit of USD 31 billion in 2023. The domestic chemicals market was valued at USD 220 bn in 2023 and is expected to grow to around USD 400 to 450 bn by 2030, and to reach about USD 1 trillion by 2040.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: NITI Aayog report on chemical industry highlights India's role in global value chains.

  Key Facts:

  • Report: Chemical Industry: Powering India's Participation in Global Value Chains
  • Launched by: NITI Aayog
  • India's share in global chemical value chains: 3.5% in 2023
  • Chemical trade deficit: USD 31 billion in 2023
  • Domestic chemicals market value: USD 220 bn in 2023
  • Expected market size: USD 400-450 bn by 2030, USD 1 trillion by 2040
• 2025-04-12 [Economy] — Automotive Industry Landscape in India
  NITI Aayog, in collaboration with CRISIL, released a report titled “Automotive Industry: Powering India's Participation in Global Value Chains”, which outlines a strategic roadmap to make India a key global auto component manufacturing hub. India is currently the 4th largest automobile producer globally, with 28 million vehicles manufactured in 2023–24. The report analyzes the opportunities and challenges in the automotive sector.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: NITI Aayog report on Automotive Industry: Global Value Chains.

  Key Facts:

  • India is the 4th largest automobile producer globally.
  • 28 million vehicles manufactured in 2023–24.
  • Auto component exports reached $20 billion in 2023, forming 3% of global trade.
  • India aims to triple exports to $60 billion by 2030.
  • Report title: Automotive Industry: Powering India's Participation in Global Value Chains.
  • Report title: Automotive Industry: Powering India's Participation in Global Value Chains
  • Released by: NITI Aayog and CRISIL
  • India is the 4th largest automobile producer globally, with 28 million vehicles manufactured in 2023–24.
  • Auto component exports reached $20 billion, forming 3% of global trade in 2023.
  • India is the 4th largest automobile producer globally, with 28 million vehicles manufactured in 2023–24
  • Auto component exports reached $20 billion, forming 3% of global trade in 2023
  • NITI Aayog, in collaboration with CRISIL, released the report

Initiatives for Industrial Competitiveness and Self-Reliance

Focus: A collection of developments strengthening India's industrial ecosystem through institutional support (NPC, QCI, CSIR), R&D partnerships, and sector-specific boosts (semiconductors) aligned with 'Make in India'.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the multi-pronged institutional approach—spanning quality assurance, R&D, and international cooperation—to achieve the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' industrial goals.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-05 [International Relations] — India Joins BRICS Centre for Industrial Competencies
  India has joined the BRICS Centre for Industrial Competencies (BCIC) to support manufacturing firms and MSMEs across BRICS countries, with the National Productivity Council designated as India's nodal centre. The BCIC aims to enhance industrial competitiveness, productivity, and digital transformation in the BRICS region by facilitating technology adoption, partnerships, market intelligence, and capacity building. This move is expected to boost Indian manufacturing and MSMEs, supporting the 'Make in India' and 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' initiatives.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India joins BRICS Centre for Industrial Competencies (BCIC).

  Key Facts:

  • Launched at the headquarters of United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
  • Supported under the BRICS Partnership on New Industrial Revolution (PartNIR)
  • National Productivity Council (NPC) has been designated as the India Centre for BCIC
  • India joined the BRICS Centre for Industrial Competencies (BCIC) on February 5, 2026.
  • National Productivity Council (NPC) is designated as India's nodal centre.
  • BCIC was established in 2024-25.
  • BCIC was launched at the headquarters of United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).
  • BCIC is supported under the BRICS Partnership on New Industrial Revolution (PartNIR).
  • India has joined the BRICS Centre for Industrial Competencies (BCIC).
  • The National Productivity Council is India's nodal centre for BCIC.
• 2025-11-12 [Science & Technology] — CSIR Partners with NICDC to Boost R&D
  The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) signed an agreement with the National Industrial Corridor Development Corporation (NICDC) on November 12, 2025, to enhance research and development expertise. This partnership aims to foster self-reliant, innovation-led industrial ecosystems aligned with national initiatives like Make in India, Startup India, and Aatmanirbhar Bharat. The collaboration will also promote the establishment of R&D hubs, industrial incubators, and innovation centers in smart cities.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: CSIR partners with NICDC to enhance research and development.

  Key Facts:

  • Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
  • National Industrial Corridor Development Corporation (NICDC)
  • Agreement signed on November 12, 2025
  • Make in India
  • Startup India
  • Aatmanirbhar Bharat
  • Biotechnology
  • Renewable energy
  • Pharmaceuticals
  • Medical devices
  • Aerospace
• 2025-07-26 [Science & Technology] — India's Semiconductor Industry Gains Momentum
  India is becoming a global hub for semiconductor design and manufacturing, with nearly 20% of the world's chip-design engineers based in the country. A 3 nm semiconductor chip designed in India was recently unveiled, showcasing technical expertise. The government is promoting domestic chip design, R&D, manufacturing, and talent development to position India as a trusted global semiconductor partner.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India becoming a global hub for semiconductor design and manufacturing.

  Key Facts:

  • India is home to nearly 20% of global chip‑design engineers.
  • A 3 nm semiconductor chip designed in India was recently unveiled.
  • The government approved a ₹76,000 crore package to build a semiconductor and display manufacturing ecosystem.
  • 6 manufacturing projects and 22 design‑linked incentive (DLI) schemes were approved under the program.
  • AICTE introduced a curriculum on VLSI Design & Technology and IC manufacturing.
  • The target is to develop 85,000 skilled professionals in semiconductor design, with over 45,000 students enrolled across 100+ institutions.
  • SMART Labs at NIELIT Calicut aim to train up to 1 lakh engineers nationwide; 44,000+ already trained.
• 2025-05-29 [Polity & Governance] — Quality Council of India (QCI) Inaugurates Unified Headquarters
  The Minister of State for Commerce and Industry inaugurated the new unified headquarters of the Quality Council of India (QCI) at the World Trade Centre, New Delhi. QCI is an autonomous national accreditation body responsible for ensuring quality assurance in products, services, and processes across sectors, through independent third-party assessments.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Quality Council of India (QCI) inaugurates unified headquarters.

  Key Facts:

  • QCI: Quality Council of India
  • New headquarters: World Trade Centre, New Delhi

Strategic Technology Partnerships between IITs and Indian Defense/Government Agencies

Focus: Collaborative agreements between Indian Institutes of Technology and state/military bodies to foster specialized technical education and R&D in sectors like defense and telecommunications.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the evolving role of premier academic institutions in national security and technological sovereignty through the Triple Helix model of innovation.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-31 [Defense & Security] — IIT Ropar Launches M.Tech Program in Defence Technology with Indian Army
  IIT Ropar has signed a Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) with the Indian Army to launch an M.Tech program in Defence Technology, exclusively for officers of the Armoured Corps Centre & School (ACC&S). This initiative marks the first comprehensive defence technology partnership between an IIT and the armed forces in India.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: IIT Ropar launches M.Tech program in Defence Technology with Indian Army.

  Key Facts:

  • IIT Ropar and Indian Army (ACC&S) have partnered to launch an M.Tech program in Defence Technology.
  • The program is exclusively for officers of the Armoured Corps Centre & School (ACC&S).
  • Officers will receive an M.Tech (Defence Technology) degree from IIT Ropar upon successful completion.
• 2025-11-07 [Science & Technology] — Telecom Engineering Centre and IIT Bombay Partner for 6G Technology
  The Telecommunication Engineering Centre of the Department of Telecommunications and the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay) signed an MoU on November 7, 2025, to collaborate on 6G technology.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Telecom Engineering Centre and IIT Bombay partner for 6G technology.

  Key Facts:

  • MoU signed on November 7, 2025, between Telecommunication Engineering Centre and IIT Bombay.
  • Collaboration is for 6G technology.
• 2025-08-31 [Defense & Security] — IIT Hyderabad Partners with Indian Army SDD
  IIT Hyderabad partnered with the Indian Army's SDD on August 31, 2025, to establish a Centre of Excellence called 'VIGRAHA'.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: IIT Hyderabad partners with Indian Army SDD to establish 'VIGRAHA'.

  Key Facts:

  • IIT Hyderabad and the Indian Army's SDD partnered on August 31, 2025.
  • The partnership aims to establish CoE 'VIGRAHA'.

Global Partnerships for Industrial and Sustainable Modernization

Focus: India's engagement with international platforms (WEF, WCEF) and global partners to adopt advanced industrial technologies (4IR) and circular economy frameworks.

UPSC Value: Highlights the role of international institutional collaboration and global sustainability standards in shaping India's modern industrial policy.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-27 [Science & Technology] — WEF to Establish Centers for Fourth Industrial Revolution, including in Andhra Pradesh
  The World Economic Forum (WEF) will establish five new Centres for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, including one in Andhra Pradesh, India. The Fourth Industrial Revolution Network is a global platform for multi-stakeholder collaboration launched by the WEF in 2017.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: WEF to establish Centres for Fourth Industrial Revolution in India.

  Key Facts:

  • The World Economic Forum (WEF) will establish five new Centres for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, including one in Andhra Pradesh.
  • The Fourth Industrial Revolution Network was launched by the World Economic Forum in 2017.
• 2025-12-03 [Economy] — Finland to Hold Road Shows on Circular Economy in India
  Ahead of India hosting the World Circular Economy Forum 2026, Finland will conduct roadshows in major Indian cities to promote circular economy awareness and explore business opportunities. India's circular economy is expected to have a market value of $2 trillion and create 10 million jobs by 2050.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Finland to hold road shows in India on circular economy.

  Key Facts:

  • The circular economy (CE) prioritises waste reduction or elimination at all stages of the product life cycle.
• 2025-03-06 [Economy] — India's Circular Economy Initiatives
  The 12th Regional 3R and Circular Economy Forum in Asia and the Pacific concluded with the Jaipur Declaration, promoting sustainable resource use. India proposed the 'Cities Coalition for Circularity' (C-3) to enhance global collaboration on waste management and urban sustainability. Agreements worth ₹1,800 crore were signed for integrated waste management and climate action projects across 18 cities in 14 states under the CITIIS 2.0 initiative.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Jaipur Declaration promotes sustainable resource use at 3R Forum.

  Key Facts:

  • Jaipur Declaration promoting sustainable resource use
  • Cities Coalition for Circularity (C-3) proposed by India
  • ₹1,800 crore worth of agreements for waste management and climate action projects
  • CITIIS 2.0 initiative across 18 cities in 14 states
  • India announced its bid to host the World Circular Economy Forum (WCEF) 2026
  • Cities Coalition for Circularity (C-3) launched.

ISRO's Academic and Institutional Research Integration

Focus: Initiatives specifically focused on collaborative research, academic outreach, and inter-institutional knowledge exchange to support ISRO's mission-driven technological needs.

UPSC Value: Understanding the ecosystem of space research in India beyond satellite launches, focusing on institutional synergy, human resource development, and academic integration.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-17 [Science & Technology] — ISRO Invites Research Proposals Through RESPOND Basket 2025
  ISRO has released the RESPOND Basket 2025, inviting research proposals from academia aligned with its current and future mission needs. The RESPOND Basket is a curated set of mission-oriented research problem statements identified by ISRO and Department of Space (DoS) centres.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ISRO invites research proposals through RESPOND Basket 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • The RESPOND Basket 2025 is a curated set of mission-oriented research problem statements identified by ISRO and Department of Space (DoS) centres.
• 2025-12-17 [Science & Technology] — EDUSAT News
  IIRS-ISRO is conducting a One Day Online Workshop on "AEROSOLS: MEASUREMENT, RETRIEVAL AND IMPACTS” is scheduled for December 17, 2025. They are also providing a course on "Research and Career Opportunities for Space Science and Technology in India" is scheduled for December 1 - December 5, 2025.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • One Day Online Workshop on "AEROSOLS: MEASUREMENT, RETRIEVAL AND IMPACTS” is schedule on December 17, 2025
  • Course on "Research and Career Opportunities for Space Science and Technology in India" is schedule on December 1 - December 5, 2025
• 2025-11-17 [Science & Technology] — CSIR and ISRO Jointly Organize Space Meet 2025
  On November 17, 2025, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) jointly organized the CSIR–ISRO Space Meet 2025 in Bengaluru. The event aimed to strengthen cooperation between the institutions to advance human spaceflight research and space technology innovations. The meet integrated CSIR's multidisciplinary research with ISRO's mission-driven technological needs.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: CSIR and ISRO jointly organize Space Meet 2025 in Bengaluru.

  Key Facts:

  • Event: CSIR–ISRO Space Meet 2025
  • Date: November 17, 2025
  • Location: Hotel Radisson Blu Atria, Bengaluru
  • Organizers: CSIR and ISRO
  • Expected Participants: 150-200 delegates
  • Key focus areas: Human spaceflight physiology, biomedical instrumentation, materials science, life sciences in microgravity, and advanced systems for spacecraft maintenance and operation

Global Partnerships for AI Capacity Building

Focus: Collaborations between Indian public institutions and global entities (WEF, Hitachi, Wadhwani Foundation) to enhance AI skills and innovation.

UPSC Value: Highlights the role of international Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in accelerating India's domestic AI capabilities.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-07 [Schemes & Programs] — AIM, NITI Aayog, Hitachi Launch AI-Powered Innovation Platform
  AIM–NITI Aayog and Hitachi MGRM Net Ltd. signed a Statement of Intent (SoI) to develop “MStar™ Global AI Connect”, an AI-driven single innovation platform to boost innovation and entrepreneurship across India. The partnership aims to build a federated national digital innovation backbone, connecting rural, urban, and suburban schools with mentors, incubators, accelerators, research institutions, and industry under the vision of “Viksit Bharat”.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: AIM, NITI Aayog, Hitachi launch AI-powered innovation platform.

  Key Facts:

  • AIM–NITI Aayog and Hitachi MGRM Net Ltd. signed a Statement of Intent (SoI) to develop “MStar™ Global AI Connect”.
  • It is an AI-driven single innovation platform to boost innovation and entrepreneurship across India.
  • Aims to build a federated national digital innovation backbone.
• 2025-07-25 [Schemes & Programs] — India Skills Accelerator Initiative
  The India Skills Accelerator initiative, a collaboration between the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) and the World Economic Forum (WEF), aims to bridge skill gaps through investment in lifelong learning. It focuses on enabling agile career transitions and aligning education and training with industry needs, particularly in high-growth sectors like artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and clean energy. The Skill India Mission was launched on 15 July 2015.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India Skills Accelerator initiative; bridge skill gaps through investment.

  Key Facts:

  • India Skills Accelerator initiative is a collaboration between MSDE and WEF.
  • Aims to bridge skill gaps through upskilling and reskilling.
  • Focuses on AI, robotics, and clean energy sectors.
  • Skill India Mission launched on 15 July 2015.
• 2025-05-03 [Science & Technology] — IIT Kanpur Launches School of Artificial Intelligence
  IIT Kanpur collaborated with the Wadhwani Foundation to launch a school of AI and intelligence systems, advancing India's leadership in AI. This initiative aims to foster innovation and entrepreneurship in the field of artificial intelligence.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: IIT Kanpur's AI school aims to advance India's AI leadership.

  Key Facts:

  • IIT Kanpur
  • Wadhwani Foundation
  • School of Artificial Intelligence and Intelligence Systems

Advancements in Strategic Self-Reliance

Focus: Strategic initiatives by Indian research and defense organizations to achieve self-reliance in critical technology and manufacturing under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat framework.

UPSC Value: Analyzing the progress of indigenization in defense and pharmaceutical sectors as part of national security and economic policy.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-19 [Science & Technology] — India's push for self-reliance in Paracetamol production
  Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) developed indigenous technology to produce paracetamol, aiming to make India self-reliant in paracetamol manufacturing, reducing dependence on imported ingredients aligning with Prime Minister Modi's Atman Bharat vision.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: CSIR develops indigenous technology for paracetamol production.

  Key Facts:

  • CSIR developed indigenous technology for paracetamol production
  • Goal: Self-reliance in paracetamol manufacturing
  • Aligned with: Atman Bharat vision
• 2025-07-29 [Defense & Security] — Developments in the Indian Defence Sector
  The DRDO is set to establish an advanced infrared detector technology center in the UP Defence Corridor, investing ₹2000 crore. Adani Defence successfully cleared desert trials for 155mm artillery ammunition, marking a milestone in indigenous defense manufacturing.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: DRDO to establish infrared detector tech center in UP Defence Corridor.

  Key Facts:

  • DRDO
  • infrared detector technology center
  • UP Defence Corridor
  • ₹2000 crore
  • Adani Defence
  • 155 mm artillery ammunition
• 2025-05-06 [Defense & Security] — Developments in India's Defence Ecosystem
  May 2025 marked significant advancements in India's defence sector, driven by Aatmanirbhar Bharat and strategic modernization. DRDO successfully tested a stratospheric airship for ISR at 17 km altitude and conducted combat firings of the Multi-Influence Ground Mine (MIGM) with the Indian Navy.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: DRDO's stratospheric airship test for ISR at 17 km altitude.

  Key Facts:

  • DRDO successfully tested a stratospheric airship at an altitude of 17 km in Madhya Pradesh.
  • DRDO conducted combat firings of the Multi-Influence Ground Mine (MIGM) in collaboration with the Indian Navy.

Institutional Decolonization and National Self-Reliance

Focus: Policy initiatives and executive statements focused on dismantling colonial-era institutional frameworks (legal and educational) and achieving national self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat) in strategic sectors.

UPSC Value: Relevant for understanding the 'Panch Pran' (Five Resolves) framework and its application in governance, legal reform, and national security as part of the 'Viksit Bharat' vision.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-19 [Society & Culture] — PM Modi Urges Pledge to Shed Colonial Mindset
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi urged a national resolve to shed the Macaulay mindset, launching a 10-year mission to reverse the colonial-era impact of the 1835 education overhaul. He noted that nations such as Japan and South Korea did adopt Western ideas but remained rooted in their own languages. PM Modi asserted that the evils and societal afflictions introduced by Macaulay must be eradicated in the coming decade.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Launched a 10-year mission to reverse the colonial-era impact of the 1835 education overhaul
• 2025-06-10 [Defense & Security] — PM Modi Highlights Defence Sector Modernization and Self-Reliance
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi stated that the defence sector has undergone significant changes in the last 11 years, emphasizing modernization and self-reliance in defence production. He expressed satisfaction with India's strengthened resolve in becoming self-reliant.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: PM highlights defence sector modernization and self-reliance.

  Key Facts:

  • Narendra Modi
  • 11 years
  • defence sector
  • modernisation
  • self-reliance
  • X (formerly Twitter)
• 2025-03-03 [Polity & Governance] — Dramatic Performances Act, 1876
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi questioned why the colonial-era Dramatic Performances Act, 1876, continued to exist 75 years after independence, speaking of government efforts to repeal archaic and obsolete laws; since 2014, more than 2,000 such laws have been repealed. The law was formally repealed in 2018, though the Allahabad High Court ruled in 1956 that the law was inconsistent with the Constitution of India.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Government efforts to repeal archaic laws like the Dramatic Performances Act, 1876.

  Key Facts:

  • Dramatic Performances Act, 1876
  • PM Modi questioned its existence
  • Modi government repealed more than 2,000 obsolete laws since 2014
  • Act formally repealed in 2018
  • Allahabad High Court ruled the law unconstitutional in 1956

NITI Aayog's Multi-Level Innovation Ecosystem

Focus: NITI Aayog's simultaneous initiatives to decentralize innovation infrastructure across State, District (Aspirational), and International levels.

UPSC Value: Useful for studying Cooperative Federalism and the geographic diversification of India's S&T infrastructure.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-18 [Schemes & Programs] — Frontier 50 Initiative
  NITI Aayog's Frontier Tech Hub launched the Frontier 50 Initiative to help 50 Aspirational Districts/Blocks implement frontier technologies for better governance and service delivery. The initiative aims to accelerate development outcomes across the Aspirational District Programme (ADP) and Aspirational Block Programme (ABP).
  More details

  UPSC Angle: NITI Aayog's Frontier 50 Initiative for Aspirational Districts.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched by: NITI Aayog's Frontier Tech Hub
  • Focus: To help 50 Aspirational Districts/Blocks
  • Technology Repository: Showcases 200+ impact stories across India in key areas
  • Aim: To accelerate development outcomes across Aspirational District Programme (ADP) and Aspirational Block Programme (ABP)
• 2025-09-11 [Schemes & Programs] — First Overseas Atal Innovation Centre
  India's first overseas Atal Innovation Centre was inaugurated at the IIT Delhi–Abu Dhabi campus by the Union Education Minister of India during his UAE visit. The initiative, a flagship of the Indian government, aims to foster a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship. NITI Aayog implements the mission to develop an innovation-driven ecosystem in schools, universities, and industries.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: First overseas Atal Innovation Centre inaugurated at IIT Delhi–Abu Dhabi.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched in: September 2025, at IIT Delhi–Abu Dhabi campus.
  • Implemented by NITI Aayog.
  • Focus on diverse sectors like HealthTech, FinTech, AgriTech, EdTech, Food Processing, Drone & Space Tech, AR/VR.
  • Over 1000 women-led start-ups supported.
  • Atal Tinkering Labs (ATLs): Labs set up in schools for students (Class 6–12) to learn robotics, IoT, 3D printing, and electronics. Over 10,000 labs established across India.
  • Atal Incubation Centres (AICs): Business incubators at universities and corporates support start-ups with mentoring, funding, networking, and infrastructure. 72 AICs functional, supporting 3500+ start-ups and generating 32,000+ jobs.
• 2025-07-11 [Polity & Governance] — NITI Aayog Roadmap for Strengthening State Science & Technology Councils
  NITI Aayog has released a roadmap to empower State Science & Technology (S&T) Councils across India to bridge the gap between scientific innovation and socio-economic development at the state level, foster collaboration among various entities, and promote innovation through support for patent facilitation, remote sensing, grassroots innovation, science popularization, and capacity-building.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: NITI Aayog roadmap to empower State S&T Councils released.

  Key Facts:

  • NITI Aayog
  • State Science & Technology (S&T) Councils
  • States to allocate at least 0.5% of GSDP for S&T
  • Shift from core to project-based central grants (except for NE & UTs)
  • Department of Science and Technology (DST)
  • State Science and Technology Councils
  • Roadmap for Strengthening State Science and Technology Councils
  • July 10, 2025
  • Enhance State S&T Ecosystems
  • Foster Collaboration
  • Promote Innovation
  • patent facilitation
  • remote sensing
  • grassroots innovation
  • science popularisation
  • capacity-building

MSME and Industrial Policy Framework

Focus: NITI Aayog's interventions focusing on enhancing competitiveness, technology adoption, and skilling within the MSME and manufacturing sectors.

UPSC Value: Useful for GS-3 (Indian Economy), specifically for understanding challenges and policy solutions for the MSME sector.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-08-07 [Economy] — Niti Aayog to Propose Skilled Workforce Pool for Manufacturing Mission
  Niti Aayog is likely to propose creating a pool of skilled workforce and a monitoring mechanism for the National Manufacturing Mission.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Niti Aayog to propose skilled workforce pool for Manufacturing Mission.

  Key Facts:

  • Niti Aayog to propose skilled workforce pool for manufacturing mission.
• 2025-05-27 [Economy] — NITI Aayog Report on Designing a Policy for Medium Enterprises
  NITI Aayog released a report titled “Designing a Policy for Medium Enterprises”, aimed at empowering medium enterprises to drive India's vision for Viksit Bharat @2047. The report highlights challenges like limited access to finance (only 37% can access formal loans) and technology gaps (82% don't use advanced tech). It recommends tailored finance, Industry 4.0 integration, cluster-based testing, skilling reform, R&D push, and a digital one-stop portal.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: NITI Aayog report on empowering medium enterprises for Viksit Bharat @2047.

  Key Facts:

  • Medium Enterprises definition (April 2025): Investment up to ₹125 crores, Turnover up to ₹500 crores
  • Contribution of Medium Enterprises to MSME exports: 40%
  • Percentage of Medium Enterprises with access to formal loans: 37%
  • Percentage of Medium Enterprises not using advanced tech (AI, IoT, digital automation): 82%
  • Percentage of Medium Enterprises not benefiting from government skill/training program: 88%
  • NITI Aayog
  • Designing a Policy for Medium Enterprises
  • MSME sector contributes nearly 29% to GDP
  • 40% of MSME exports come from medium enterprises
  • 82% of Medium Enterprises don't use advanced tech like AI, IoT, or digital automation
  • 88% of medium enterprises don't benefit from any government skill or training program
  • Medium enterprises generate 89 jobs per unit on average
  • Contribute ~₹50,562 crore in forex income annually
  • Account for 81% of total R&D expenditure by MSMEs
• 2025-05-03 [Economy] — Enhancing MSME Competitiveness in India Report
  NITI Aayog, in collaboration with the Institute for Competitiveness (IFC), released a report on "Enhancing MSMEs Competitiveness in India", outlining key reforms needed in financing, skilling, technology adoption, and market linkages to boost MSME growth. The report aims to provide a blueprint for MSME growth through policy reforms in credit access, skilling, innovation, and market linkages. MSMEs are a key driver of India's industrial economy, with 5.93 crore registered enterprises employing over 25 crore people, and contributing 45.73% to India's total exports in 2023-24.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: NITI Aayog report on enhancing MSME competitiveness in India.

  Key Facts:

  • Report released by: NITI Aayog in collaboration with Institute for Competitiveness (IFC)
  • 5.93 crore registered MSMEs in India
  • MSMEs employ over 25 crore people
  • MSME-related products contributed 45.73% to India's total exports in 2023-24
  • Report released by NITI Aayog in collaboration with the Institute for Competitiveness (IFC)
  • Focuses on enhancing the competitiveness of MSMEs in India
  • Uses firm-level data and Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)
  • MSMEs contribute approximately 30% to GDP and 45% to exports
  • NITI Aayog
  • Institute for Competitiveness (IFC)
  • 5.93 crore registered enterprises
  • Over 25 crore people employed in MSMEs
  • 45.73% contribution to India's total exports in 2023-24

Expansion of Deep Tech and R&D Ecosystems

Focus: Initiatives focused on boosting high-value technology capabilities through R&D hubs, startup incubation, and workforce skilling in sectors like biopharma, telecom, and semiconductors.

UPSC Value: Highlights the transition towards a knowledge-based economy through strategic investments in innovation, future skills, and indigenous product development.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-07-12 [Science & Technology] — Semicon India 2025
  The fourth edition of Semicon India 2025 is scheduled for September 24 at Yeshwanthpur. The government aims to train over 85,000 engineers via the semicon India future skills program by 2026. The government is establishing strategic partnerships with countries like USA, Japan, Taiwan, and EU firms for semiconductor development and manufacturing in India, aiming to create 1 lakh direct and 2.5 lakh indirect jobs by 2027.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Semicon India 2025 aims to train 85,000 engineers by 2026.

  Key Facts:

  • Semicon India 2025 scheduled for September 24 at Yeshwanthpur
  • Government aims to train 85,000 engineers by 2026
  • Strategic partnerships with USA, Japan, Taiwan, and EU
  • Expected to create 1 lakh direct and 2.5 lakh indirect jobs by 2027
• 2025-06-28 [Economy] — AstraZeneca expands Bengaluru hub with ₹166 crore investment
  Global biopharmaceutical leader AstraZeneca is investing ₹166 crore to expand its Global Hub in Bengaluru, creating 400 new jobs and bringing the total workforce to nearly 1,300. The expanded facility will focus on AI-powered research, clinical development, digital health, and data analytics, supporting AstraZeneca's goal of delivering 20 new medicines by 2030.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: AstraZeneca's ₹166 crore investment in Bengaluru creates 400 jobs.

  Key Facts:

  • AstraZeneca
  • ₹166 crore investment
  • Bengaluru
  • 400 new positions
  • 1,300 professionals total
  • 20 new medicines by 2030
  • AI-powered research
  • clinical development
  • digital health
  • data analytics
• 2025-03-22 [Science & Technology] — C-DOT Launches 'Samarth' Incubation Program
  The Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) launched 'Samarth', an incubation program to boost innovation in the telecom and IT sectors, supporting startups in areas like 5G/6G, AI, IoT, and cybersecurity. Partnering with Software Technology Parks of India (STPI), the program operates in hybrid mode with two annual cohorts, providing mentorship, financial aid, and infrastructure support.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: C-DOT launched 'Samarth' incubation program for telecom/IT startups.

  Key Facts:

  • C-DOT launched 'Samarth' incubation program
  • Supports startups in Telecom Software, Cybersecurity, 5G/6G, Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and Quantum Technologies
  • Partnering with Software Technology Parks of India (STPI)