Institutional Modernization and Social Welfare: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

India is undergoing a structural transformation where 'Social Welfare' is being decoupled from 'Direct State Provisioning' and re-anchored in 'Digital Governance' and 'Market-linked Models.' This involves transitioning from manual food security (PDS) to AI-driven logistics, and from public hospital expansion to insurance-led healthcare (PMJAY/PPP). Simultaneously, the 'Institutional Modernization' of the state—seen in Quantum-safe cybersecurity and the Agnipath recruitment model—reflects a shift toward a leaner, technologically resilient administrative and defense core. The tension lies in whether these digital and insurance-led efficiencies can truly mitigate rising socio-economic stressors like mental health crises and digital addiction.

Cross-Theme Insight

A unifying theme across these threads is the 'Digital ID as Infrastructure.' Whether it is the 'Sujal Gaon' profiles for water (Thread 6), Digital Health IDs for insurance portability (Thread 1), or digitized PDS logistics (Thread 9), the individual's digital identity is now the primary gateway to state welfare. This mirrors the defense sector's shift (Thread 3), where 'Quantum Readiness' is no longer just a technical jargon but a prerequisite for protecting the very data that powers the modern welfare state.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks like Nitin Singhania (p. 588) and Rajiv Ahir (p. 781) categorize Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) as primarily suitable for physical infrastructure (roads/ports) and warn that they may fail in social sectors due to lack of profit motives. However, current trends show the state aggressively pivoting to PPPs for medical colleges and secondary/tertiary care. Similarly, while NCERT Class IX (p. 49) frames PDS as a 'rights-based' physical distribution net, modern implementation (Thread 9) emphasizes 'Anna Sahayata' (AI logistics) and supply-chain awards, shifting the focus from 'grain quantity' to 'logistical efficiency'.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The 2024-2026 trajectory marks an evolution from 'Coverage' (e.g., tap connections, insurance cards) to 'Quality and Resilience' (e.g., quantum-resilient data, mental health budgeting, and digital water profiling). Institutional inclusivity has also matured from symbolic representation to structural integration, as evidenced by the first batch of female NDA graduates and the expansion of the Territorial Army to women.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

Healthcare and PDS remain perennial favorites but with a shifting lens. Ayushman Bharat was tested in IAS 2022 (NID: 6530) through the lens of 'Digital Mission' and 'Portability,' rather than just coverage. Quantum computing has transitioned from a fringe science topic (IAS 2022 'Qubit') to a mainstream security concern (CDS-I 2024, NID: 13198). Modernization in the armed forces is increasingly tested through 'Personnel Welfare' and 'Inclusivity' (CAPF 2013/2024) rather than just hardware procurement.

Preparation Strategy

Key Connections

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (15 themes, 61 news items)

Structural Crisis in India's Healthcare System

Focus: A comprehensive examination of the systemic failures in India's public health sector, focusing on chronic underfunding, workforce shortages, and the controversial shift towards privatization and insurance-based models (Ayushman Bharat/PPP).

UPSC Value: Essential for understanding the debate between public health infrastructure strengthening versus insurance-based privatization in achieving universal health coverage.

10 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-07 [Polity & Governance] — India's Public Health System Under Scrutiny
  Rising privatization, chronic underfunding, and regulatory gaps are worsening health inequities in India's public health system. India spends only ~2.1% of GDP on public health, among the lowest globally, leading to high out-of-pocket expenditure. Schemes like Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY increasingly reimburse private hospitals, diverting public funds.
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  UPSC Angle: India's public health system faces rising privatization and chronic underfunding.

  Key Facts:

  • India spends only ~2.1% of GDP on public health (2023–24).
  • Over 60% of total health expenditure is out-of-pocket.
  • Private medical colleges charge ₹40–50 lakh+ for MBBS.
  • National Health Policy 2017 targets 2.5% GDP public health spending.
  • 51% of Indian workers put in more than 49 hours weekly, ranking India second globally for long working hours.
• 2025-12-27 [Polity & Governance] — NITI Aayog Guidelines on Healthcare PPP Model
  NITI Aayog's guidelines on the Healthcare PPP Model in India state that the private establishment will construct the medical college on land leased by the government for 99 years at a subsidized rate of 8% of the circle rate. The medical college will be owned by the private establishment, and the government district hospital is handed over for 60 years.
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  UPSC Angle: NITI Aayog guidelines on Healthcare PPP model.

  Key Facts:

  • The government district hospital is handed over to the private establishment for 60 years, which may be extended.
• 2025-12-10 [Polity & Governance] — National Convention on Health Rights 2025
  The 2025 National Convention on Health Rights seeks to realign public health policy toward universal access, stronger public systems, and legal recognition of health as a fundamental right. It aims to address persistent inequities and commercialization in India's health sector, drawing lessons from COVID-19 and global best practices.
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  UPSC Angle: National Convention on Health Rights seeks universal access to healthcare.

  Key Facts:

  • 2025 National Convention on Health Rights
  • Privatisation Risks
  • Public–private partnerships
  • Hospital outsourcing
• 2025-10-17 [Schemes & Programs] — The rise in utilization of Ayushman Bharat scheme in private hospitals
  Analytical data indicates that the Ayushman Bharat scheme is being utilized more in private hospitals, connecting with welfare schemes and public-private partnerships in healthcare delivery.
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  UPSC Angle: Ayushman Bharat scheme utilization rising in private hospitals.

  Key Facts:

  • Ayushman Bharat
  • Private hospitals
  • Welfare schemes
  • Public-private partnerships
• 2025-09-24 [Schemes & Programs] — Ayushman Bharat Completed Seven Years
  Ayushman Bharat, the world's largest government-funded health assurance scheme, completed its seven years. The scheme emerged from the National Health Policy 2017 and was launched in September 2018 from Ranchi, Jharkhand.
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  UPSC Angle: Ayushman Bharat completed seven years.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched: September 2018
  • Place of Launch: Ranchi, Jharkhand
  • Origin: National Health Policy 2017
• 2025-09-18 [Economy] — Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure (OOPE) in India
  Despite a sharp decline in out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) on health in India, closer scrutiny reveals persistent concerns associated with it. OOPE refers to direct payments individuals make for healthcare services without reimbursement, including costs for consultations, medicines, hospitalization, and transportation.
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  UPSC Angle: Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure (OOPE) in India.

  Key Facts:

  • Refers to: Direct payments for healthcare services without reimbursement
  • Includes: Doctor consultations, medicines, hospitalization, transportation
  • Remains: Main source of healthcare financing in India, especially for the poor
• 2025-09-02 [Schemes & Programs] — Health Insurance Expansion in India: Progress and Concerns
  India's health insurance coverage has expanded significantly through PMJAY and state schemes (SHIPs), covering a large population with a combined annual expenditure of approximately ₹28,000 crore. However, only 35% of insured hospital patients could utilize these schemes in 2022-23, raising concerns about the effectiveness and equity of the insurance-driven model. Critics argue that these models reinforce for-profit healthcare and neglect public health infrastructure.
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  UPSC Angle: Health insurance expansion in India: progress and concerns.

  Key Facts:

  • PMJAY cover: ₹5 lakh per household per year for inpatient care
  • PMJAY coverage: 58.8 crore individuals (2023-24)
  • State Schemes (SHIPs) budget: ~₹16,000 crore
  • Combined Expenditure: ~₹28,000 crore annually
  • India's public expenditure on health: 1.3% of GDP (2022)
  • World average public expenditure on health: 6.1%
  • PMJAY (2018): ₹5 lakh cover per household per year
  • SHIPs expenditure: ~₹16,000 crore annually
  • Combined Expenditure: ~₹28,000 crore annually (growing at 8–25% in real terms, 2018–2024)
  • Scheme Utilization: 35% of insured hospital patients (HCES 2022-23)
• 2025-05-14 [Polity & Governance] — Right to Health as a Legal Entitlement
  An editorial critiques India’s inconsistent approach to recognizing the Right to Health as a legal entitlement. While Article 21 has been interpreted to include the Right to Health, it is not explicitly recognized in the Constitution, and India lacks national legislation to enforce it. The piece suggests introducing central legislation, ensuring minimum public health standards, increasing budgetary allocation, and fostering equitable public-private partnerships.
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  UPSC Angle: Right to Health as a legal entitlement under Article 21.

  Key Facts:

  • Article 21 (Right to Life)
  • Right to Health
  • Rajasthan Right to Health Act (2023)
  • Public health is a State Subject under the 7th Schedule
  • Currently ~2% of GDP budgetary allocation to health
• 2025-03-17 [Society & Culture] — India's Public Health Education Challenges
  India faces challenges in public health education, including job shortages, poor training quality, and lack of regulation, despite the number of MPH institutions growing significantly since 2000. Suggested improvements include creating more public health jobs, improving training, setting quality standards, and expanding public health institutions. The U.S. decision to cut global health aid had minimal impact on India, as international aid constitutes only 1% of its total health expenditure.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Challenges: Job shortages, poor training quality, lack of regulation
  • Suggested Improvements: Creating public health jobs, improving training, setting quality standards
  • Impact of US Aid Cuts: Minimal, as aid is 1% of India's health expenditure
• 2025-03-11 [Polity & Governance] — Health Ministry Addresses Faculty Shortage and Promotes Health Initiatives
  The Ministry of Health is addressing critical issues such as faculty shortages in Delhi's super-specialty hospitals by reviewing recruitment norms. It also advocates for a ban on tobacco and alcohol ads at IPL venues and is investigating medicine procurement fraud under the Ayushman Bharat scheme.
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  UPSC Angle: Health Ministry addresses faculty shortage and promotes health initiatives.

  Key Facts:

  • CAG report highlights faculty shortage in Delhi's autonomous super speciality hospitals.
  • The National Medical Commission (NMC) rejected a patient's appeal, causing confusion.
  • The Health Ministry called for a ban on tobacco and alcohol ads and sales at IPL venues starting March 22.
  • A youth claimed ₹60,000 worth of medicines were fraudulently procured under Ayushman Bharat.

Mental Health Crisis and Policy Response

Focus: A comprehensive look at India's escalating mental health crisis, driven by factors like digital addiction and unemployment, and the subsequent legislative and budgetary responses.

UPSC Value: Essential for understanding the interplay between socio-economic stressors (unemployment, digital usage) and public health policy (Mental Healthcare Act, Budget 2026 allocations).

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-14 [Society & Culture] — Mental Disorders Among Salt Pan Workers
  A study in Economic and Political Weekly (EPW) found that 75.4% of salt pan workers in Marakkanam, Tamil Nadu, exhibited symptoms of common mental disorders (CMDs). Marginalized groups, such as women and Scheduled Castes, experienced a much higher incidence of CMD.
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  UPSC Angle: Study found 75.4% of salt pan workers exhibited symptoms of mental disorders.

  Key Facts:

  • salt pan workers
  • Marakkanam
  • Tamil Nadu
  • 75.4%
  • common mental disorders (CMDs)
  • women
  • Scheduled Castes
• 2026-02-09 [Society & Culture] — Mental Health Crisis and Budget Measures
  The Economic Survey 2025-26 flagged the rise of digital addiction and screen-related mental health problems, particularly among children and adolescents. The Budget announced measures to strengthen mental health infrastructure, including a second National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS) in north India and the upgrading of premier institutions in Ranchi and Tezpur.
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  UPSC Angle: Mental health crisis and budget measures.

  Key Facts:

  • The Economic Survey 2025-26 flagged digital addiction and screen-related mental health problems.
  • A second National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS) will be established in north India.
  • Premier institutions in Ranchi and Tezpur are being upgraded to improve regional access to mental health services.
  • Economic Survey 2025-26 flagged digital addiction and screen-related mental health problems
  • Proposed establishment of a second National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS) in north India
  • Upgrading of premier institutions in Ranchi and Tezpur to improve regional access
  • India is projected to lose $1.03 trillion between 2012 and 2030 due to mental health conditions
  • Treatment gap is estimated at 70%–92% for most mental disorders
  • 24×7 toll-free mental health support via 14416 or 1-800-891-4416 through Tele MANAS
  • Launched on October 10, 2022
  • 53 operational cells across 36 States and Union Territories
  • Supported by 23 specialised mentoring institutes
  • India has about 1.46 billion people
  • Around 806 million people use the internet (55.3% of the population)
  • Approximately 491 million Indians have social media accounts (33.7% of the population)
  • About 1.12 billion mobile connections, with mobile penetration at 76.6%
• 2025-10-12 [Society & Culture] — India's Mental Health Crisis
  India faces a mental health crisis, requiring urgent reforms such as declaring a national emergency on mental health. Proposed interventions include a cross-ministerial task force spanning health, education, agriculture, and women's welfare. There is a need for three to four mental health professionals per lakh population within five years.
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  UPSC Angle: India faces a mental health crisis requiring urgent reforms.

  Key Facts:

  • Family problems contribute about 32% to suicides
  • Illness is another major cause
  • Relationship or marriage issues contribute about 10%
  • Substance abuse contributes about 7%
  • About 11,000 farmer suicides have been reported mostly from Maharashtra and Karnataka
  • Farmer suicides account for about 6.3% of total suicides as per the 2023 report
  • Since 2014, more than one lakh farmers have committed suicide
• 2025-09-03 [Society & Culture] — WHO Reports Highlight Mental Health Challenges in India
  The World Health Organization (WHO) has released two new reports, 'World Mental Health Today' and 'Mental Health Atlas 2024', highlighting challenges in psychiatric healthcare in India. Key issues include poor conditions in psychiatric hospitals, often associated with neglect and abuse, and scant funding, with mental health receiving about 1% of the total health budget.
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  UPSC Angle: WHO reports highlight mental health challenges in India.

  Key Facts:

  • World Health Organisation
  • World Mental Health Today
  • Mental Health Atlas 2024
  • 1% of total health budget allocated to mental health
• 2025-08-17 [Society & Culture] — Rising Suicide Cases Among Youth
  An analysis highlights the driving factors for increasing suicide cases among youth in India, noting that only 8.25% of graduates are employed in roles matching their qualifications as per the Economic Survey 2025. The analysis also points to the impact of digitalization and access to information, leading to relative deprivation.
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  UPSC Angle: Analysis of factors driving increasing suicide cases among youth in India.

  Key Facts:

  • Economic Survey 2025
  • 8.25%
  • Graduates employed
  • Relative deprivation
• 2025-07-19 [Society & Culture] — Mental Health Challenges and Initiatives
  Mental health challenges include stigma, workplace pressures, and poor access to care. Mental Healthcare Act, 2017 guarantees the legal right to quality care and decriminalized suicide. Tele-MANAS (2022) offers 24x7 tele-counselling through helpline 14416.
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  UPSC Angle: Mental Healthcare Act, 2017 guarantees right to care, decriminalized suicide.

  Key Facts:

  • Mental Healthcare Act, 2017: Legal right to quality care; decriminalized suicide
  • National Mental Health Programme (1982): Decentralized care via District Mental Health Programme (DMHP) in 767 districts
  • Tele-MANAS (2022): 24×7 tele-counselling through toll-free helpline 14416
  • Suicide Prevention Strategy (2022): Targets 10% reduction in suicide by 2030

India's Institutional Framework for Quantum Cyber-Readiness

Focus: Government-led policy initiatives, defense centers, and software partnerships aimed at transitioning India's cybersecurity to a quantum-safe standard.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding the governance, defense (DRDO), and policy (MeitY/CERT-In) layer of India's National Quantum Mission.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-29 [Science & Technology] — BISAG-N and QNu Labs Partner for Quantum-Resilient Cybersecurity
  BISAG-N and QNu Labs are collaborating to strengthen India's quantum-resilient cybersecurity capabilities through technology transfer. BISAG-N’s indigenous cryptographic software “Vedic Kavach” will be integrated with quantum hardware from QNu Labs.
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  UPSC Angle: BISAG-N and QNu Labs partner for quantum-resilient cybersecurity.

  Key Facts:

  • BISAG-N collaborating with QNu Labs
  • To strengthen India's quantum-resilient cybersecurity
  • BISAG-N's software “Vedic Kavach” to be integrated with QNu Labs quantum hardware
• 2025-08-20 [Science & Technology] — Transitioning to Quantum Cyber Readiness
  CERT-In and SISA launched 'Transitioning to Quantum Cyber Readiness' to guide India's shift towards a Quantum-Safe future through encryption innovation. The aim is to adopt quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms and develop a crypto-agile approach to cybersecurity. It was launched by Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology.
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  UPSC Angle: CERT-In and SISA launched 'Transitioning to Quantum Cyber Readiness'.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched by CERT-In and SISA
  • To guide India's shift towards a Quantum-Safe future
  • Launched by Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology
  • Aim: adopt quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms
• 2025-07-12 [Science & Technology] — Quantum-Safe Cyber Security
  The government is promoting quantum-safe cybersecurity, with the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) launching a white paper to guide India's shift towards Atmanirbhar Bharat in this field. CERT-In and CISA have launched a transition to quantum cyber readiness to guide India's shift towards a quantum-safe future through encryption innovation.
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  UPSC Angle: Government promotes quantum-safe cybersecurity for Atmanirbhar Bharat.

  Key Facts:

  • MeitY launched white paper to guide India's shift towards quantum-safe cyber security
  • CERT-In and CISA launched transition to quantum cyber readiness
  • Focus on encryption innovation
• 2025-05-27 [Science & Technology] — Launch of Quantum Technology Research Centre
  The Quantum Technology Research Centre (QTRC) was launched at DRDO’s Metcalfe House in Delhi and will serve as the nucleus of India’s quantum defense future, with applications in secure quantum communication, sensing, and timekeeping.
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  UPSC Angle: Launch of Quantum Technology Research Centre (QTRC) at DRDO.

  Key Facts:

  • Quantum Technology Research Centre (QTRC)
  • DRDO’s Metcalfe House in Delhi
  • Applications in secure quantum communication, sensing, and timekeeping

Drinking Water Supply and Safety Infrastructure

Focus: Updates on the Jal Jeevan Mission's extension and digitalization, alongside state-level responses to drinking water safety challenges.

UPSC Value: Highlights the administrative evolution of rural water supply schemes, including the integration of digital monitoring tools (Sujal Gaon ID) and quality standards.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-29 [Schemes & Programs] — Jal Jeevan Mission Progress Update
  As of January 29, 2026, the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) has provided over 15.79 crore (81.57%) rural households with functional tap water connections, a substantial increase from 3.24 crore (16.71%) in August 2019. The mission aims to provide every rural household with tap water connections at 55 lpcd (liters per capita per day), BIS:10500 standard.
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  UPSC Angle: Jal Jeevan Mission provides tap water connections to 81.57% of rural households.

  Key Facts:

  • Over 15.79 crore (81.57%) rural households connected as of January 29, 2026.
  • Started with 3.24 crore (16.71%) connections in August 2019.
  • Target: functional tap water connections to every rural household at 55 lpcd, BIS:10500 standard.
• 2026-01-12 [Schemes & Programs] — India's Swachh Jal Abhiyan Launched in Madhya Pradesh
  Madhya Pradesh government has launched the Swachh Jal Abhiyan, a state-wide technology-driven drinking water safety campaign, after over 20 deaths in Indore's Bhagirathpura due to contaminated drinking water. The campaign aims to ensure safe, clean, and accountable water supply.
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  UPSC Angle: Swachh Jal Abhiyan launched in Madhya Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched by Madhya Pradesh government
  • Technology-driven drinking water safety campaign
  • Ensures safe, clean, and accountable water supply
  • Response to over 20 deaths in Indore due to contaminated drinking water
  • Launched in Madhya Pradesh.
  • Launched after 20+ deaths in Indore's Bhagirathpura.
  • It is a state-wide technology-driven drinking water safety campaign.
• 2025-12-13 [Schemes & Programs] — Sujal Gaon ID for Jal Jeevan Mission
  The Sujal Gaon ID enables advanced geo-referencing, monitoring and management of rural water supply infrastructure under Jal Jeevan Mission. With the introduction of the Sujal Gaon ID, every habitation will have a clear digital profile showing its source of drinking water, the nature and condition of its infrastructure, supply reliability, water quality status, and O&M arrangements.
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  UPSC Angle: Sujal Gaon ID enables geo-referencing of rural water supply infrastructure.

  Key Facts:

  • Sujal Gaon ID introduced for Jal Jeevan Mission.
  • Enables geo-referencing and monitoring of rural water supply.
  • Digital profile showing source of drinking water, infrastructure, supply reliability, water quality.
• 2025-08-17 [Schemes & Programs] — Jal Jeevan Mission Marks Six Years
  PM Narendra Modi marked the completion of six years of the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) on 14 August 2025, which aims to provide every rural household with a Functional Household Tap Connection (FHTC). The Government of India (GoI) has proposed to extend the JJM till 2028 with higher funding.
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  UPSC Angle: Jal Jeevan Mission aims to provide every rural household with FHTC.

  Key Facts:

  • Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)
  • August 15, 2019
  • Functional Household Tap Connection (FHTC)
  • 2024
  • Extended till 2028
  • 15.69 crore rural households connected to tap water
  • 81% of rural India
  • 2.63 lakh villages declared Har Ghar Jal
  • 191 districts declared Har Ghar Jal

Strengthening India's Internal Security Framework

Focus: Recent institutional, legal, and technological measures by Indian authorities to counter insurgency, terrorism, and maintain public order.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the multi-pronged approach (legal bans, AFSPA, institutional revamps, and digital monitoring) used in India's internal security management.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-06 [Polity & Governance] — States Increasing Social Media Monitoring
  States across India are increasing their use of Social Media Monitoring Cells (SMMCs) to counter misinformation, maintain order, and pre-empt digital threats. The number of SMMCs has risen from 262 (January 1, 2020) to 365 (January 1, 2024), nearly a 40% increase in four years. Bihar (52), Maharashtra (50), Punjab (48), West Bengal (38), and Assam (37) have the highest number of SMMCs.
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  UPSC Angle: States increasing social media monitoring.

  Key Facts:

  • Steady rise in the use of Social Media Monitoring Cells (SMMCs) by state police forces
  • Purpose: counter misinformation, maintain law and order, and pre-empt digital threats
  • Number of SMMCs: 262 as of January 1, 2020
  • Number of SMMCs: 365 as of January 1, 2024
  • Increase of nearly 40% in four years
  • Purpose: Counter misinformation, maintain order, pre-empt digital threats
  • Increase: From 262 SMMCs (2020) to 365 (2024)
  • States with Most SMMCs: Bihar (52), Maharashtra (50), Punjab (48), West Bengal (38), Assam (37)
• 2025-09-27 [Polity & Governance] — Extension of AFSPA in Several States
  The Government of India has extended the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA) in parts of Manipur, Nagaland, and Arunachal Pradesh for another six months. The AFSPA grants extraordinary powers to armed forces to maintain public order in disturbed areas.
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  UPSC Angle: AFSPA extended in parts of Manipur, Nagaland, and Arunachal Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • Act: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA)
  • Extended in: Parts of Manipur, Nagaland, and Arunachal Pradesh
  • Extension period: Six months
• 2025-09-23 [Defense & Security] — NSCN (K) Ban Extended
  The ban on NSCN (K) has been extended. This action is part of ongoing efforts to maintain security and stability in the region.
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  UPSC Angle: Ban on NSCN (K) has been extended.

  Key Facts:

  • Ban on NSCN (K) extended
• 2025-04-30 [Defense & Security] — Revamp of National Security Advisory Board
  The government has restructured the National Security Advisory Board (NSAB) and appointed Alok Joshi, former RAW chief, as its chairman. This decision follows speculations regarding India's potential response to the Pahalgam terror attack. The NSAB provides inputs to the National Security Council Secretariat.
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  UPSC Angle: Alok Joshi appointed chairman of restructured National Security Advisory Board.

  Key Facts:

  • National Security Advisory Board (NSAB) revamped
  • Alok Joshi, former R&AW chief, appointed as NSAB chairman
  • NSAB is an advisory body to the National Security Council Secretariat

Social Justice, Public Health, and Civic Governance

Focus: Government interventions, legal discourse, and infrastructure updates addressing domestic social welfare, public safety, and healthcare.

UPSC Value: Relevant for GS-2 (Governance, Social Justice) and GS-1 (Society), focusing on state mechanisms for public welfare.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-04 [Society & Culture] — Acid Attacks in India
  News Summary of 4 January 2026 includes discussion of acid attacks in India, legal safeguards, implementation challenges, and the way forward.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Acid attacks in India
  • Legal safeguards
  • Implementation Challenges
  • Way forward
• 2025-11-08 [Polity & Governance] — The Hindu Editorial Analysis
  The Hindu Editorial Analysis on November 8, 2025, covered topics such as death on the move and infrastructure, rapid fire section and also included vocabulary discussions. The analysis also discussed the importance of street dogs and related supreme court statements.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • The Hindu Editorial Analysis took place on November 8, 2025.
  • The Hindu Editorial Analysis discussed supreme court statements related to street dogs.
• 2025-07-15 [Polity & Governance] — The Hindu: Key News and Analysis for UPSC
  The Hindu newspaper, dated July 15, 2025, features articles relevant for UPSC preparation, including easing food prices impacting inflation, India-China de-escalation talks, Delhi's healthcare infrastructure development, and the importance of India-Europe relations. It also covers corporate investment trends, free speech on social media, and new coal plant rules.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Easing food prices drive inflation down
  • India, China must move forward on de-escalation, Jaishankar tells Wang
  • Delhi to get 7 super-speciality hospitals
  • Implement U.P. school merger plan
  • Importance of India and Europe walking in step
  • Abuse of right to free speech increasing on social media, says SC
  • Centre defends new coal plant rules
• 2025-03-05 [Schemes & Programs] — Jan Aushadhi Diwas 2025 Focuses on Women's Participation
  The fourth day of the 7th Jan Aushadhi Diwas 2025 was celebrated with a focus on women across 30 major cities in 30 states. A week-long series of events was scheduled from March 1 to March 7, 2025, at different locations in India.
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  UPSC Angle: Jan Aushadhi Diwas 2025 focuses on women's participation.

  Key Facts:

  • 7th Jan Aushadhi Diwas 2025
  • March 1 to March 7, 2025
  • 30 cities
  • 30 states

Modernization and Inclusivity in the Indian Armed Forces

Focus: Developments regarding the expansion of recruitment pools (gender inclusivity), operational role enhancement of auxiliary forces, and strategic readiness for modern warfare.

UPSC Value: Understanding the structural and personnel shifts within India's defense architecture is essential for analyzing internal security and defense policy (GS Paper III).

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-16 [Defense & Security] — Territorial Army Recruitment
  The Indian Army has confirmed the opening of vacancies for women soldiers in the Territorial Army of India. Eligibility criteria include being a citizen of India, aged 18 to 42 years, a graduate from any recognized university, and gainfully employed; serving members of the Regular Army/Navy/Air Force/Police/GREF/Para Military and like forces are not eligible.
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  UPSC Angle: Vacancies for women soldiers in the Territorial Army of India.

  Key Facts:

  • Citizens of India (Men & Women) are eligible to join the Territorial Army.
  • Age eligibility is 18 to 42 years.
  • Educational qualification: Graduate from any recognized university.
  • Must be gainfully employed.
  • Serving members of the Regular Army/ Navy/ Air Force/ Police/ GREF/ Para Military and like forces are not eligible.
• 2025-08-27 [Defense & Security] — Rajnath Singh Addresses Armed Forces on Preparedness
  On August 27, 2025, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh stated that India's armed forces must prepare for all security challenges, including short-duration conflicts and potential five-year wars, given the unpredictable geopolitical landscape. He affirmed India's commitment to protecting its territorial integrity.
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  UPSC Angle: Rajnath Singh addresses armed forces on preparedness for security challenges.

  Key Facts:

  • Rajnath Singh said that India's armed forces must be prepared for short-duration conflicts to even a five-year war.
  • Singh affirmed that India does not want anyone's land, but it is ready to go to any extent to protect its territorial integrity.
• 2025-05-30 [Defense & Security] — First Batch of Female Cadets Graduates from NDA
  The first batch of 17 female cadets graduated alongside over 300 male cadets from the National Defence Academy (NDA) in Pune, promoting inclusivity and equal opportunities in defense services. This event expands the talent pool and brings diverse skills and perspectives to the military's operational effectiveness.
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  UPSC Angle: First batch of female cadets graduates from NDA.

  Key Facts:

  • Event: Graduation of first batch of female cadets from NDA
  • Location: Pune
  • Number of female cadets: 17
  • Significance: Promotes inclusivity and equal opportunities in defense services, expands talent pool
  • Event: First batch of women cadets graduates from NDA
• 2025-05-11 [Defense & Security] — Territorial Army Empowered Amidst Tensions
  Amid tensions with Pakistan, the government has authorized the Chief of Army Staff to utilize Territorial Army officers and personnel for essential guard duties or to support the regular army. The Territorial Army (TA) is India's second line of defense, comprising volunteers who serve part-time.
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  UPSC Angle: Territorial Army empowered amidst tensions.

  Key Facts:

  • Army: Territorial Army (TA)
  • Role: Second line of defense
  • Motto: Savdhani Va Shoorta (Vigilance and Valour)
  • Governed by: Territorial Army Act, 1948
  • Comes under: Ministry of Defence, Government of India
  • Headed by: Director General Territorial Army (DGTA)

Central Government Personnel Welfare and Service Conditions

Focus: Major policy decisions regarding the pay, pensions, bonuses, and recognition of central government employees.

UPSC Value: Relevant for understanding the management of the civil service workforce and the fiscal implications of personnel costs.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-29 [Polity & Governance] — Union Cabinet Approves Terms for 8th Central Pay Commission
  The Union Cabinet approved the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the 8th Central Pay Commission (CPC), which was announced in January 2025 and formally constituted in October 2025. Headed by Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai (Retd.), the commission will review and recommend changes in the salary structure, allowances, and pension benefits of Central Government employees. The commission will submit its report within 18 months and may provide interim recommendations.
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  UPSC Angle: Union Cabinet approves Terms of Reference for 8th Central Pay Commission.

  Key Facts:

  • 8th Central Pay Commission (CPC) announced in January 2025
  • Formally constituted in October 2025
  • Headed by Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai (Retd.)
  • Report submission within 18 months of constitution
  • Covers serving and retired employees of the Central Government, defence forces, All India Services, and Union Territories
  • Eighth Central Pay Commission: Name of the commission
  • Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai: Head of the commission
  • 18 months: Time within which the commission is expected to submit recommendations
• 2025-09-25 [Economy] — Cabinet Approves Productivity Linked Bonus for Railway Employees
  The Union Cabinet, chaired by PM Narendra Modi, has approved a Productivity Linked Bonus (PLB) of 78 days for 10.91 lakh railway employees, amounting to ₹1865.68 crore. The maximum bonus of ₹17,951 will be given to eligible non-gazetted staff.
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  UPSC Angle: Cabinet approved PLB of 78 days for railway employees.

  Key Facts:

  • A Productivity Linked Bonus (PLB) of 78 days was approved for 10.91 lakh railway employees.
  • The bonus amounts to ₹1865.68 crore.
  • The maximum bonus is ₹17,951 for eligible non-gazetted staff.
  • In 2024-25, Indian Railways achieved record cargo loading of 1614.90 Million Tonnes and nearly 7.3 billion passengers.
• 2025-09-05 [Schemes & Programs] — Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) Rules Notified
  The Centre has notified rules for the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) under the National Pension System (NPS) for central government employees, covering aspects like enrollment, contribution, switch facility, and benefits in cases of retirement, death, or disability. The Central Civil Services (Implementation of UPS) Rules, 2025 aim to regulate service matters, including provisions for retirement after 20 years of service instead of 25. The scheme, approved by the Union Cabinet in August 2024 and operational from April 1, 2025, offers a one-time option for employees to shift to UPS, marking a significant welfare milestone.
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  UPSC Angle: Rules notified for Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) under NPS.

  Key Facts:

  • Scheme: Unified Pension Scheme (UPS)
  • Applicable to: Central government employees
  • Regulated by: Central Civil Services (Implementation of UPS) Rules, 2025
  • Approved by: Union Cabinet (August 2024)
  • Operational from: April 1, 2025
  • Retirement eligibility: After 20 years of service (instead of 25)
• 2025-04-21 [Polity & Governance] — PM Modi Addresses Civil Servants on Civil Services Day
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed civil servants on the 17th Civil Services Day at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi, and conferred the Prime Minister's Awards for Excellence in Public Administration. He encouraged civil servants to dedicate themselves to public service and strive for excellence. This year, 16 awards were given for Holistic Development of Districts, Aspirational Blocks Programme, and Innovation.
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  UPSC Angle: PM addresses civil servants on Civil Services Day.

  Key Facts:

  • Narendra Modi
  • 17th Civil Services Day
  • Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi
  • Prime Minister's Awards for Excellence in Public Administration
  • 16 awards
  • Holistic Development of Districts
  • Aspirational Blocks Programme
  • Innovation

Modernization of India's Food Supply Chain and Distribution

Focus: Central government initiatives and international recognition focused on the technological and infrastructural upgrading of India's food distribution and processing systems.

UPSC Value: Highlights the role of e-governance and infrastructure (PMKSY and PDS modernization) in achieving food security and administrative efficiency.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-24 [Schemes & Programs] — Department of Food and Public Distribution Finalist for Franz Edelman Award
  The Department of Food and Public Distribution (DFPD) has been named as a finalist for the 2026 Franz Edelman Award for its Anna Chakra initiative.
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  UPSC Angle: Department of Food and Public Distribution finalist for Franz Edelman Award.

  Key Facts:

  • Department of Food and Public Distribution (DFPD)
  • 2026 Franz Edelman Award
  • Anna Chakra initiative
• 2025-11-19 [Polity & Governance] — New Initiatives to Improve the Public Distribution System (PDS)
  The Union Food and Public Distribution Ministry launched several digital initiatives aimed at modernising warehousing operations, improving supply chain efficiency, and enhancing transparency across the Public Distribution System (PDS). These initiatives include Anna Sahayata Holistic AI Solution (ASHA) and Bhandaran 360. ASHA reaches 20 lakh beneficiaries monthly across India, developed in partnership with the Wadhwani Foundation and backed by the India AI mission via Bhashini's multilingual AI infrastructure.
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  UPSC Angle: New digital initiatives launched to improve Public Distribution System (PDS).

  Key Facts:

  • Anna Sahayata Holistic AI Solution (ASHA) introduced by the Department of Food and Public Distribution
  • Bhandaran 360 is the Central Warehousing Corporation's new Enterprise Resource Planning platform
  • ASHA reaches 20 lakh beneficiaries monthly across India
  • ASHA developed in partnership with the Wadhwani Foundation and backed by the India AI mission via Bhashini's multilingual AI infrastructure
• 2025-05-22 [Schemes & Programs] — Revised operational guidelines for food processing schemes
  Revised operational guidelines were issued on May 22, 2025, for the Integrated Cold Chain and Value Addition Infrastructure scheme under PMKSY.
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  UPSC Angle: Revised guidelines for Integrated Cold Chain scheme under PMKSY.

  Key Facts:

  • Revised operational guidelines issued on 22/05/2025
  • Integrated Cold Chain and Value Addition Infrastructure scheme
  • Under PMKSY (Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana)

Indian Armed Forces: Personnel Welfare and Recognition

Focus: Items pertaining to the institutional recognition, awards, and welfare schemes for Indian Armed Forces personnel.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding the administrative and ceremonial framework supporting Indian defence personnel and veterans.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-14 [Defense & Security] — Armed Forces Veterans’ Day
  Armed Forces Veterans' Day is observed on January 14 to honor armed forces veterans and their sacrifices and to show support for the families of fallen soldiers. The first Armed Forces Veterans Day was on January 14, 2017.
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  UPSC Angle: Armed Forces Veterans’ Day observed on January 14.

  Key Facts:

  • Armed Forces Veterans' Day
  • January 14
  • Ministry of Defence
  • January 14, 2017
  • tri-services veterans
• 2025-12-10 [Polity & Governance] — Armed Forces Flag Day Fund
  The Armed Forces Flag Day Fund, originally created in 1949, was consolidated in 1993 by merging various welfare funds for war victims and ex-servicemen into a single unified fund. The Kendriya Sainik Board (KSB) is responsible for administering the Armed Forces Flag Day Fund (AFFDF) and formulates and implements welfare and rehabilitation schemes for ex-servicemen and their families across India.
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  UPSC Angle: Armed Forces Flag Day Fund consolidated in 1993.

  Key Facts:

  • Armed Forces Flag Day Fund
  • 1949
  • 1993
  • Kendriya Sainik Board (KSB)
  • Armed Forces Flag Day Fund (AFFDF)
• 2025-08-17 [Defense & Security] — Government Announces Gallantry Awards for Armed Forces
  The Government of India announced gallantry awards for Armed Forces personnel, recognizing bravery during Operation Sindoor, a tri-services mission in retaliation to the Pahalgam terror attack. The Indian Army destroyed 9 terror bases in Pakistan & PoK, the Indian Air Force conducted precision strikes on 4 targets in Pakistan and 5 in PoK, and the Indian Navy provided operational support from Indian soil.
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  UPSC Angle: Gallantry awards for Armed Forces personnel for Operation Sindoor.

  Key Facts:

  • Operation Sindoor
  • Pahalgam terror attack
  • The Resistance Front (TRF)
  • Lashkar-e-Taiba
  • Indian Army destroyed 9 terror bases in Pakistan & PoK
  • Indian Air Force (IAF) conducted precision strikes on 4 targets in Pakistan and 5 in PoK
  • Indian Navy provided operational support from Indian soil

Personnel Management and Recruitment Initiatives in India's Security Forces

Focus: Updates to recruitment strategies, reservation policies, and force-raising initiatives across India's coastal, border, and paramilitary security organizations.

UPSC Value: Relevant for studying internal security management, human resource policies in the defense sector, and the integration of auxiliary forces into the national security framework.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-20 [Defense & Security] — Government to Increase Reservation for Agniveers in CAPFs to 50%
  The Union Home Ministry has decided to enhance reservation for ex-Agniveers in the Group C posts of the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) from the existing 10% to 50%. The Government launched Agnipath scheme in 2022 to recruit both male and female aspirants into 'below the officer's rank' cadre of the three services for a period of four years as Agniveers.
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  UPSC Angle: Reservation for ex-Agniveers in CAPFs increased from 10% to 50%.

  Key Facts:

  • Reservation increased from 10% to 50% for ex-Agniveers in Group C posts of CAPFs
  • Agnipath scheme launched in 2022
  • Eligibility: Candidates between 17.5 to 21 years are eligible
  • The Union Home Ministry has decided to enhance reservation for ex-Agniveers in the Group C posts of the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) from the existing 10% to 50%
  • The Government launched Agnipath scheme in 2022
  • Candidates between the age group of 17.5 to 21 years are eligible to apply for the scheme
  • The Ministry of Home Affairs has decided to increase reservation for former Agniveers to 50% in Group C posts of the Central Armed Police Forces
  • The age group of 17.5 to 21 are eligible to apply for the Agnipath scheme
• 2025-12-05 [Polity & Governance] — Indian Coast Guard Recruitment
  The Indian Coast Guard announced recruitment for the posts of Foreman of stores Group 'B' and Group 'C' civilian personnel.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Recruitment of Foreman of stores Group 'B' in ICG.
  • Recruitment of Group 'C' civilian personnel in ICG.
• 2025-09-12 [Defense & Security] — Border Wing Home Guards (BWHGs)
  The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is contemplating raising the Border Wing Home Guards (BWHG) along the China border. BWHGs are recruited from the civilian population living in border areas and act as ancillaries to the Army and border guarding forces during emergencies.
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  UPSC Angle: MHA contemplates raising Border Wing Home Guards (BWHG) along China border.

  Key Facts:

  • BWHGs are recruited from civilian population in border areas.
  • Act as ancillaries to the Army during emergencies.
  • Enlisted for 3–4 years.
  • 25% of training and financial support is borne by the Government of India.

Public Distribution System (PDS): Infrastructure and Access

Focus: Items specifically analyzing the logistics, storage infrastructure, digital reforms, and accessibility gaps within India's state-sponsored food safety net.

UPSC Value: Provides a holistic view of PDS challenges (storage, deprivation) alongside administrative reforms (digitalization, ONORC).

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-16 [Agriculture] — Pralhad Joshi Asks States to Create More Storage Facilities
  Union Food Minister Pralhad Joshi asked all State governments to create more storage facilities for foodgrains amid the rising procurement of wheat and paddy crops. The minister asserted that losses of foodgrains in transit and storage have decreased due to infrastructure improvements in the public distribution system (PDS).
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  UPSC Angle: Pralhad Joshi asks states to create more foodgrain storage facilities.

  Key Facts:

  • Union Food Minister Pralhad Joshi urged State governments to create more foodgrain storage facilities.
  • Losses of foodgrains in transit and storage have decreased due to infrastructure improvement in PDS.
• 2025-09-23 [Economy] — Study Reveals Food Deprivation in India
  A recent study by Crisil using a 'thali index' shows that up to 50% of rural and 20% of urban Indians cannot afford two balanced meals a day, revealing widespread food deprivation. Even with Public Distribution System (PDS) support, food deprivation remained 40% in rural and 10% in urban areas, revealing deeper food insecurity than income-based poverty estimates. The “thali index” approach measures food deprivation by assessing whether households can afford a basic, balanced meal (the thali, which includes rice, dal, roti, vegetables, curd, and salad).
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  UPSC Angle: Study reveals food deprivation affects a large portion of Indians.

  Key Facts:

  • 50% of rural and 20% of urban Indians cannot afford two balanced meals
  • Food deprivation remains 40% in rural and 10% in urban areas with PDS
• 2025-08-19 [Schemes & Programs] — Reforms in Public Distribution System (PDS)
  India's Public Distribution System (PDS) has undergone a major transformation through digitalization, Aadhaar-enabled targeting, biometric authentication, and real-time inventory tracking. The One Nation One Ration Card scheme has made food entitlements portable across the country, benefiting migrant workers and vulnerable households.
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  UPSC Angle: Reforms in PDS: Digitalization, Aadhaar, biometric, One Nation One Ration.

  Key Facts:

  • Digitalisation, Aadhaar-enabled targeting, biometric authentication, and real-time inventory tracking
  • One Nation One Ration Card scheme for portability of food entitlements
  • Subsidised staples provided to over 800 million people
  • Undernourishment in India fell from 14.3% in 2020–22 to 12% in 2022–24
  • 30 million fewer people living with hunger

Strengthening India's National Cybersecurity Resilience

Focus: Government-led initiatives spanning threat analysis, defense simulations, and innovation challenges aimed at bolstering the nation's cyber defense capabilities.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the multi-agency approach (MeitY and Defence) to creating a secure digital ecosystem through policy, practice, and domestic innovation.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-30 [Science & Technology] — Cyber Security Innovation Challenge Launched
  MeitY Launches Cyber Security Innovation Challenge 1.0 to Boost India's Homegrown Cyber Resilience.
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  UPSC Angle: MeitY Launches Cyber Security Innovation Challenge 1.0.

  Key Facts:

  • MeitY Launches Cyber Security Innovation Challenge 1.0 to Boost India's Homegrown Cyber Resilience
• 2025-06-17 [Defense & Security] — Cyber Suraksha: National Cyber Security Exercise
  The Defence Cyber Agency has launched 'Cyber Suraksha', a national-level cybersecurity exercise to enhance India's cyber defence readiness. The exercise simulates real-world cyber threats in a gamified environment for national stakeholders. 'Cyber Suraksha' is a multi-phased drill.
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  UPSC Angle: Cyber Suraksha: National Cyber Security Exercise launched.

  Key Facts:

  • Cyber Suraksha is a national-level cybersecurity exercise.
  • It is launched by the Defence Cyber Agency.
  • It simulates real-world cyber threats.
• 2025-04-09 [Economy] — Report Highlights Rising Cyber Threats in India's BFSI Sector
  The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology launched the Digital Threat Report 2024 for the Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance (BFSI) sector. The report offers an in-depth analysis of the growing cybersecurity risks in India's BFSI sector, emphasizing the need for strategic compliance and cyber resilience. The report warns of AI-powered cyber attacks.
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  UPSC Angle: Digital Threat Report 2024 analyzes cyber threats in India's BFSI sector.

  Key Facts:

  • Digital Threat Report 2024 launched for India's BFSI sector.
  • Collaborative effort by SISA, CERT-In, and CSIRT-Fin.

Gender Integration Milestones in Indian Maritime Forces

Focus: Pioneering milestones in the integration of women into frontline maritime roles and naval infrastructure, specifically through the first all-women global circumnavigation and the commissioning of warships with dedicated female accommodations.

UPSC Value: It illustrates the structural and operational shift towards gender inclusivity in India's defense forces, specifically within maritime and tri-service environments, relevant for Social Justice and Internal Security.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-02 [Defense & Security] — INS Imphal Warship
  INS Imphal, commissioned into the Indian Navy in December 2023, is the first warship named after a city in the Northeast, specifically Imphal, the capital of Manipur. It is the first naval warship commissioned with accommodation for women officers and sailors and is a unit of the Indian Navy's Western Fleet. Its missions include anti-air warfare (AAW), anti-surface warfare (ASuW), and anti-submarine warfare (ASW).
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  UPSC Angle: INS Imphal: first warship named after a city in the Northeast.

  Key Facts:

  • Warship: INS Imphal
  • Commissioned: December 2023
  • First warship named after: A city in the Northeast (Imphal, Manipur)
  • Features: Accommodation for women officers and sailors
  • Unit of: Indian Navy's Western Fleet
  • Missions: AAW, ASuW, ASW
• 2025-09-13 [Defense & Security] — All-women Tri-Service sailing mission 'Samudra Pradakshina' flagged off
  Defence Minister Rajnath Singh virtually flagged off "Samudra Pradakshina," the first-ever sailing trip around the world by an all-women team from the Army, Navy, and Air Force. The mission comprises ten women officers from the three services who will sail for nine months on the Indian Army's 50-foot-long sailing boat, named Triveni, which was built in India.
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  UPSC Angle: All-women Tri-Service sailing mission 'Samudra Pradakshina' flagged off.

  Key Facts:

  • Sailing mission named Samudra Pradakshina.
  • All-women team from Army, Navy, and Air Force.
  • Ten women officers from the three services.
  • Sailing for nine months on the Indian Army's 50-foot-long sailing boat, named Triveni.
• 2025-04-10 [Defense & Security] — TSV Trishna Sets Sail on First Tri-Service Women's Global Circumnavigation
  The Indian Navy sailing vessel, INSV Trishna, embarked on its first tri-service women's global circumnavigation expedition, named Samudra Pradakshina, from Mumbai.
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  UPSC Angle: INSV Trishna starts tri-service women's global circumnavigation expedition, Samudra Pradakshina.

  Key Facts:

  • Vessel name: INSV Trishna
  • Expedition name: Samudra Pradakshina
  • Starting point: Mumbai

Enhancing Civil Defence and Emergency Preparedness

Focus: Initiatives focused on the digital, operational, and administrative strengthening of India's civil defence and disaster response mechanisms.

UPSC Value: Highlights the integration of technology, field exercises, and state-level monitoring in the national disaster management framework (GS Paper III).

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-06-29 [Geography] — Uttarakhand CM Reviews Flood Situation
  The Chief Minister of Uttarakhand, Shri Pushkar Singh Dhami, visited the State Emergency Operation Centre (SEOC) to assess the flood and rainfall situation. He directed officials to remain on 24x7 alert mode for the next three months and closely monitor landslide-prone areas and bridge safety.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • CM Shri Pushkar Singh Dhami visited the Uttarakhand State Emergency Operation Centre (SEOC)
  • Officials directed to remain on 24×7 alert mode for the next three months
  • Close monitoring of landslide-prone areas, waterlogged regions, and bridge safety advised
• 2025-05-31 [Defense & Security] — Operation Shield Civil Defence Exercise
  Operation Shield, a nationwide civil defence exercise, will be conducted on May 31, 2025, across India's border-sensitive states to simulate aerial attacks. The drill will involve blackout enforcement, evacuation drills, and coordination between civil defence forces and the Indian Air Force, aiming to enhance India's national preparedness and civil-military response.
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  UPSC Angle: Operation Shield: Nationwide civil defence exercise to simulate aerial attacks.

  Key Facts:

  • Operation Shield is the second nationwide Civil Defence exercise.
  • Exercise will start at 5:00 PM on May 31, 2025.
  • Focuses on border-sensitive states including Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, Gujarat, Haryana, and Rajasthan.
  • Aims to simulate aerial attacks involving aircraft, drones, and missiles.
  • Involves blackout enforcement, evacuation drills, and mass casualty management.
  • Hotline activation between the Indian Air Force and Civil Defence Control Rooms.
  • Participation of Civil Defence volunteers, NCC, NSS, NYKS, Bharat Scouts & Guides, and Border Wing Home Guards.
  • Follows the first civil defense drill held on May 7.
  • Monthly drills will follow in border regions.
• 2025-05-04 [Schemes & Programs] — Union Home Secretary Inaugurates Civil Defence Warriors Portal and App
  The Union Home Secretary inaugurated the 'Civil Defence Warriors Portal' and 'CD Warriors Mobile App' in New Delhi. This initiative aims to bolster civil defence capabilities and enhance emergency response coordination.
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  UPSC Angle: Civil Defence Warriors Portal and App enhance emergency response capabilities.

  Key Facts:

  • Civil Defence Warriors Portal
  • CD Warriors Mobile App