Internal Security, Federalism, and Identity (2025-26): UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

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GS-2GS-320 sub-themes · 77 news items

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

The 2025-26 security landscape marks a definitive shift from 'Counter-Insurgency' to 'Administrative Fortification.' Internal security is now managed through deep legislative and constitutional redesign rather than just kinetic force. This is evidenced by the use of the 130th Amendment Bill to redefine Union oversight in sensitive UTs and the Maharashtra Special Public Security (MSPS) Bill to target the 'ideological infrastructure' of LWE. Security is no longer just a border issue; it is a governance tool used to manage the friction between regional identity and national integration.

Cross-Theme Insight

A 'New Constitutional Territorialism' has emerged across Ladakh, Manipur, and J&K. Ethnic and regional groups are no longer primarily seeking secession; instead, they are competing for specific 'Constitutional Slots'—the Sixth Schedule in Ladakh, 'Union Territory' status for the Kuki-Zo in Manipur (Thread 1), and full Statehood in J&K. This suggests that the Constitution itself has become the primary site of conflict, where 'identity' is traded for 'administrative autonomy' under the Union's watchful eye.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks like Laxmikanth (7th ed., Ch 41) strictly define the Sixth Schedule's geography as the 'AMTM' states (Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram) under Article 244(2). Current developments in 2025 (Thread 6) demonstrate a breakdown of this exclusivity, as the Union considers applying these provisions to non-NE regions like Ladakh. Furthermore, while the 'SAMADHAN' doctrine (GS-3 Security) remains the baseline for LWE, the MSPS Bill 2024 signals a shift toward 'Legal Containment' of urban networks, a transition not yet captured in traditional static material.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The theme has evolved from 'managing armed rebellion' (2000s-2010s) to 'managing demographic and administrative friction' (2025-26). The trajectory moves from reactive measures (AFSPA) to proactive legal frameworks (FMR scrapping, MSPS Bill, and 130th Amendment) that aim to preemptively secure the 'demographic and ideological borders' of the state.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

UPSC consistently tests the nuances of Article 244 and the administration of tribal areas (CDS-II 2016, 2018). Recent trends show a focus on border-sharing geography (IAS 2006) and the specific legal regimes applied to them (e.g., CAA exemptions in 6th Schedule areas, CDS-II 2024). Expect questions that bridge the gap between Article 371 (Special Provisions) and the Sixth Schedule.

Probable Prelims Angles

  • Distinction between Article 244(1) [5th Schedule] and 244(2) [6th Schedule] regarding state lists.
  • The 'Free Movement Regime' (FMR) history and the specific states bordering Myanmar (Arunachal, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram).
  • Provisions of the 130th Amendment Bill (e.g., legislative powers in UTs under Art 239AA).
  • The 'Protected Area Permit' (PAP) and its reimposition in the Northeast during periods of civil unrest.
  • Historical Milestone: The 1925 Kanpur Conference as the formal founding of the Communist Party in India (100-year anniversary context).

Preparation Strategy

Key Connections

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (20 themes, 78 news items)

Administrative and Political Management of Manipur Crisis

Focus: High-level governance interventions, appointments, and peace dialogues aimed at stabilizing Manipur under President's Rule.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the multi-pronged approach (bureaucratic changes, peace talks, censorship, and executive visits) used to manage prolonged ethnic conflict.

7 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-02-13 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Directs CBI to File Status Report on Manipur Violence
    The Supreme Court directed the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) to submit a status report detailing the evidence collected in cases related to the sectarian violence in Manipur in May 2023, including cases of sexual assault and gangrape. The bench, headed by Chief Justice of India Surya Kant, mandated that the CBI share copies of the chargesheets with the victims and their families as required by law.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: SC directs CBI to file status report on Manipur violence.

    Key Facts:

    • Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
    • Surya Kant
    • Manipur
    • May 2023
  • 2026-01-25 [Polity & Governance] — MHA orders blocking of Manipur killing video
    The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has ordered social media intermediaries to take down a viral video of a January 21 killing in Manipur's Churachandpur, citing threats to public order. The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) issued the blocking order on January 22 following a request from the MHA.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: MHA orders blocking of Manipur killing video to maintain public order.

    Key Facts:

    • Incident: Killing of a 29-year-old man in Manipur’s Churachandpur on January 21.
    • Order issued by: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) on January 22.
    • Reason: Circulation of the video was “likely to disturb public order”.
  • 2025-09-13 [Polity & Governance] — Manipur Conflict: PM Modi's visit and unresolved issues
    Prime Minister Modi is scheduled to visit Manipur, marking his first visit since the Kuki-Meitei conflict began in May 2023. The state is under President's rule, and five key challenges remain unresolved, including the rehabilitation of displaced people, trust-building between communities, and addressing underlying issues such as ST demand by Meiteis vs. tribal land rights. The conflict has resulted in over 200 deaths and displacement of more than 57,000 people.
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    UPSC Angle: PM Modi's visit to Manipur and unresolved issues of the conflict.

    Key Facts:

    • Prime Minister Modi visiting Manipur for the first time since the conflict began in May 2023.
    • Kuki-Meitei conflict erupted in May 2023.
    • Meiteis are the majority community (~53%), mainly Hindu, living in the Imphal valley.
    • Kukis belong to the tribal groups, largely Christian, settled in the surrounding hill districts.
    • More than 57000 people have been internally displaced.
    • 280 relief camps.
    • Manipur High Court (April 2023) asked the state to consider granting Scheduled Tribe (ST) status to Meiteis.
  • 2025-07-17 [Polity & Governance] — Puneet Kumar Goel Appointed Chief Secretary of Manipur
    The Union Government has appointed Puneet Kumar Goel as the new Chief Secretary of Manipur, amid ongoing ethnic tensions and political uncertainty in the State, which has been under President's Rule since February 13, 2025. He will serve as the principal advisor to the Chief Minister on administrative and policy matters and coordinate cabinet meetings as Secretary to the Cabinet.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Puneet Kumar Goel appointed Chief Secretary of Manipur.

    Key Facts:

    • Puneet Kumar Goel: New Chief Secretary of Manipur
    • President's Rule in Manipur: Since February 13, 2025
  • 2025-05-31 [Polity & Governance] — Challenges in Manipur
    Despite President's rule in Manipur after intense ethnic violence in May 2023, peace and normalcy have not been achieved due to ongoing distrust, displacement, and lack of reconciliation between the Meitei and Kuki tribes. Key challenges include ethnic polarization, displacement, breakdown of trust in state institutions, and a lack of reconciliation.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Ethnic polarization between Meitei and Kuki tribes.
    • Thousands displaced, unable to return home.
    • Breakdown of trust in state institutions.
  • 2025-04-05 [Polity & Governance] — Centre holds meeting with Meitei-Kuki groups on Manipur conflict
    The Central Government held a meeting with representatives of Manipur's Meitei and Kuki communities to find an amicable solution to the conflict, which began in May 2023. The meeting was part of the Central Government's initiatives to bring a lasting peace in the state.
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    UPSC Angle: Centre holds meeting with Meitei-Kuki groups on Manipur conflict.

    Key Facts:

    • The meeting between the Centre and representatives of Manipur's Meitei and Kuki communities was held on April 5, 2025.
    • A dialogue between Kuki-Zo and Meitei civil society groups, organized by the MHA, will be held in Delhi on April 5, 2025.
  • 2025-03-13 [Polity & Governance] — Meitei Organization Claims Roadmap for Peace in Manipur
    A civil society organization of Meiteis claimed that MHA Advisor for North East A.K. Mishra stated the Centre has prepared a roadmap for peace in ethnic strife-hit Manipur. The claim was made amid ongoing ethnic tensions in the region.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Centre prepared roadmap for peace in Manipur (claimed)
    • Claim made by Meitei civil society organization
    • MHA Advisor for North East: A.K. Mishra

Escalation of Violence and Rights Violations in DR Congo

Focus: A collection of items monitoring the M23 rebel offensive and the resulting specific humanitarian crises, including spikes in sexual violence, child rights violations, and disease outbreaks.

UPSC Value: Highlights the intersection of armed conflict (M23), public health (Ebola), and vulnerable population statistics in the DRC.

6 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-10-21 [International Relations] — UN addresses humanitarian crises
    The UN World Food Programme (WFP) delivered over 6,700 metric tonnes of food to Gaza, enough to feed nearly half a million people for two weeks. UNFPA is providing essential health services to 1.4 million women and girls in the DRC. Over a million people have returned to Khartoum, Sudan, amid ongoing war.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: UN addresses humanitarian crises in Gaza.

    Key Facts:

    • WFP delivered 6,700 metric tonnes of food to Gaza
    • UNFPA targeting 1.4 million people in DRC with health services
    • Over a million people have returned to Khartoum, Sudan
  • 2025-09-11 [International Relations] — UN News: Humanitarian Crises in Sudan, DR Congo, Afghanistan
    UN News reports on September 11, 2025, that humanitarian access in Sudan remains severely constrained due to ongoing conflict, and surging violence in eastern DR Congo imperils civilians. The IOM is urgently calling for $16.8 million to assist victims of the recent earthquake in Afghanistan, where over 2,100 people died and 500,000 were affected.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • IOM calls for $16.8 million to aid victims of Afghanistan quake
    • More than 2,100 people lost their lives in the Afghanistan earthquake
    • 3,600 were injured in the Afghanistan earthquake
    • Over 7,000 homes were destroyed in the Afghanistan earthquake
    • Nearly 500,000 people have been affected overall by the Afghanistan earthquake
    • Over 2,050 civilians across Beni and Lubero have died in attacks since the second half of 2024
  • 2025-09-05 [International Relations] — UN Addresses Global Issues: DR Congo Violence, Pakistan Floods, and Rising Air Pollution
    The UN reports on sexual violence in DR Congo, exacerbated by funding cuts, and widespread sexual violence by the Rwanda-backed M23 group. Monsoon flooding in Pakistan has impacted 1.5 million people, killing nearly 900, with more heavy rains expected. Globally, air pollution is worsening, causing over 4.5 million premature deaths annually, although some regions like eastern China and Europe show emission reductions.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • DR Congo: Sexual violence is widespread, linked to the M23 rebel group.
    • Pakistan: Monsoon flooding impacted 1.5 million people, with nearly 900 deaths.
    • Global: Air pollution causes over 4.5 million premature deaths each year.
  • 2025-09-05 [International Relations] — Daily Press Briefing
    The UN along with humanitarian partners are supporting the government-led response following the declaration of a new Ebola outbreak in Casai Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The report further finds that both DRC and Rwanda bear responsibility for their support to armed groups with known track records of serious abuses. Also the UN is helping the government-led response following the severe flooding in northern India for which the secretary general had expressed his deep sorrow the impacted with Punjab state being one of the areas hardest. hit dozens of people have been reportedly killed nearly 1900 villages and more than 380,000 people said to be affected.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • new Ebola outbreak in Casai Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
    • severe flooding in northern India and Punjab state with dozens of people killed nearly 1900 villages and more than 380,000 people said to be affected.
  • 2025-04-17 [International Relations] — UN News on Gaza, DRC, and Myanmar
    UNRWA reports that international journalists are banned from Gaza, leading to the spread of propaganda and hate speech. UNICEF warns about the impact of violence in DRC on children and women, and the risk of disease spread in Myanmar following an earthquake.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • International journalists banned from reporting inside Gaza for over 18 months
    • 170 Palestinian journalists killed to date
    • UNICEF provides drinking water to nearly 700,000 people per day in the Goma region.
    • UNICEF Chief of Health in Myanmar: Eric Ribaira
    • 100% increase in verified grave violations in DRC against children in the first quarter of 2025, compared to 2024
  • 2025-03-04 [International Relations] — UN News Highlights: Gaza Recovery, DR Congo Crisis, Somalia Famine
    UN Secretary-General AntĂłnio Guterres stressed that Gaza's recovery must be built on a clear political framework beyond just infrastructure, while the UNHCR reported a spiraling crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo with rampant sexual violence, and the WFP warned of looming famine in Somalia without emergency funding. The UN is urging respect for international law to prevent further cycles of violence in Gaza, and immediate funding to prevent famine in Somalia.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Gaza: Recovery must be built on dignity, self-determination and security
    • DR Congo: 895 cases of rape reported in two weeks of February, averaging 60 per day
    • Somalia: Famine looms without emergency funding
    • Almost 80,000 people have fled armed clashes between Congolese Government forces and M23 fighters

Centennial Legacy and Contemporary Dynamics of Indian Communism

Focus: Historical milestones, leadership transitions, and political-legal interventions of various Communist factions (CPI, CPI-M, and CPI-Maoist) in India.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding the evolution of the Left in India's political history (GS I) and its contemporary role in parliamentary democracy and internal security (GS II & III).

5 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-12-26 [History & Heritage] — 100 Years of Communist Party of India (CPI)
    The Communist Party of India (CPI) has completed 100 years, tracing its origins to the Kanpur conference of December 26, 1925. The milestone has renewed attention on how communism took root in India, its ideological influences, organisational evolution, and role in the freedom struggle. The Kanpur conference resolved to form the Communist Party of India with objectives including ending British rule and establishing a workers’ and peasants’ republic.
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    UPSC Angle: Communist Party of India (CPI) has completed 100 years.

    Key Facts:

    • The Communist Party of India (CPI) has completed 100 years.
    • CPI origins trace back to the Kanpur conference of December 26, 1925.
    • The Kanpur conference aimed to end British rule and establish a workers’ and peasants’ republic.
  • 2025-10-21 [Defense & Security] — CPI (Maoist) Finds New Public Voice
    The banned Communist Party of India (Maoist) has a new public voice after its ideological head, Mallojula Venugopal Rao alias Sonu, surrendered with 60 cadres in Maharashtra. Thippiri Tirupathi alias Devuji, believed to be the current General Secretary, is now the public face under the pseudonym Abhay.
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    UPSC Angle: CPI (Maoist) leader surrenders with cadres in Maharashtra.

    Key Facts:

    • Mallojula Venugopal Rao alias Sonu: Former ideological head of CPI (Maoist), surrendered
    • 60: Number of cadres who surrendered with Mallojula Venugopal Rao
    • Thippiri Tirupathi alias Devuji: Believed to be the current General Secretary of CPI (Maoist)
    • Abhay: Pseudonym used by Thippiri Tirupathi
    • Maharashtra: State where the surrender took place
    • CPI (Maoist): Communist Party of India (Maoist)
  • 2025-08-15 [Polity & Governance] — CPI(M) Criticizes PM Modi's Praise of RSS
    The Communist Party of India (Marxist) criticized Prime Minister Narendra Modi for praising the RSS in his Independence Day speech, calling the RSS an organization with a dubious historical record. CPI(M) General Secretary M.A. Baby stated that the RSS was banned following Mahatma Gandhi's assassination.
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    UPSC Angle: Criticism of political figures is generally not directly testable.

    Key Facts:

    • Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M))
    • Narendra Modi
    • Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)
    • M.A. Baby
    • Banned after Mahatma Gandhi assassination
  • 2025-04-14 [Polity & Governance] — CPI challenges Waqf (Amendment) Act in SC
    The Communist Party of India (CPI) has petitioned the Supreme Court against the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, citing concerns that the bill was passed without properly addressing objections from the Joint Parliamentary Committee and other stakeholders. CPI General Secretary D Raja filed the writ petition.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: CPI challenges Waqf (Amendment) Act in SC.

    Key Facts:

    • Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025
    • Communist Party of India (CPI)
    • D Raja
    • Joint Parliamentary Committee
  • 2025-04-06 [Polity & Governance] — M.A. Baby Elected General Secretary of CPI(M)
    M.A. Baby was elected as the new General Secretary of the CPI(M) during the party's 24th congress in Madurai. The congress, which concluded on April 6, 2025, also elected an 18-member Polit Bureau with eight new members. Pinarayi Vijayan, a Polit Bureau member, was granted an exemption from the 75-year age limit to hold party positions, due to his role as the Chief Minister of Kerala.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • M.A. Baby elected as the new General Secretary of the CPI(M).
    • The election took place during the party's 24th congress.
    • The congress concluded in Madurai on April 6, 2025.
    • An 18-member Polit Bureau was elected, including eight new members.
    • Pinarayi Vijayan was granted an exemption from the age limit of 75 years.

Decline and Containment of Left-Wing Extremism in India

Focus: Official government reports, legislative actions, and operational successes documenting the shrinking geographical footprint and changing nature of Maoist influence in India.

UPSC Value: Crucial for Internal Security analysis, specifically regarding the success of the 'SAMADHAN' strategy and the transition from rural insurgency to urban containment (MSPS Bill).

5 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-12-09 [Defense & Security] — Decrease in Maoist-affected states and districts
    The Lok Sabha was informed that the number of Maoist-affected states in India has decreased from 10 to 5 in the last 10 years, and the number of affected districts has reduced from 126 to 11. This information was provided by Minister of State for Home Nityanand Rai during Question Hour.
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    UPSC Angle: Maoist-affected states decreased from 10 to 5 in the last 10 years.

    Key Facts:

    • Number of Maoist-affected states decreased from 10 to 5
    • Number of Maoist-affected districts decreased from 126 to 11
    • Information provided by Minister of State for Home Nityanand Rai
  • 2025-11-02 [Defense & Security] — Maoist influence reduced to three districts
    The Prime Minister stated that Maoist influence is now limited to only three districts, highlighting a significant achievement in internal security. 11 years prior, Maoists were present in 125 districts.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Maoist influence reduced to three districts from 125 in 11 years.

    Key Facts:

    • Maoist influence limited to 3 districts
    • Previously present in 125 districts 11 years ago
    • Internal security achievement
  • 2025-10-15 [Polity & Governance] — 61 Maoists surrender in Maharashtra
    61 Maoists, including top leaders, surrendered in Maharashtra. 27 active Maoists carrying a total bounty of â‚ą50 lakh surrendered before police in Sukma district, Chhattisgarh.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • 61 Maoists
    • Maharashtra
    • 27 Maoists
    • Sukma district
    • Chhattisgarh
    • â‚ą50 lakh bounty
  • 2025-08-27 [Polity & Governance] — Efforts to Eliminate Naxalism by 2026
    The Ministry of Home Affairs states that Naxalism is currently present in only 18 districts and aims to eliminate it completely from the country by 2026. In 2013, approximately 182 districts were affected by Left Wing Extremism. The word Naxalism started in 1967 in West Bengal.
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    UPSC Angle: Government aims to eliminate Naxalism from India by 2026.

    Key Facts:

    • Ministry of Home Affairs says Naxalism is present in only 18 districts.
    • The aim is to eliminate Naxalism completely from the country by 2026.
    • In 2013, approximately 182 districts were affected by Left Wing Extremism.
    • The word Naxalism started in 1967 in West Bengal.
  • 2025-07-12 [Polity & Governance] — Maharashtra Passes 'Urban Maoism' Bill
    The Maharashtra Assembly has passed the Maharashtra Special Public Security (MSPS) Bill, 2024, also known as the 'Urban Maoism' Bill, to address the evolving tactics of Maoist organizations. The bill responds to the perceived inadequacy of existing laws like the UAPA in dealing with Maoist activities in urban areas. Maharashtra joins states like Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Jharkhand in enacting such special public security laws.
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    UPSC Angle: Maharashtra passes 'Urban Maoism' Bill to address Maoist tactics.

    Key Facts:

    • Maharashtra Special Public Security (MSPS) Bill, 2024 passed
    • Aims to curb activities of Maoist organizations
    • Addresses the use of urban fronts by Maoists
    • Modeled after similar laws in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Jharkhand
    • Maharashtra Special Public Security Bill passed by Maharashtra assembly
    • Aims to curb activities of left-wing extremism organizations
    • Maharashtra will be the fifth state to pass such a law

Internal Security and Administrative Restrictions in India's Borderlands

Focus: State-imposed security measures, legal restrictions, and public order management in India's sensitive border regions (Northeast, J&K, and Ladakh) during festivals or periods of civil unrest.

UPSC Value: Understanding the intersection of internal security challenges, special legal regimes (AFSPA, PAP, NSA), and the management of cultural and civil activities in 'disturbed' or sensitive areas.

5 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-12-02 [Society & Culture] — Hornbill Festival and Protected Area Permit Regime
    The 26th edition of the Hornbill Festival has started, but the government has reimposed a Protected Area Permit (PAP) regime due to security concerns in the Northeast region. Foreign nationals now require a permit to visit the festival.
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    UPSC Angle: Government reimposes Protected Area Permit (PAP) regime due to security concerns.

    Key Facts:

    • The 26th edition of the Hornbill Festival has commenced.
    • A Protected Area Permit (PAP) regime has been reimposed in the Northeast region.
    • Foreign nationals need a permit to visit the Hornbill Festival.
  • 2025-11-22 [Society & Culture] — Sangai Festival Opens Amid Protests
    The Sangai Festival in Manipur opened amid protests by internally displaced persons and NGOs, who argued that the government should address the ongoing Kuki-Zo–Meitei ethnic conflict before holding tourism events. The festival is an annual celebration of Manipur's rich tradition and culture held from November 21–30 since 2010. It is named after the rare Sangai deer.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Sangai Festival held annually from November 21–30
    • Location: Manipur
    • Celebrates Manipur's tradition and culture
    • Named after the rare Sangai deer
    • Protests by internally displaced persons and NGOs due to the Kuki-Zo–Meitei ethnic conflict
  • 2025-09-26 [Polity & Governance] — Sonam Wangchuk Detained under National Security Act
    Climate activist Sonam Wangchuk was detained on September 26, 2025, under the National Security Act (NSA) for allegedly inciting violence after protests in Ladakh demanding statehood and Sixth Schedule status. He was later shifted to Jodhpur.
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    UPSC Angle: Sonam Wangchuk detained under NSA for inciting violence in Ladakh.

    Key Facts:

    • Sonam Wangchuk
    • September 26, 2025
    • National Security Act (NSA)
    • Ladakh
    • Jodhpur
    • Gitanjali J Angmo
    • Sonam Wangchuk: Climate activist
    • Ladakh: Location of arrest
    • Ladakh Police: Arresting authority
    • September 26, 2025: Date of arrest
    • Statehood and Sixth Schedule status: Demands of the agitation
  • 2025-06-18 [Defense & Security] — Amarnath Yatra Routes Declared 'No-Fly Zones'
    In preparation for the Amarnath Yatra, routes have been designated as 'no-fly zones' with increased deployment of CAPF personnel. This measure aims to enhance security during the pilgrimage.
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    UPSC Angle: Amarnath Yatra routes declared 'no-fly zones' for enhanced security.

    Key Facts:

    • Amarnath Yatra routes: No-fly zones
    • Increased deployment of CAPF personnel
  • 2025-04-04 [Polity & Governance] — AFSPA Special Powers
    AFSPA grants special powers to armed forces in disturbed areas to maintain public order. It is applied after an area is declared "disturbed" under Section 2 of the Act, due to issues like ethnic, religious, or communal tensions.
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    UPSC Angle: AFSPA grants special powers to armed forces in disturbed areas.

    Key Facts:

    • AFSPA was enacted in 1958.
    • Armed forces can prohibit gatherings of five or more people.
    • They can use force or open fire after due warning if laws are contravened.
    • They can arrest individuals or search premises without warrants on reasonable suspicion.
    • Armed forces personnel are protected from prosecution unless sanctioned by the Union Government.
    • It is enforced in Jammu & Kashmir, Assam, Nagaland, parts of Manipur (excluding Imphal), and parts of Arunachal Pradesh.

Administrative and Legislative Framework of J&K and Ladakh UTs

Focus: Legal developments, executive appointments, and regulatory changes defining the governance structure and the scope of authority in the Union Territories of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh.

UPSC Value: Analyzing the evolving constitutional status of J&K and Ladakh and the scope of L-G powers is vital for understanding federalism and UT administration in the GS Paper II syllabus.

5 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-08-21 [Polity & Governance] — Constitution (130th Amendment) Bill, 2025
    The 130th Constitution (Amendment) Bill, 2025 has been introduced in the Lok Sabha and referred to a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC). It seeks to amend Article 75 (Union Ministers), Article 164 (State Ministers), and Article 239AA (NCT of Delhi), and proposes amendments in the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 and the Jammu & Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019. The Bill proposes automatic removal of the Prime Minister, Chief Ministers, and ministers if detained for 30 consecutive days on serious criminal charges.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: 130th Amendment Bill seeks to amend Article 75 and Article 164.

    Key Facts:

    • Bill introduced in Lok Sabha and referred to a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC).
    • Bill is the 130th Constitution (Amendment) Bill, 2025.
    • Seeks to amend Article 75 (Union Ministers), Article 164 (State Ministers), and Article 239AA (NCT of Delhi).
    • Proposes amendments in the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 and the Jammu & Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019.
    • Proposes automatic removal of the Prime Minister, Chief Ministers, and ministers if detained for 30 consecutive days on serious criminal charges.
    • Union Home Minister Amit Shah introduced the Constitution (130th Amendment) Bill, 2025
    • Bill introduces a mechanism to remove ministers who are jailed for serious offences
    • If a minister is arrested and held in custody for 30 consecutive days for an offense punishable with five years or more imprisonment, they will lose their position
  • 2025-08-19 [Polity & Governance] — Nominations to Union Territory Assemblies
    The Union Ministry of Home Affairs has informed the Jammu and Kashmir High Court that the Union Territory’s Lieutenant-Governor can nominate five members to the J&K Legislative Assembly without the government’s “aid and advice”.
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    UPSC Angle: LG can nominate five members to J&K Legislative Assembly.

    Key Facts:

    • The Union Ministry of Home Affairs has informed the Jammu and Kashmir High Court that the Union Territory’s Lieutenant-Governor can nominate five members to the J&K Legislative Assembly without the government’s “aid and advice”
  • 2025-07-15 [Polity & Governance] — Lieutenant Governor Appointment in Ladakh
    Kavinder Gupta, former Deputy Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, has been appointed as the Lieutenant Governor of Ladakh, replacing Brig. (retd.) B.D. Mishra. The Governor serves as the constitutional head of a State and acts as a link between the Union and the State governments. The Governor is appointed by the President and holds office during the President's pleasure, with a general tenure of five years.
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    UPSC Angle: Kavinder Gupta appointed as the Lieutenant Governor of Ladakh.

    Key Facts:

    • Kavinder Gupta: Former Deputy Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, appointed Lieutenant Governor of Ladakh
    • B.D. Mishra: Replaced as Lieutenant Governor of Ladakh
    • Article 153: Provides that each State shall have a Governor, and the same person can be appointed for more than one State
    • Article 155: Governor is appointed by the President
    • Article 156: Governor generally holds office for five years
    • President appoints and can remove the governor
  • 2025-06-04 [Polity & Governance] — New Regulations for Jobs and Domicile in Ladakh
    The Central Government has notified five new regulations for the Union Territory of Ladakh to address demands related to domicile rights, local employment, cultural identity, and administrative reforms. These regulations aim to preserve Ladakh's unique cultural identity and provide job opportunities for residents. The rules were made under Article 240, executive rules that can be altered by the Centre.
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    UPSC Angle: New Regulations for Jobs and Domicile in Ladakh notified.

    Key Facts:

    • Five new regulations for Ladakh address domicile rights, local employment and cultural identity.
    • Ladakh Civil Services Decentralization and Recruitment (Amendment) Regulation, 2025 introduces domicile-based job reservations.
    • Domicile defined as residents of 15 years, students with 7 years of schooling, and children of long-term Central Government employees.
    • Ladakh Civil Services Domicile Certificate Rules, 2025 details procedure for domicile certificate issuance, with Tehsildar as issuing authority and Deputy Commissioner as appellate authority.
    • 85% of government jobs are reserved for locals.
    • The regulations were made under Article 240.
    • 85% job reservation for Ladakh residents
    • Official languages: English, Hindi, Urdu, Bhoti
    • 15-year residency requirement for domicile
    • One-third reservation for women in hill councils
    • Union Territory of Ladakh Reservation (Amendment) Regulation, 2025 increases reservation cap to 85%
  • 2025-06-03 [Polity & Governance] — J&K L-G Sacks Three Govt. Employees for Anti-National Activities
    J&K Lieutenant Governor Manoj Sinha approved the terminations of three more Government employees for their alleged anti-national activities in Kashmir under provisions of Article 311, which does not require departmental inquiry.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: J&K L-G sacks employees under Article 311 (no inquiry).

    Key Facts:

    • J&K Lieutenant Governor Manoj Sinha
    • Terminations of three Government employees
    • Alleged anti-national activities in Kashmir
    • Article 311

Administrative and Political Developments in Northeast India

Focus: Items relating to governance, welfare schemes, and political history specifically within the Northeastern states of India.

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking regional development, state-specific schemes, and administrative changes in the Northeast (GS II & III).

4 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-01-22 [History & Heritage] — Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura Statehood Day
    Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura marked their Statehood Day on 21 January 2026, commemorating their creation under the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971. Under this act, Manipur and Tripura were elevated from Union Territories to full-fledged states, and Meghalaya was carved out of Assam and granted statehood.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Statehood Day of Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura under 1971 Act.

    Key Facts:

    • The states were created under the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971.
  • 2026-01-03 [Polity & Governance] — Assam 8th State Pay Commission
    Assam became the first Indian state to constitute its 8th State Pay Commission before the 7th Pay Commission ends on 1 January 2026. Former Chief Secretary Subhas Das has been appointed as the head of the new Pay Commission.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Assam constituted its 8th State Pay Commission.

    Key Facts:

    • Assam became the first Indian state to constitute its 8th State Pay Commission before the 7th Pay Commission ends on 1 January 2026.
    • Former Chief Secretary Subhas Das has been appointed as the head of the new Pay Commission.
  • 2025-11-11 [Schemes & Programs] — Assam government launches Chief Minister's Jibon Prerana Scheme
    The Government of Assam launched the Chief Minister's Jibon Prerana Scheme on November 3, 2025, to provide financial assistance of Rs. 2,500 per month to fresh graduates from state or central government colleges/universities in Assam during their early career journey. The last date to apply is 30-11-2025.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Assam's Jibon Prerana Scheme provides financial aid to fresh graduates.

    Key Facts:

    • Scheme launched on November 3, 2025.
    • Rs. 2,500 per month as financial assistance.
    • Total support of Rs. 30,000 per year for graduates of the 2025 academic year.
    • Graduation must be from a State or Central Government college/ university situated within Assam.
    • Annual family income should be Rs. 10 lakh or below.
    • Last date to apply is 30-11-2025.
  • 2025-08-19 [Polity & Governance] — Ajay Kumar Bhalla Appointed as Governor of Nagaland
    Ajay Kumar Bhalla, a 1984-batch IAS officer of the Assam cadre and current Governor of Manipur, has been given additional charge as the Governor of Nagaland effective August 15, 2025.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Ajay Kumar Bhalla appointed as Governor of Nagaland (additional charge).

    Key Facts:

    • Appointment of Governor of Nagaland
    • Appointed by :President of India Droupadi Murmu
    • Appointee: Ajay Kumar Bhalla(additional)
    • Succeeded: La. Ganesan
    • Effective: August 15, 2025
    • Current charge: Governor of Manipur
    • Batch: 1984-batch IAS Officer of the Assam cadre

BJP's State-Level Electoral Campaigns (2025-2026)

Focus: Items tracking the BJP's political agendas, poll promises, and opposition clashes in states approaching elections (Kerala, Bihar, Assam).

UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing the BJP's regional electoral strategies and the specific issues (gold theft, infiltrators, electoral rolls) leveraged in different states.

4 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-01-11 [Polity & Governance] — Union Home Minister Amit Shah Criticizes Kerala CM Over Sabarimala Temple Gold Theft
    Union Home Minister Amit Shah criticized Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan regarding the gold theft at the Sabarimala temple and called for an investigation by a neutral agency. Addressing BJP representatives in Kerala, Shah stated that those who failed to protect the properties of Sabarimala cannot safeguard the faith of the people.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Union Home Minister: Amit Shah
    • Criticized: Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan
    • Issue: Gold theft at Sabarimala temple
    • Demand: Probe by a neutral investigation agency
    • Event: Addressing newly elected BJP representatives of local bodies and inaugurating the party's Mission 2026 programme in Kerala
  • 2025-12-30 [Polity & Governance] — Amit Shah Claims BJP will eject infiltrators from India
    Union Home Minister Amit Shah stated that the BJP is determined to eject 'Congress-encouraged infiltrators' from Assam and the rest of the country, referring to illegal immigrants or Bangladeshis. He appealed to the people of Assam to give the BJP five more years to achieve this goal, emphasizing that infiltrators are a major threat to national security and Assam's culture.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Amit Shah claims BJP will eject infiltrators from India.

    Key Facts:

    • Amit Shah stated BJP will eject 'infiltrators' from Assam and the country.
    • 'Infiltrator' is used synonymously with 'illegal immigrant' or 'Bangladeshi' in Assam.
    • Elections to Assam's 126-member Assembly are due in less than six months.
  • 2025-08-15 [Polity & Governance] — Kharge Alleges BJP Undermining Democracy
    Congress President Mallikarjun Kharge accused the BJP of going to any extent of immorality to remain in power and alleged that opposition votes are being cut in the name of the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of Bihar electoral rolls. He called it a fight to save democracy and urged party members to fight with the same intensity as the freedom struggle.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Political allegations are generally not directly testable.

    Key Facts:

    • Mallikarjun Kharge
    • Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
    • Special Intensive Revision (SIR)
    • Bihar electoral rolls
  • 2025-06-12 [Polity & Governance] — Amit Shah Unveils BJP's Kerala Poll Agenda
    Amit Shah unveiled BJP's three-point poll agenda in Kerala and demanded a neutral agency investigation into the Sabarimala gold theft.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Amit Shah unveiled BJP's poll agenda in Kerala.

    Key Facts:

    • Amit Shah
    • BJP
    • Kerala
    • Sabarimala gold theft

BJP-Congress Political Narratives & Dynamics (Late 2025)

Focus: Items highlighting the contrasting political strategies and internal states of the two major parties, ranging from Congress's structural struggles and anti-corruption rhetoric to the BJP's focus on historical nationalism.

UPSC Value: Provides insight into the shifting ideological battlegrounds and party dynamics leading into the 2026 political cycle.

4 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-12-09 [Polity & Governance] — Government and Opposition spar over Vande Mataram in Lok Sabha
    The Centre and the Opposition engaged in a debate in the Lok Sabha regarding Vande Mataram, with Prime Minister Narendra Modi stating it was the voice of the freedom movement but was fragmented by the Congress. Mr. Modi claimed Jawaharlal Nehru betrayed the song by echoing Muhammad Ali Jinnah's communal concerns, during the debate to mark 150 years of the National Song.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Government and Opposition spar over Vande Mataram in Lok Sabha.

    Key Facts:

    • Prime Minister Narendra Modi
    • Debate to mark 150 years of the National Song
    • PM Modi claimed Jawaharlal Nehru 'betrayed' the song
    • Lok Sabha
    • Vande Mataram
    • 150 years of the National Song
    • Jawaharlal Nehru
    • Muhammad Ali Jinnah
  • 2025-12-09 [Society & Culture] — Political Controversy Over Vande Mataram's Anniversary
    A major political controversy has erupted in the Indian Parliament over the 150th anniversary of Vande Mataram, with the ruling party and the opposition trading accusations over its historical interpretation and role in India's freedom struggle.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • 150th anniversary of Vande Mataram
    • Controversy in Indian Parliament
  • 2025-12-01 [Polity & Governance] — Congress Party's Performance and Leadership Issues
    The Congress party is facing challenges, including shrinking footprint across north India and Maharashtra after setbacks in Bihar Assembly elections. Internal power struggles in states like Telangana and Karnataka are overshadowing governance, requiring sincere introspection and reinvention.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Challenges: Shrinking footprint, power struggles
    • States mentioned: Telangana, Karnataka
    • Need: Introspection and reinvention
  • 2025-09-26 [Polity & Governance] — Rahul Gandhi supports student protests
    Congress leader Rahul Gandhi supported students protesting against a recent paper leak in Uttarakhand, alleging unemployment is linked to “vote chori” and that BJP is “paper chor”.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Rahul Gandhi
    • September 26, 2025
    • Uttarakhand
    • BJP
    • paper leak
    • vote chori

Labour Rights and Worker Mobilization

Focus: Reports on protests and discourse concerning the working conditions, wages, and demands of agricultural and scheme-based workers.

UPSC Value: Highlights the ongoing challenges and organized activism within the unorganized and scheme-worker sectors.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-01-11 [Society & Culture] — CPI(M)-AIKS march in Nashik addresses agricultural and labour issues
    A CPI(M)-AIKS march occurred in Nashik to address agricultural and labour issues. The march likely focuses on pressing concerns faced by farmers and labourers, highlighting the ongoing socio-economic challenges in these sectors.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Event: CPI(M)-AIKS march
    • Location: Nashik
    • Issues addressed: Agricultural and labour issues
    • Parties involved: CPI(M), AIKS
  • 2025-03-20 [Society & Culture] — Anganwadi and ASHA workers' indefinite secretariat protest in Kerala
    Thousands of Anganwadi and ASHA workers gathered outside the Kerala Secretariat, launching an indefinite sit-in, demanding minimum wages of â‚ą21,000, recognition as government employees, pension benefits, and retirement security. Protesters detailed long working hours, expanding responsibilities, and stagnant honorariums that failed to reflect their workload.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Protest by: Anganwadi and ASHA workers
    • Location: Kerala Secretariat
    • Demands: minimum wages of â‚ą21,000, recognition as government employees, pension benefits, and retirement security
  • 2025-03-15 [Society & Culture] — EPW: Dignity, Not Doles, for Front-line Workers
    The Economic and Political Weekly discusses the struggles of accredited social health activists (ASHAs) in Kerala, who are demanding better pay and working conditions amidst systemic devaluation of their labor. The article highlights the financial challenges faced by these workers due to declining government support and the union government's refusal to release owed funds, advocating for their recognition as formal employees with fair compensation.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Economic and Political Weekly
    • ASHAs
    • Kerala
    • Better pay
    • Working conditions
    • Government support
    • Formal employees

NCP (Sharadchandra Pawar) Political Developments

Focus: Developments concerning the leadership, membership shifts, and external relations of the Sharad Pawar-led NCP faction.

UPSC Value: Understanding the dynamics of regional party splits, leadership influence, and the impact of local leader defections on coalition politics.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-12-29 [Society & Culture] — Gautam Adani calls Sharad Pawar his mentor
    Gautam Adani, Chairman of the Adani Group, referred to Sharad Pawar, chief of Nationalist Congress Party (SP), as his mentor during the inauguration of the Sharadchandra Pawar Centre for Excellence in Artificial Intelligence in Baramati, Maharashtra.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Gautam Adani described Sharad Pawar as his mentor
    • Inauguration of Sharadchandra Pawar Centre for Excellence in Artificial Intelligence
    • Location: Baramati, Maharashtra
  • 2025-12-27 [Polity & Governance] — Prashant Jagtap joins Congress after quitting Sharad Pawar-led NCP faction
    Former Pune Mayor Prashant Jagtap joined the Congress after quitting the Sharad Pawar-led Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar). This development occurs amid speculation about a potential reunion of the two NCP factions before the Pune Municipal Corporation elections.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Prashant Jagtap, former Pune Mayor, joined the Congress after quitting the Sharad Pawar-led Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar).
  • 2025-04-22 [Polity & Governance] — Sharad Pawar on Meetings with Ajit Pawar
    NCP (SP) president Sharad Pawar downplayed speculations about a political reunion after recent meetings with his nephew and Maharashtra Deputy Chief Minister Ajit Pawar. He stated that there was nothing wrong in talking to representatives of the State Government on issues concerning people.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Event: Meetings between Sharad Pawar and Ajit Pawar
    • Statement by Sharad Pawar: Downplayed speculations about a political reunion, stating that there was nothing wrong in talking to representatives of the State Government on issues concerning people.

Internal Security Challenges in Northeast India

Focus: Lethal incidents involving ethnic friction, land disputes, and insurgent activity within the contiguous Northeast Indian states of Assam and Manipur.

UPSC Value: Analyzing the diverse drivers of instability in the Northeast, including ethnic land rights, tribal blockades, and secessionist militancy, is crucial for the Internal Security syllabus.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-12-25 [Polity & Governance] — Karbi Anglong Violence
    Fresh violence erupted in West Karbi Anglong district of Assam, resulting in two deaths, multiple injuries, arson, and the suspension of mobile internet services. The unrest stems from long-standing disputes over land rights, particularly encroachment on grazing reserve lands under the Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council (KAAC).
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Violence erupted in West Karbi Anglong district of Assam.

    Key Facts:

    • Location: West Karbi Anglong district, Assam
    • Cause: Disputes over land rights, encroachment on grazing reserves
    • Authority: Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council (KAAC)
  • 2025-09-20 [Defense & Security] — Two Assam Rifles jawans killed in Manipur attack
    Two Assam Rifles jawans were killed in an attack in Manipur. A senior government official suspects that the banned Peoples Liberation Army (PLA), a Meitei insurgent group operating from Myanmar, is behind the attack, which seeks Manipur's secession from India. The deceased Assam Rifles personnel were identified as Naib Subedar Shyam Gurung & Rifleman Ranjit Singh Kashyap.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Two Assam Rifles jawans killed in Manipur attack.

    Key Facts:

    • Two Assam Rifles jawans killed in Manipur
    • Suspect: Peoples Liberation Army (PLA)
    • PLA seeks secession of Manipur from India
    • Deceased: Naib Subedar Shyam Gurung
    • Deceased: Rifleman Ranjit Singh Kashyap
  • 2025-03-09 [Polity & Governance] — Manipur: One killed, several injured during protests over highway restrictions
    In Manipur's Kangpokpi district, a 19-year-old man died and over 40 people sustained injuries during clashes between Kuki-Zo people and central armed police forces (CAPF) regarding the enforcement of unrestricted vehicle movement on National Highways, which have been blocked since ethnic violence began on May 3, 2023. The clashes resulted in injuries to approximately 16 civilians and 27 security personnel.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Location: Kangpokpi, Manipur
    • Casualties: 1 death, more than 40 injured
    • Groups involved: Kuki-Zo people and central armed police forces (CAPF)
    • Issue: Enforcement of free movement of all vehicles on National Highways
    • Highways blocked since: May 3, 2023
    • Injured: Around 16 civilians and 27 security personnel

Political Rhetoric on Infiltration and Ideology

Focus: Statements and allegations by major political parties (BJP, Congress, TMC) centering on infiltration (demographic or institutional) and ideological defense.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the narrative strategies used by political parties concerning national security, institutional integrity, and constitutional values.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-12-06 [Polity & Governance] — Mamata Banerjee on Protecting Constitutional Ideals
    West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee stated that the battle against communal forces spreading hatred will continue, and her government is dedicated to protecting the ideals and principles of the Constitution.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Mamata Banerjee: West Bengal Chief Minister
  • 2025-09-17 [Polity & Governance] — PM Modi Addresses Infiltration Concerns in Bihar
    Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed a public meeting in Purnea, Bihar, focusing on infiltration from Bangladesh, a long-standing issue in the Seemanchal area. He stated that infiltrators must leave India and blamed Congress and the Rashtriya Janata Dal for protecting them, while also announcing a new demographic commission. He also inaugurated projects worth â‚ą36,000 crore in agriculture, energy, railways, housing, and women's welfare.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Narendra Modi
    • Purnea
    • Bihar
    • Bangladesh
    • Seemanchal
    • Congress
    • Rashtriya Janata Dal
    • â‚ą36,000 crore
    • demographic commission
  • 2025-06-02 [Polity & Governance] — Congress Alleges RSS Infiltration into Professional Institutes
    The Congress party has alleged a systematic infiltration of the RSS into professional institutes, leading to their destruction, and cited “irregularities” in the Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR) which are being probed by the CVC.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Allegation of RSS infiltration into professional institutes
    • Irregularities in the Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR) being probed by the CVC

Demands for Constitutional Autonomy and Statehood

Focus: Distinct regional groups (Ladakh, Kuki-Zo) actively negotiating with the Centre for higher constitutional status (Union Territory or Sixth Schedule).

UPSC Value: Useful for studying federalism and the various constitutional mechanisms (Art 371, 6th Schedule) used to address sub-regional aspirations.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-11-18 [Polity & Governance] — Ladakh Groups Submit Draft Proposal to MHA on Statehood & 6th Schedule Status
    Ladakh groups have submitted a draft proposal to the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) demanding full statehood and inclusion under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution. Other key demands include a general amnesty for those arrested after a September 24 clash in Leh, immediate release of Sonam Wangchuk, and resumption of stalled talks.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Ladakh groups demand statehood and Sixth Schedule inclusion to MHA.

    Key Facts:

    • Demand for full statehood to ensure democratic governance.
    • Sixth Schedule inclusion for constitutional protection of land & resources.
    • Administration currently controlled by Lieutenant Governor (LG) with Two Autonomous Hill Development Councils.
  • 2025-11-09 [Polity & Governance] — Kuki-Zo Groups Renew Demand for Union Territory Status
    The Kuki National Organisation (KNO) and the United People's Front (UPF), representing Kuki-Zo insurgents under the Suspension of Operations (SoO) pact, held talks with the Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). Their primary demand is the creation of a Union Territory with a legislative assembly for Kuki-Zo inhabited areas, citing the impossibility of coexistence within Manipur after the 2023 ethnic violence. The Centre reiterated its sensitivity to Kuki-Zo grievances but emphasized consultations with all communities and adherence to Manipur's territorial integrity.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Kuki-Zo groups renew demand for Union Territory status.

    Key Facts:

    • Kuki National Organisation (KNO) and United People's Front (UPF) are demanding a Union Territory
    • Demand stems from the 2023 ethnic violence in Manipur
    • Suspension of Operations (SoO) pact initially signed in 2008
    • SoO pact renegotiated and reinstated on September 4, 2025
    • New SoO terms include verification of cadres, deportation of foreign nationals, relocation of insurgent camps, and a negotiated political settlement within the Constitution of India
    • Kuki National Organisation (KNO)
    • United People's Front (UPF)
    • Demand for a Union Territory (U.T.) with a Legislative Assembly for Kuki-Zo areas
    • Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) stated that the demand for a U.T. with legislature was not possible
    • Suspension of Operations (SoO) pact signed on September 4, 2025
    • Groups involved: Kuki National Organisation (KNO), United People's Front (UPF)
    • Demand: Union Territory with Legislature for Kuki-Zo areas
    • MHA representative: A.K. Mishra, North East Advisor to MHA
    • SoO pact: Renegotiated and reinstated on September 4, 2025
    • Inclusion of a new clause: Negotiated political settlement within the Constitution of India
    • Reaffirmation of Manipur's territorial integrity
  • 2025-10-24 [Polity & Governance] — Government Offers Article 371 Provisions to Ladakh Delegates
    Local civil groups have restarted talks with the Home Ministry (MHA) a month after protests for Ladakh's statehood. MHA officials suggested considering special rights under Article 371, though groups continue to demand inclusion under the Sixth Schedule.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Government offers Article 371 provisions to Ladakh delegates.

    Key Facts:

    • MHA officials told representatives from the Leh Apex Body and Kargil Democratic Alliance that they could consider giving Ladakh special rights under Article 371.
    • Both groups continue to demand inclusion under the Sixth Schedule

Political Stability and Conflict Resolution in North-East India

Focus: Developments concerning the resolution of ethnic accords, insurgent conflicts, and constitutional crises in the North-Eastern states of Tripura and Manipur.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding internal security, federalism, and the socio-political dynamics of North-East India under GS Paper II and III.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-11-08 [Polity & Governance] — Tripura CM on Tiprasa Accord
    Tripura CM Manik Saha stated, there is hope that issues flagged by Tiprasa Accord will be solved soon.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Tripura CM is Manik Saha.
  • 2025-05-28 [Polity & Governance] — Breakthrough likely in Manipur issue as Centre meets key outfit
    A breakthrough is likely in the fresh row brewing in Manipur as the Centre meets a key outfit.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Breakthrough likely in Manipur issue
    • Centre meets key outfit
  • 2025-05-28 [Polity & Governance] — Manipur government formation efforts
    More than 40 MLAs in Manipur converged at Imphal Raj Bhavan, expressing readiness to form a new government, as the state remains under President's Rule since February 13. BJP legislator Thokchom Radheshyam Singh claimed the support of 44 legislators after meeting with Governor Ajay Kumar Bhalla.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • More than 40 MLAs ready to form new government in Manipur
    • State under President's Rule since February 13
    • BJP legislator Thokchom Radheshyam Singh claimed 44 legislators ready to form government
    • Governor Ajay Kumar Bhalla

Fallout of Scrapping the Free Movement Regime (FMR)

Focus: Items detailing the specific policy decision to scrap the FMR with Myanmar and the direct social and economic backlash.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the tension between border security measures and regional economic/cultural integration.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-09-26 [Economy] — Border Trade in Northeast Neglected
    The 2024 scrapping of the Free Movement Regime severed cross-border trade and kinship ties in the Northeast. Northeastern states, despite sharing 5,400 km of international borders, contribute only 0.13% of exports. The India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway remains incomplete and underutilised.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Border trade in Northeast neglected after Free Movement Regime scrapped.

    Key Facts:

    • Northeast contributes only 0.13% of exports despite 5,400 km of borders
    • India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway incomplete
  • 2025-09-08 [Polity & Governance] — Manipur Naga Body Announces Trade Embargo
    The apex Naga body in Manipur declared a 'trade embargo' in Naga-inhabited areas starting midnight September 8, 2025, protesting the scrapping of the Free Movement Regime (FMR) and border fencing with Myanmar. The embargo restricts goods vehicle movement on national highways in districts like Senapati, Ukhrul, and Chandel.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Manipur Naga body declares trade embargo protesting FMR scrapping.

    Key Facts:

    • The trade embargo was announced by the United Naga Council.
    • The embargo is a protest against the scrapping of the Free Movement Regime (FMR) and border fencing with Myanmar.
    • The embargo affects Naga-inhabited districts including Senapati, Ukhrul, Chandel, Tamenglong, Kamjong and Noney.
    • NH-2, a major highway, passes through Senapati district.
    • NH-37 passes through Tamenglong and Noney.
  • 2025-06-06 [Defense & Security] — India's Multi-Pronged Approach to Border Security and Regional Cooperation
    India is addressing challenges along its borders, including the influx of ethnic groups and Rohingyas, by implementing measures like the National Register of Citizens (NRC) in Assam and scrapping the free movement regime with Myanmar to tighten cross-border regulations. India is also collaborating with Australia through the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (CSP), which strengthens the vision of a free and open Indo-Pacific, diversifies strategic and economic partnerships, and deepens multilateral engagement.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India's border security approach, including NRC in Assam.

    Key Facts:

    • National Register of Citizens (NRC)
    • Assam
    • free movement regime with Myanmar
    • Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (CSP) with Australia
    • Quad
    • O index
    • Malabar
    • Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA)
    • Supply Chain Resilience Initiative with Japan
    • disaster management act of 2005
    • INR60 million
    • USD0.7 million
    • INR2.32 trillion
    • USD28 billion

Administrative and Socio-Political Evolution of Ladakh

Focus: Recent developments within the Union Territory of Ladakh in 2025, encompassing linguistic recognition, tourism promotion, and political agitation for constitutional safeguards.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding regional aspirations, the governance of Union Territories, and the implementation of the 6th Schedule under the Indian Constitution.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-09-24 [Polity & Governance] — Press Release on Ladakh
    A hunger strike was started by Sh Sonam Wangchuk on 10-09-2025 demanding 6th schedule and statehood for Ladakh. On 24th September, a mob instigated by his speeches attacked a political party office and Government office of the CEC Leh, torched police vehicles, and attacked security personnel, resulting in injuries. The government stated its commitment to the aspirations of the people of Ladakh, and requested that the people should not circulate the old and provocative videos in the media and social media.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Sonam Wangchuk started hunger strike on 10-09-2025
    • Demands: 6th schedule and statehood for Ladakh
    • Government of India has been actively engaged with Apex Body Leh and Kargil Democratic Alliance
    • Increased reservations for Ladakh scheduled tribe from 45% to 84%
    • Providing 1/3 women reservations in the councils
    • Declaring Bhoti and Purgi as official languages
    • Next meeting of High-Powered Committee scheduled on 6th October
  • 2025-06-12 [Polity & Governance] — Ladakh Adopts Multiple Official Languages
    The President of India has promulgated 'The Ladakh Official Languages Regulation, 2025', designating English, Hindi, Urdu, Bhoti, and Purgi as the official languages of the Union Territory of Ladakh. This regulation ensures linguistic diversity and inclusion in the administration of the region. It reduces administrative dependence on foreign languages, especially English, under the Department of Official Language, MHA.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Ladakh now has English, Hindi, Urdu, Bhoti, and Purgi as official languages.

    Key Facts:

    • The Ladakh Official Languages Regulation, 2025 designates English, Hindi, Urdu, Bhoti, and Purgi as official languages.
  • 2025-04-10 [Society & Culture] — Apricot Blossom Festival 2025 in Ladakh
    The Apricot Blossom Festival 2025 is being celebrated in the Leh and Kargil regions of Ladakh to boost eco-tourism. Inspired by the Cherry Blossom Festival of Meghalaya, the Apricot Blossom Festival was introduced by Ladakh two years ago to promote tourism in the Union Territory.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Apricot Blossom Festival 2025 in Ladakh to boost eco-tourism.

    Key Facts:

    • Apricot Blossom Festival 2025
    • Leh
    • Kargil regions of Ladakh
    • eco-tourism
    • Cherry Blossom Festival of Meghalaya

Governance and Security Dynamics in Assam

Focus: Items focusing on the administrative, security, and political challenges specific to Assam, including interstate border disputes, exam integrity, and electoral policy pitches.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding the intersection of internal security, federalism, and regional political stability in Northeast India.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-09-15 [Polity & Governance] — Assam Assembly Polls
    The Prime Minister is making a twin pitch ahead of the Assam Assembly polls, focusing on development and anti-infiltration measures. This includes addressing federalism, elections, border management, and infrastructure.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Assam Assembly polls: development & anti-infiltration
  • 2025-04-25 [Polity & Governance] — India-Assam Border Talks
    Official-level talks between Mizoram and Assam were finalized for April 25, 2025, to resolve the long-standing interstate border dispute. The Mizoram delegation, led by the state's home secretary, aimed to address unresolved issues and agree on modalities for future decision-making.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Mizoram and Assam official-level talks to resolve border dispute.

    Key Facts:

    • Official-level talks between Mizoram and Assam were scheduled for April 25, 2025.
    • The Mizoram delegation was led by State Home Secretary Vanlalmawia.
    • The talks aimed to resolve the long-standing interstate border dispute.
  • 2025-03-10 [Polity & Governance] — Assam to urge Centre for enhanced security at NEET centers
    The Assam Government will request the Centre to increase security at NEET centers, including checking candidates' biometrics at the gate. Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma stated that many students demonstrate limited knowledge despite high scores.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Assam Government will urge Centre to increase security at NEET centers
    • Security enhancements include checking candidate biometrics
    • Chief Minister: Himanta Biswa Sarma

Internal Security and Displacement in Northeast India

Focus: Incidents of ethnic conflict, arson, and state-led eviction drives leading to displacement and unrest in the Northeast.

UPSC Value: Critical for monitoring regional stability and the socio-political dynamics of land and identity in the Northeast.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-08-03 [Polity & Governance] — Assam's Eviction Drives: Borders, Politics, and Displaced Lives
    Assam is conducting eviction drives along its borders, leading to displacement and raising concerns about selective deportations. The Gojhati High Court has directed Assam and five neighboring states to form a high-level committee to address illegal settlements in forest lands. These actions tap into pre-existing border tensions and disputes over land with neighboring states.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Assam's eviction drives along borders; displacement and deportation concerns.

    Key Facts:

    • Assam claims nearly 83,000 hectares of its territory is occupied by its neighbors.
    • Over 350 deaths have been reported due to interstate border conflicts.
    • The Forest Right Act of 2006 states that the people residing before 2005 will have the right to stay.
  • 2025-04-24 [Society & Culture] — Kuki Houses Set Ablaze in Manipur's Naga-Dominated District
    Unknown miscreants set fire to several houses in two Kuki villages of Manipur's Naga-dominated Kamjong, a district bordering Myanmar. Authorities have imposed prohibitory orders in response.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Several houses in two Kuki villages of Manipur's Naga-dominated Kamjong were set on fire on April 23, 2025.
  • 2025-04-01 [Polity & Governance] — Manipur Imposes Prohibitory Order
    A prohibitory order was imposed in Manipur's Tamenglong after a clash resulted in 25 injuries and the torching of a government office.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Manipur Imposes Prohibitory Order.

    Key Facts:

    • Location: Tamenglong, Manipur
    • Incident: Clash, torching of government office
    • Injuries: 25
    • Action: Prohibitory order imposed

Farmer Union Agitations and Protests (2025)

Focus: Continued mobilization by farmer unions (specifically SKM and Punjab-based groups) regarding MSP, trade deals, and labor codes throughout 2025.

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking the persistence of agrarian movements and pressure groups post-2024, focusing on their evolving demands (MSP, trade tariffs, labor codes).

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-07-09 [Economy] — Nationwide strike on July 9, 2025
    A nationwide Bharat Bandh was called on July 9, 2025, jointly by Central Trade Unions (CTUs) and the Samyukta Kisan Morcha, bringing together workers and farmers. The strike opposed the implementation of the four Labour Codes, privatisation of public sector undertakings, rising unemployment, and inflation.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Nationwide Bharat Bandh on July 9, 2025
    • Called jointly by Central Trade Unions (CTUs) and the Samyukta Kisan Morcha
    • Opposed the implementation of the four Labour Codes
    • Opposed privatisation of public sector undertakings
    • Addressed rising unemployment and inflation
    • Workers from banking, insurance, postal, mining, construction, and transportation sectors pledged support
  • 2025-04-04 [International Relations] — Farmers protest Modi-Trump Trade Deal
    Farmers in Amritsar burned effigies of US President Donald Trump and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi on April 4, 2025, protesting Trump's new tariffs on imports.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Protest in Amritsar
    • Farmers burned effigies of Donald Trump and Narendra Modi
    • Protest against tariffs on imports
  • 2025-03-19 [Agriculture] — Prolonged farmers' agitation concludes
    The SKM (non-political), led by Jagjit Singh Dallewal, and KMM, coordinated by Sarwan Singh Pandher, had jointly organised a prolonged agitation at the Shambhu and Khanauri borders between Punjab and Haryana from February 13, 2024, to March 19, 2025. The protest sought a legal guarantee for Minimum Support Price (MSP) and lasted over 400 days before being forcibly lifted by the Punjab government.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Prolonged farmers' agitation concludes.

    Key Facts:

    • The SKM (non-political), led by Punjab farmer leader Jagjit Singh Dallewal, and KMM, coordinated by Sarwan Singh Pandher, had jointly organised a prolonged agitation at the Shambhu and Khanauri borders between Punjab and Haryana from February 13, 2024, to March 19, 2025.
    • The protest sought a legal guarantee for Minimum Support Price (MSP) and lasted over 400 days before being forcibly lifted by the Punjab government.

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