Strategic Frontier: Northeast Connectivity and Water Governance: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

India's Northeast is undergoing a tectonic shift from being a 'periphery' to a 'strategic gateway.' The 'Act East' policy has evolved into a high-stakes integration of the Brahmaputra's hydrological potential with global value chains. This involves leveraging the region as a 'Green Powerhouse' through mega-hydro projects (Subansiri Lower, Kamala) and a 'Multi-modal Hub' through National Waterway-2 and 2G ethanol production. The strategy effectively utilizes the region's unique bio-resources (Agarwood, Anthurium) to move from a grant-dependent economy to a self-sustaining export-oriented one.

Cross-Theme Insight

The development model follows a 'Hard Infrastructure-Soft Culture' duality. Massive capital expenditures in hydropower (Thread 1) and elevated corridors (Thread 2) are synchronized with heritage investments in sites like Batadrava Than and Tripura Sundari Temple (Thread 5). This approach uses cultural preservation as a 'social license' to mitigate the socio-environmental friction often caused by large-scale industrialization in tribal and ecologically sensitive zones.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks (NCERT Class XI, p. 23) emphasize the Brahmaputra system's drainage and flood risk. However, current strategic trends (Threads 1, 7) shift the narrative from 'flood control' to 'hydraulic sovereignty.' The rapid commissioning of projects like Subansiri Lower (2000 MW) and Kamala (1720 MW) is a response to upstream damming by China, framing water not just as a resource but as a tool for territorial assertion. Similarly, while Majid Husain notes low waterway utilization, the operationalization of riverine terminals in Guwahati (Thread 9) marks a real-time jump from theory to logistics.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The strategy has transitioned from 'Conceptual Clearances' (2021-2023) to 'Operational Milestones' (2025-26). We are seeing the first units of mega-dams going online and niche NE exports (like Mizoram's Anthurium to Singapore) entering global markets. The upcoming phase focuses on 'Circular Bio-Economy,' integrating 2G ethanol plants with traditional bamboo and agricultural waste streams.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

UPSC frequently tests the West-to-East sequence of Brahmaputra tributaries (CDS 2012, 2016: Teesta-Sankosh-Manas-Kameng-Subansiri-Dibang-Lohit). There is a rising focus on National Waterways (CAPF 2025, IAS 2024), particularly NW-1 (Ganga) and NW-2 (Brahmaputra). Mains questions often link connectivity projects (Trilateral Highway, BBIN) to the success of the Act East Policy.

Probable Prelims Angles

• Sequence of Brahmaputra tributaries (West to East): Teesta, Sankosh, Manas, Kameng, Subansiri, Dibang, Lohit.
• National Waterway-2: Sadiya to Dhubri stretch (891 km) on the Brahmaputra.
• Hydro Projects: Kamala (Kamle river), Subansiri Lower (Subansiri river), Dibang (Run-of-the-river/Storage).
• Geographical Indication (GI) tags: Agarwood (Tripura), Muga Silk (Assam), Anthurium (Mizoram).

Preparation Strategy

Key Connections

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (11 themes, 43 news items)

Strategic Hydropower Expansion in Arunachal Pradesh

Focus: A concentrated wave of approvals, clearances, and operational milestones for large-scale hydroelectric projects in Arunachal Pradesh (Brahmaputra basin) in late 2025 and early 2026.

UPSC Value: Highlights India's strategic focus on harnessing the Brahmaputra basin's hydro potential and accelerating infrastructure development in the Northeast.

8 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-19 [Geography] — NHPC's Dibang Multipurpose Project in Arunachal Pradesh
  The Dibang Multipurpose Project, a flood control cum hydroelectric power project, is being developed on the Dibang River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra River, in Arunachal Pradesh. With an installed capacity of 2,880 MW, it will be the country's biggest hydropower facility, developed by India's state-run National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC). The project is designed as an energy storage project, with flood moderation as one of the key objectives, besides power generation.
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  UPSC Angle: Dibang Multipurpose Project on Dibang River in Arunachal Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • Located on the Dibang River in Arunachal Pradesh
  • 2,880 MW installed capacity
  • Developed by National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC)
  • Concrete gravity dam, which will be the highest concrete gravity dam of India
• 2026-02-15 [Environment & Ecology] — NHPC's Kamala Hydroelectric Project in Arunachal faces environmental concerns
  An Environment Ministry expert panel has recommended clearance for NHPC's 1,720 MW Kamala hydroelectric project in Arunachal Pradesh, contingent on obtaining forest clearance, but has raised concerns about the felling of 23.4 lakh trees. Compensatory afforestation will occur in Madhya Pradesh due to the unavailability of degraded forest land in Arunachal Pradesh.
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  UPSC Angle: Kamala Hydroelectric Project in Arunachal faces environmental concerns.

  Key Facts:

  • NHPC's 1,720 MW Kamala hydroelectric project in Arunachal Pradesh is under review.
  • The project entails felling of 23.4 lakh trees.
  • Compensatory afforestation will be carried out in Madhya Pradesh.
  • The project cost is Rs 23,764.01 crore.
  • It will have a 216 m high dam and a 2,600-hectare reservoir.
  • The ministry's forest advisory committee (FAC) will appraise the proposal to divert 3,278 hectares for the project.
  • 439 hectares is classified as very dense forest, 1,119 as moderately dense forest.
• 2026-01-09 [Economy] — Kamala Hydroelectric Project Receives Approval
  The Public Investment Board (PIB) has approved the ₹26,070-crore, 1,720 MW Kamala hydroelectric project in Arunachal Pradesh. The project, located on the Kamala River in Kamle district, is a storage-based scheme with a flood moderation component and will generate 6,869.92 MU of green energy annually.
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  UPSC Angle: Kamala Hydroelectric Project in Arunachal Pradesh receives approval.

  Key Facts:

  • Kamala Hydroelectric Project cost: ₹26,070 crore
  • Installed capacity: 1,720 MW
  • Location: Kamala River, Kamle district, Arunachal Pradesh
  • Project type: Storage-based with flood moderation
  • Annual green energy generation: 6,869.92 MU
  • Dam height: 216-metre-high concrete gravity dam
  • Kamala Hydroelectric Project is a 1,720 MW hydroelectric project.
  • Proposed on the Kamala River in Kamle district of Arunachal Pradesh.
  • Storage-based scheme with flood moderation component.
  • Construction of a 216-metre-high concrete gravity dam and an underground powerhouse.
  • Will generate 6,869.92 MU of green energy annually.
  • Estimated completion cost is Rs 26,069.50 crore.
• 2025-12-26 [Science & Technology] — Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project Commences Operations
  India's largest hydropower project, the Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project, has finally begun operating with one of its eight units after 20 years of work. It is a run-of-the-river hydro project being constructed on the Subansiri River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra, located at Gerukamukh on the Arunachal Pradesh–Assam border and is being developed by the state-run National Hydro Power Corporation (NHPC). The project has a capacity of 2,000 MW, consisting of eight units of 250 MW each and will be the single largest hydroelectric plant in India when completed.
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  UPSC Angle: Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project commences operations.

  Key Facts:

  • Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project is located at Gerukamukh on the Arunachal Pradesh–Assam border.
  • The project is being developed by the state-run National Hydro Power Corporation (NHPC).
  • The project has a capacity of 2,000 MW, consisting of eight units of 250 MW each.
• 2025-11-28 [Environment & Ecology] — Etalin Hydroelectric Project Faces Local Concerns
  The Project Affected Peoples Forum (PAPF) of Arunachal Pradesh has urged NHPC Ltd to reinstate local workers previously engaged in the Etalin Hydroelectric Project (HEP), after the project's transfer from SJVN Limited to NHPC. The project is a 3,097 MW hydropower project planned on the Dri and Talo rivers in Arunachal Pradesh’s Dibang Valley.
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  UPSC Angle: Etalin Hydroelectric Project faces local concerns.

  Key Facts:

  • Etalin Hydroelectric Project
  • 3,097 MW
  • Dri and Talo rivers
  • Dibang Valley
  • Arunachal Pradesh
  • NHPC Ltd
  • SJVN Limited
  • Project Affected Peoples Forum (PAPF)
• 2025-10-26 [Science & Technology] — Lower Subansiri Hydroelectric Project Test Run
  The Lower Subansiri Hydroelectric Project, a 2000 MW run-of-the-river project by NHPC Limited on the Subansiri River, began a test run, signaling its imminent commissioning. Located at Gerukamukh on the Arunachal Pradesh-Assam border, it will be India's largest standalone conventional hydroelectric project. The project aims to harness the Subansiri River's potential for power generation.
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  UPSC Angle: Lower Subansiri Hydroelectric Project begins test run.

  Key Facts:

  • Lower Subansiri Hydroelectric Project
  • 2000 MW
  • Run-of-the-river project
  • NHPC Limited
  • Subansiri River
  • Gerukamukh
  • Arunachal Pradesh-Assam border
  • India's largest standalone conventional hydroelectric project
  • Subansiri is the largest tributary of Brahmaputra
  • Current largest operational standalone conventional hydroelectric project: Koyna Hydroelectric Project, Maharashtra (1960 MW)
  • Largest overall hydropower complex: Tehri Hydroelectric Complex, Uttarakhand (2,400 MW)
  • Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project (SLHEP)
  • run-of-the-river
  • Brahmaputra
  • Arunachal Pradesh–Assam border
• 2025-09-24 [Environment & Ecology] — Oju Subansiri Hydroelectric Project
  The Union Environment Ministry's expert committee has given clearance to the 2,200 MW Oju Hydroelectric Project on the Subansiri river in Arunachal Pradesh, near the China border. To be developed by Oju Subansiri Hydro Power Corporation Pvt. Ltd., the project will have a gravity dam with a height of 120 m and is expected to generate ~7,934 million units of energy annually.
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  UPSC Angle: Clearance given to Oju Subansiri Hydroelectric Project (2200 MW).

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Subansiri river in Arunachal Pradesh, near the China border
  • Installed capacity: 2,200 MW
  • Developer: Oju Subansiri Hydro Power Corporation Pvt. Ltd
  • Dam type: Gravity dam, 120 m high
  • Reservoir submergence area: 434 hectares forest land (~750 hectares forest diversion)
  • Annual design energy: ~7,934 million units
  • Displacement: Only nine families affected
  • Main power plant capacity: 2,100 MW
  • Dam-toe plant capacity: 120MW
• 2025-08-13 [Economy] — Tato-II Hydroelectric Project Approved
  The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved an investment of ₹8,146.21 crore for the construction of the 700 MW Tato-II Hydro Electric Project (HEP) in Arunachal Pradesh's Shi Yomi district. This run-of-river project on the Siyom River aims to improve power supply in Arunachal Pradesh and balance the national grid.
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  UPSC Angle: Tato-II Hydroelectric Project approved in Arunachal Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • Investment of ₹8,146.21 crore
  • 700 MW capacity
  • Located in Shi Yomi district of Arunachal Pradesh
  • On Siyom river/basin
  • Run-of-river project
  • Expected to generate 2,738.06 million units of energy
  • Arunachal Pradesh will receive 12% free power and an additional 1% for the Local Area Development Fund (LADF)
  • Investment proposal approved: ₹8,146.21 crore
  • Project: 700 MW Tato-II Hydro Electric Project (HEP)
  • Location: Shi Yomi district of Arunachal Pradesh
  • River: Siyom River/basin
  • Type: Run-of-river project
  • Turbines: 4 turbines, each with 175MW capacity
  • Energy generation: 2,738.06 million units
  • Arunachal Pradesh to receive 12% free power and an additional 1% for the Local Area Development Fund (LADF)
  • Joint venture between North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Ltd (NEEPCO) and the Government of Arunachal Pradesh

Geographical and Hydrological Profiles of Indian River Systems

Focus: Items that provide specific geographical data points including river origins, lengths, courses through multiple states, and associated dam infrastructure.

UPSC Value: Crucial for Geography (Drainage Systems) and Environment sections, as it covers river morphology, basin states, and major hydroelectric/irrigation projects.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-23 [Environment & Ecology] — Rapti River Tributary Restoration
  The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has directed the Uttar Pradesh government to correct official records and restore the Suav, a major tributary of the Rapti river, status from a “drain” to a “river” in the revenue records and gazetteer. The Rapti River originates in Nepal near Rukumkot in the Mahabharat range of the lesser Himalayas.
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  UPSC Angle: NGT directs restoration of Suav river in Uttar Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • NGT directs UP government to restore Suav tributary of Rapti river status
  • Rapti River originates in Nepal near Rukumkot in the Mahabharat range of the lesser Himalayas
  • Rapti River is the most important left bank tributary of the Ghaghra River
  • Historically, the Rapti River was known as Iravati
• 2025-09-07 [Geography] — Beas River
  The Beas River, known as Vipas in the past, originates at Beas Kund on the southern face of Rohtang Pass in Kullu. It traverses 470 kilometers before joining Sutlej at Harike, Punjab, and its major tributaries are Bain, Banganga, Luni, and Uhal. The Pong Dam, also known as the Beas Dam, is an earth-fill embankment dam constructed on the river Beas in the Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh.
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  UPSC Angle: Beas River origin, tributaries, and confluence with Sutlej.

  Key Facts:

  • Known as Vipas in the past.
  • Originates 4,361 metres above sea-level on the southern face of Rohtang Pass in Kullu at Beas Kund.
  • Traverses 470 kilometers.
  • Joins Sutlej at Harike, Punjab.
  • Major tributaries: Bain, Banganga, Luni, and Uhal.
  • Pong Dam (Beas Dam) is an earth-fill embankment dam in Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh.
• 2025-08-13 [Geography] — Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal Tenure Extended
  The Union Government has extended the tenure of the Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal by one year. The river is known as Mahadayi in Karnataka and Mhadei in Goa, rising in the Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary of Karnataka's Belagavi district.
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  UPSC Angle: Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal tenure extended by one year.

  Key Facts:

  • Originates in Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary, Belagavi district, Karnataka
  • 111 km total length; about 76 km within Goa
  • Basin spans Goa, Karnataka, and Maharashtra
• 2025-07-17 [Environment & Ecology] — Pavana River Rejuvenation Project
  Citizens gathered at Akurdi to disapprove of the Pavana River rejuvenation project. The Pavana River originates from the Western Ghats, about 6 km south of Lonavala, and flows nearly 60 km to meet the Mula River in Pune. A dam is built on this river at Pavana Nagar, called the “Pavana Nagar Dam”, which supplies drinking water to Pune and Pimpri-Chinchwad.
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  UPSC Angle: Pavana River originates in Western Ghats, flows 60km.

  Key Facts:

  • Pavana River originates from Western Ghats, 6 km south of Lonavala.
  • Flows nearly 60 km to meet Mula River in Pune.
  • Pavana Nagar Dam provides drinking water to Pune and Pimpri-Chinchwad.
• 2025-06-25 [Geography] — Subarnarekha River Flash Flood in Odisha
  Over 50,000 people in Balasore, Odisha, were affected by a flash flood from the Subarnarekha River, caused by heavy rain and water release from Chandil Dam. The Subarnarekha River originates near Ranchi, Jharkhand, and flows through Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Odisha. It is an independent river system, emptying into the Bay of Bengal near Talsari, Odisha.
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  UPSC Angle: Subarnarekha River flash flood in Odisha.

  Key Facts:

  • Event: Flash flood in Balasore, Odisha
  • River: Subarnarekha River
  • Cause: Heavy rain and water release from Chandil Dam
  • Origin of Subarnarekha: Near Ranchi, Jharkhand
  • States it flows through: Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha
  • Empties into: Bay of Bengal near Talsari, Odisha
  • Notable tributaries include the Kharkai.

Strategic Infrastructure and Cultural Development in Assam and the Northeast

Focus: High-value central government projects and policy statements focused on the socio-economic and cultural transformation of Assam and the broader Northeast region.

UPSC Value: Relevant for GS Paper II (Government Policies) and GS Paper III (Infrastructure and Internal Security), highlighting the 'Act East' policy and regional development strategies.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-22 [Society & Culture] — Assam lays foundation for museum to house Vrindavani Vastra
  Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma laid the foundation stone for a cultural museum in Guwahati to house the historic Vrindavani Vastra, a 16th-century textile attributed to Srimanta Sankardeva depicting scenes from Lord Krishna's life. The museum aims to preserve Assam's cultural heritage and boost tourism, featuring modern facilities to educate visitors about the textile's socio-cultural and spiritual legacy.
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  UPSC Angle: Assam lays foundation for museum to house Vrindavani Vastra.

  Key Facts:

  • Foundation stone laid in Guwahati, Assam
  • Museum will house the historic Vrindavani Vastra
  • Vrindavani Vastra is a 16th-century textile
  • Textile is attributed to Vaishnavite saint-scholar Srimanta Sankardeva
  • Textile depicts scenes from the life of Lord Krishna
  • The museum will have modern archival facilities, exhibition galleries, and interpretation centres
• 2025-12-31 [Society & Culture] — Redeveloped Batadrava Than
  Union Minister Amit Shah inaugurated the redeveloped Batadrava Than (Mahapurush Srimanta Sankardeva Abhirbhav Kshetra) in Borduwa in Nagaon, Assam. The project cost more than Rs. 222 crore and it is the birthplace of Srimanta Sankardeva.
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  UPSC Angle: Amit Shah inaugurates redeveloped Batadrava Than in Assam.

  Key Facts:

  • Union Minister Amit Shah inaugurated redeveloped Batadrava Than.
  • Located in Borduwa in Nagaon (Assam).
  • Name of Project: Mahapurush Srimanta Sankardeva Abhirbhav Kshetra.
  • Project Cost: More than Rs. 222 crore.
  • Significance: Birthplace of Srimanta Sankardeva.
• 2025-11-15 [Economy] — Nirmala Sitharaman Inaugurates Riverine Terminal in Guwahati
  Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman inaugurated India's first riverine terminal on the Brahmaputra in Guwahati, known as the Gateway of Guwahati Terminal and Jetty, built at a cost of ₹304.95 crore. The terminal features an integrated command and control centre, observatory lounge, sewage treatment plant, and advanced fire safety systems.
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  UPSC Angle: Nirmala Sitharaman inaugurates riverine terminal in Guwahati.

  Key Facts:

  • India's first riverine terminal on the Brahmaputra in Guwahati inaugurated
  • Known as the Gateway of Guwahati Terminal and Jetty
  • Built at a cost of ₹304.95 crore by the Assam Inland Water Transport Development Society
  • Features an integrated command and control centre, observatory lounge, sewage treatment plant, and advanced fire safety systems
• 2025-11-05 [Science & Technology] — Initiatives in Assam
  Union Minister Jyotiraditya M. Scindia inaugurated the North Eastern Science & Technology (NEST) Cluster at IIT Guwahati, Assam and laid the foundation stone for transformative development projects worth Rs. 635 crore.
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  UPSC Angle: Union Minister inaugurated NEST Cluster at IIT Guwahati.

  Key Facts:

  • IIT Guwahati, Assam: Location of NEST Cluster inauguration
  • Rs. 635 crore: Total outlay for development projects
  • Rs. 22.98 crore: Investment in NEST Cluster at IIT Guwahati
• 2025-03-15 [Polity & Governance] — Amit Shah Highlights Peace and Development in Northeast India
  Union Home Minister Amit Shah stated that PM Narendra Modi has ensured unprecedented peace along with development in the Northeast, while speaking at an event in Aizawl marking the relocation of an Assam Rifles camp. Shah's statement underscores the government's focus on the region's stability and progress.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Amit Shah
  • Narendra Modi
  • Aizawl
  • Assam Rifles camp relocation

PM-led Mega Infrastructure and Regional Development Projects

Focus: High-value domestic infrastructure and development projects (exceeding ₹7,000 crore) inaugurated by the Prime Minister across different Indian states.

UPSC Value: Analyzing the scale and geographical distribution of central capital expenditure and its role in regional economic integration and the 'Viksit Bharat' mission.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-22 [Infrastructure] — PM Modi Inaugurates Delhi-Meerut Namo Bharat Corridor and Meerut Metro
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the entire 82 km Delhi–Meerut Namo Bharat Corridor and Meerut Metro services, worth around ₹12,930 crore in Meerut. Namo Bharat is India's first Regional Rapid Transit System with a design speed of 180 km per hour. The project aims to provide seamless and sustainable public transport.
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  UPSC Angle: PM inaugurates Delhi-Meerut Namo Bharat Corridor and Meerut Metro.

  Key Facts:

  • Narendra Modi inaugurated Delhi–Meerut Namo Bharat Corridor
  • Entire corridor is 82 km long
  • Inaugurated Meerut Metro services
  • Projects worth around ₹12,930 crore
  • Namo Bharat is India's first Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS)
  • Design speed of Namo Bharat is 180 km per hour
  • Sarai Kale Khan is the originating station of the corridor
  • Four Namo Bharat stations commissioned in Meerut: Shatabdi Nagar, Begumpul and Modipuram
• 2025-10-18 [Schemes & Programs] — PM Modi Inaugurates Projects in Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated and dedicated development projects worth approximately ₹13,430 crore in Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, on October 16, 2025. These projects span multiple sectors, aiming to transform Andhra Pradesh into a key pillar of India's economic and technological future.
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  UPSC Angle: PM Modi inaugurates projects worth ₹13,430 crore in Kurnool.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh
  • Date: October 16, 2025
  • Investment: ₹13,430 crore
  • Focus: Energy, transport, defence, and digital connectivity
  • Industrial Development: Foundation stones laid for Orvakal Industrial Area (Kurnool) and Kopparthy Industrial Area (Kadapa), with a total investment of over Rs 4,920 crore
  • Railway Projects: Railways projects worth over Rs 1,200 crore
  • Natural Gas Pipeline: Inaugurated 422 km-long Srikakulam-Angul Natural Gas Pipeline project of GAIL India Limited, built at a cost of around Rs 1,730 crore
• 2025-08-18 [Economy] — ₹11,000-cr road projects to decongest city
  Prime Minister Modi inaugurated ₹11,000-crore road projects to decongest the city.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • ₹11,000-cr road projects inaugurated by PM Modi.
• 2025-07-19 [Polity & Governance] — PM Modi Inaugurates ₹7,200 Crore Infrastructure Projects in Bihar
  PM Modi inaugurated ₹7,200 crore worth of infrastructure projects in Motihari, Bihar, under the Viksit Bharat Mission. These projects aim to make Bihar a growth hub, ensure urban parity, and provide housing and infrastructure support. The initiative highlights increased central funding and Bihar’s inclusion in India’s long-term growth vision.
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  UPSC Angle: PM inaugurates infrastructure projects in Bihar under Viksit Bharat Mission.

  Key Facts:

  • Inaugurated infrastructure projects worth ₹7,200 crore in Motihari, Bihar
  • Under the Viksit Bharat Mission
  • Aims to make Bihar a growth hub
  • Focus on urban parity and infrastructure support

High-Value Agricultural and Bio-Resource Value Chains in Northeast India

Focus: Government and agency-led initiatives specifically targeting the commercialization and value-chain development of unique flora and bio-resources native to the Northeast region.

UPSC Value: Analyzing the strategic economic shift in the Northeast (NER) from subsistence farming to high-value, export-oriented bio-resource industrialization under the 'Act East' policy.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-26 [Schemes & Programs] — Agarwood Value Chain Development Scheme in Tripura
  The Union Minister laid the foundation stone of the ₹80 crore Agarwood Value Chain Development Scheme in Tripura to strengthen the sector from farm to global markets. Agarwood is a highly fragrant, resinous heartwood formed in Aquilaria trees when they are wounded and infected by fungi, triggering a defensive resin response.
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  UPSC Angle: ₹80 crore Agarwood Value Chain Development Scheme in Tripura.

  Key Facts:

  • Agarwood Value Chain Development Scheme in Tripura
  • Scheme outlay: ₹80 crore
  • Objective: to strengthen the agarwood sector from farm to global markets
  • Agarwood (also called oud, gaharu, aloeswood) is a highly fragrant, resinous heartwood formed in Aquilaria trees
• 2025-09-15 [Environment & Ecology] — First Bamboo-Based Ethanol Plant in Assam
  India's first bamboo-based ethanol plant was inaugurated in Numaligarh Refinery, Golaghat, Assam. The plant converts bamboo biomass into 2G ethanol and is part of India's National Bio-Energy Mission and Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP) to achieve 20% ethanol blending by 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: First bamboo-based ethanol plant in Assam supports National Bio-Energy Mission.

  Key Facts:

  • India
  • bamboo-based ethanol plant
  • Numaligarh Refinery
  • Golaghat
  • Assam
  • National Bio-Energy Mission
  • Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP)
  • 20% ethanol blending
  • 2025
  • ₹200 crore
  • rural economy
  • 5 lakh tonnes
  • bamboo
  • 48,900 MT
  • ethanol
• 2025-03-24 [Agriculture] — India's Floriculture Sector Achieves Milestone with Anthurium Export to Singapore
  India's floriculture sector achieved a milestone with APEDA facilitating the first-ever export of Anthurium flowers from Mizoram to Singapore. The 1,024-cut flower consignment (70 kg) was exported via Kolkata by IVC Agrovet Pvt. Ltd. and imported by Veg Pro Singapore Pte. Ltd, boosting Mizoram's floriculture, farmer income (especially women), and agricultural exports.
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  UPSC Angle: India exports Anthurium flowers from Mizoram to Singapore.

  Key Facts:

  • First export of Anthurium flowers from Mizoram to Singapore
  • 1,024 Anthurium cut flowers, weighing 70 kg
  • Sourced from Zo Anthurium Growers Cooperative Society in Aizawl
  • First export of Anthurium flowers from Mizoram to Singapore.
  • Anthurium known for air-purifying properties.
  • Included in NASA's list of air-purifying plants.
  • First-ever export of Anthurium flowers from Mizoram to Singapore
  • 1,024-cut flower consignment (70 kg)
  • Exported via Kolkata by IVC Agrovet Pvt. Ltd
  • Imported by Veg Pro Singapore Pte. Ltd
  • Anthurium flowers exported from Mizoram to Singapore for the first time

Infrastructure Push in Eastern India

Focus: A series of development visits by the Prime Minister to Eastern and North-Eastern states (Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam) to inaugurate major connectivity and infrastructure projects.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the specific focus on the 'Look East' development narrative and infrastructure modernization in historically underserved regions.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-18 [Schemes & Programs] — PM Modi Inaugurates Projects in Assam, West Bengal
  On January 18, 2026, Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone for the ₹6,957-crore Kaziranga Elevated Corridor in Assam and flagged off two Amrit Bharat trains. He also launched development projects worth over ₹830 crore in West Bengal and flagged off three Amrit Bharat trains connecting Kolkata with other parts of the country. These projects aim to improve infrastructure and connectivity in the poll-bound states.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • PM Modi laid the foundation stone for the ₹6,957-crore Kaziranga Elevated Corridor in Assam.
  • PM Modi flagged off two Amrit Bharat trains in Assam.
  • PM Modi launched development projects worth over ₹830 crore in West Bengal.
  • PM Modi flagged off three Amrit Bharat trains connecting Kolkata with other parts of the country.
  • PM Modi accused the TMC government of not providing land to build a fence along the Bangladesh border.
  • Narendra Modi
  • January 18, 2026
  • ₹6,957-crore Kaziranga Elevated Corridor
  • Assam
  • Amrit Bharat trains
  • ₹830 crore
  • West Bengal
  • Kolkata
• 2025-09-27 [Polity & Governance] — Prime Minister Modi to Address Public Meeting in Odisha
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi is scheduled to address a public meeting in Chhatrapur, Ganjam district, Odisha, on September 27, 2025. This event is part of the BJP's Seva Paksha programme and marks a significant political moment for the party in southern Odisha, where the Prime Minister is expected to inaugurate infrastructure projects.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi will address a public meeting in Chhatrapur, Ganjam district, Odisha, on September 27, 2025.
  • The visit is part of the BJP's nationwide Seva Paksha programme.
  • The Prime Minister is expected to inaugurate and lay foundation stones for several key infrastructure projects.
• 2025-06-04 [Polity & Governance] — PM Modi's visit to multiple states
  PM Narendra Modi undertook a two-day visit on 29th and 30th May 2025 to Sikkim, West Bengal (WB), Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh (UP), where he inaugurated and laid foundation stones for major development projects. During the visit, PM Narendra Modi also addressed the launch of the Viksit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan via videoconferencing, calling it a major step towards strengthening agriculture and supporting farmers.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • PM Narendra Modi visited Sikkim, West Bengal, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh on 29th and 30th May 2025.
  • PM Narendra Modi addressed the launch of the Viksit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan via videoconferencing.

Run-of-the-River Hydropower Development in the Indian Himalayas

Focus: Technical specifications, implementing agencies, and regional contexts of major run-of-the-river hydroelectric projects across India's Himalayan states.

UPSC Value: Essential for analyzing India's renewable energy infrastructure, the role of public sector undertakings (NHPC, THDC), and the environmental-developmental trade-offs in ecologically fragile zones (GS Paper 3).

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-03 [Environment & Ecology] — Vishnugad Pipalkoti Hydro Electric Project (VPHEP)
  The Vishnugad Pipalkoti Hydro Electric Project (VPHEP) is a run-of-river hydropower scheme being developed on the Alaknanda River in Uttarakhand, with an installed capacity of 444 MW. It is being developed by THDC India Ltd and financed by a US$ 648 million loan from the World Bank.
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  UPSC Angle: Vishnugad Pipalkoti Hydro Electric Project (VPHEP) on Alaknanda River.

  Key Facts:

  • Vishnugad Pipalkoti Hydro Electric Project (VPHEP) is on the Alaknanda River in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand.
  • Installed capacity of 444 MW (4 × 111 MW).
  • Developed by THDC India Ltd.
  • Financed by a US$ 648 million loan from the World Bank.
• 2025-12-31 [Geography] — Dulhasti Stage II Hydropower Project in J&K
  The Dulhasti Stage II Hydropower Project is a 260-megawatt hydropower project proposed on the Chenab River in the Kishtwar District of Jammu and Kashmir. It is an extension of the existing 390 MW Dulhasti Stage-I Hydroelectric Project, which has been successfully operating since its commissioning in 2007. It is developed by the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Limited (NHPC) Limited on a Build, Own, Operate, and Transfer (BOOT) basis.
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  UPSC Angle: Dulhasti Stage II Hydropower Project proposed on Chenab River.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Chenab River in the Kishtwar District of Jammu and Kashmir.
  • Capacity: 260-megawatt.
  • Extension of the existing 390 MW Dulhasti Stage-I Hydroelectric Project.
  • Developed by the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Limited (NHPC) Limited on a Build, Own, Operate, and Transfer (BOOT) basis.
  • Estimated cost: more than Rs 3,200 crore.
  • It is a run-of-the-river project.
• 2025-06-11 [Environment & Ecology] — Etalin Hydropower Project in Arunachal Pradesh
  The Etalin Hydropower Project, proposed on the Dri and Talo rivers (Dibang) in Arunachal Pradesh's Dibang Valley, involves diverting 1,175 hectares of forest and felling approximately 2.78 lakh trees. The project, a joint venture of Jindal Power Limited and the Hydropower Development Corporation of Arunachal Pradesh Limited, faces resistance from the local Idu Mishmi community and concerns over environmental impact.
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  UPSC Angle: Etalin Hydropower Project diverts forest, fells trees in Arunachal Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Dri river and Talo river (Dibang), Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh
  • Forest diversion: 1,175 hectares
  • Trees to be felled: ~2.78 lakh
  • Joint Venture: Jindal Power Limited and Hydropower Development Corporation of Arunachal Pradesh Limited
  • Type: Run-of-the-river (no storage)

Modernization and Expansion of India's Inland Waterways

Focus: Administrative and financial initiatives by the Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) to develop National Waterways and river tourism across different regions including Jammu & Kashmir and Uttar Pradesh.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the operationalization of the National Waterways Act and the push for inland water transport as a key component of India's infrastructure and tourism strategy.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-03 [Economy] — IWAI Signs MoUs to Modernize Ganga Waterways in UP
  The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) signed a series of MoUs worth over Rs. 6000 crores to transform river-based transport and tourism infrastructure along the Ganga National Waterway (NW)-1 in Uttar Pradesh (UP). 25 MoUs were signed to enhance inland waterways, focusing on Varanasi and the Ganga corridor.
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  UPSC Angle: IWAI signs MoUs to modernize Ganga waterways in UP.

  Key Facts:

  • The MoUs are worth over Rs. 6000 crores.
• 2025-05-14 [Economy] — Inland Water Transport Boost in India
  The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) established a new regional office in Srinagar and committed ₹100 crore to improve three National Waterways: River Chenab (NW-26), River Jhelum (NW-49), and River Ravi (NW-84). The National Waterways Act, 2016 declared 111 inland waterways as 'National Waterways' (NWs), totaling 20,275 km across 24 states, to promote shipping and navigation.
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  UPSC Angle: IWAI invests in National Waterways; Chenab (NW-26), Jhelum (NW-49).

  Key Facts:

  • IWAI established a new regional office in Srinagar
  • ₹100 crore committed to improve three National Waterways
  • River Chenab (NW-26)
  • River Jhelum (NW-49)
  • River Ravi (NW-84)
  • National Waterways Act, 2016 declared 111 inland waterways as 'National Waterways'
  • Total length of NWs is 20,275 km spread across 24 States
• 2025-03-08 [Economy] — MoUs Signed to Strengthen MSME Financing and River Cruise Tourism
  On March 6, 2025, SIDBI signed an MoU with FBL to strengthen MSME Financing, and IWAI signed an MoU with J&K to enhance River Cruise Tourism. Additionally, Infineon Technologies Asia Pacific and CDIL Semiconductors signed an MoU to advance India's manufacturing ecosystem, promote road safety, and enhance environmental sustainability, while DPIIT and Mercedes-Benz India signed an MoU to convert storybooks into accessible formats for Deaf children through ISL.
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  UPSC Angle: MoUs signed to strengthen MSME financing and river cruise tourism.

  Key Facts:

  • SIDBI
  • FBL
  • IWAI
  • J&K
  • Infineon Technologies Asia Pacific
  • CDIL Semiconductors
  • DPIIT
  • Mercedes-Benz India
  • ISL

PM-led Regional Development and Heritage Tourism

Focus: Prime Ministerial initiatives focused on regional economic integration and the promotion of spiritual and cultural heritage tourism infrastructure.

UPSC Value: Useful for studying the integration of regional development with cultural and spiritual tourism (GS Paper I and GS Paper III).

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-26 [Society & Culture] — PM Modi Inaugurates 'Panchjanya' Monument in Kurukshetra
  Prime Minister Modi inaugurated the 'Panchjanya' monument in Kurukshetra, Haryana, dedicated to the conch of Lord Krishna, accompanied by Haryana Chief Minister Nayab Singh Saini. Following the inauguration, he visited the Mahabharata Anubhav Kendra, showcasing installations depicting key episodes from the Mahabharata.
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  UPSC Angle: PM inaugurates 'Panchjanya' monument in Kurukshetra, Haryana.

  Key Facts:

  • PM Modi inaugurated 'Panchjanya' monument in Kurukshetra, Haryana.
  • Monument dedicated to the conch of Lord Krishna.
  • PM visited Mahabharata Anubhav Kendra.
  • Haryana Chief Minister Nayab Singh Saini accompanied him.
• 2025-09-22 [Schemes & Programs] — Prime Minister to Inaugurate Redeveloped Tripura Sundari Temple
  On September 22, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi will inaugurate the redeveloped Tripura Sundari Temple in Udaipur, Gomati district, Tripura. The project, sanctioned in 2020–21 under the PRASHAD scheme with an outlay of ₹34.43 crore, has upgraded facilities, connectivity, and spiritual tourism infrastructure, highlighting the government's focus on making the North-East a hub for spiritual and heritage tourism, linking it with the vision of “Vikas Bhi, Virasat Bhi” and Viksit Bharat 2047.
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  UPSC Angle: Tripura Sundari Temple redeveloped under PRASHAD scheme.

  Key Facts:

  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi will inaugurate the redeveloped Tripura Sundari Temple on September 22, 2025.
  • The temple is located in Udaipur, Gomati district, Tripura.
  • The project was sanctioned in 2020–21 under the PRASHAD scheme.
  • The project's outlay is ₹34.43 crore.
  • The PRASHAD scheme was launched in 2015 by the Ministry of Tourism.
  • The PRASHAD scheme aims to provide world-class amenities at pilgrimage/heritage sites.
• 2025-05-24 [Economy] — Rising North East Investors Summit 2025
  The Prime Minister inaugurated the Rising North East Investors Summit 2025. The North Eastern Region (NER) comprises eight States: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura. The region covers 7.97% of the country's geographical area and 3.78% of its population.
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  UPSC Angle: Rising North East Investors Summit 2025 and NER states.

  Key Facts:

  • NER comprises eight States: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura.
  • The Region covers 7.97% of the country's geographical area and 3.78% of its population.
  • It has 5,484 km of international border viz. Bangladesh (1,880 km), Myanmar (1,643 km), China (1,346 km), Bhutan (516 km) and Nepal (99 km).

Karnataka River Infrastructure and Water Management

Focus: Focuses on the development, legal challenges, and basin interlinkages of major river projects (Cauvery and Krishna) within the state of Karnataka.

UPSC Value: Essential for understanding inter-state water governance, irrigation infrastructure, and federalism in India.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-14 [Geography] — Mekedatu project
  The Mekedatu project is a multipurpose project involving the construction of a balancing reservoir near Kanakapura in Ramanagara district, Karnataka. Its primary objectives are to provide drinking water to Bengaluru and neighboring areas (4.75 TMC) and generate 400 MW of power. The project is proposed at the confluence of the Cauvery River with its tributary Arkavathi.
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  UPSC Angle: Mekedatu project is a multipurpose project in Karnataka.

  Key Facts:

  • Mekedatu project involves construction of a balancing reservoir near Kanakapura, Karnataka
  • Aims to provide drinking water to Bengaluru (4.75 TMC) and generate 400 MW of power
  • Proposed at the confluence of the Cauvery River with its tributary Arkavathi
• 2025-11-13 [Polity & Governance] — SC refuses to entertain TN's plea against Karnataka's Mekedatu reservoir project.
  The Supreme Court declined to hear Tamil Nadu's challenge to Karnataka's proposed Mekedatu reservoir construction on the Cauvery River, deeming it premature. The court noted that the Detailed Project Report (DPR) is still under review by the Cauvery Water Management Authority (CWMA) and the Cauvery Water Regulation Committee (CWRC).
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  UPSC Angle: SC refuses to entertain TN's plea against Karnataka's Mekedatu project.

  Key Facts:

  • Supreme Court termed Tamil Nadu's application challenging the proposed construction of a reservoir by Karnataka at Mekedatu across the inter-state river Cauvery as “premature”.
  • The Bench was headed by Chief Justice of India B.R. Gavai.
  • The Detailed Project Report (DPR) on the reservoir, submitted by Karnataka, was only being considered by the experts in the Cauvery Water Management Authority (CWMA) and Cauvery Water Regulation Committee (CWRC).
• 2025-07-20 [Geography] — Malaprabha River Discussion
  Discussion on the Malaprabha river, dam, and its interlinkages with the Krishna River basin and irrigation projects in Karnataka.
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  UPSC Angle: Discussion on the Malaprabha river and Krishna River basin.

  Key Facts:

  • Malaprabha river and dam
  • Krishna River basin interlinkages
  • Irrigation projects in Karnataka

Strategic Development and Institutional Recognition in North Eastern India

Focus: Institutional achievements, educational programs, and policy frameworks specifically targeting the socio-economic integration and growth of the North Eastern Region (NER).

UPSC Value: Illustrates the multi-sectoral approach (agriculture, education, and infrastructure policy) required for regional development and national integration under GS Paper II and III.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-03 [Polity & Governance] — Northeast Region as Engine of India's Growth
  Union Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia stated that policies implemented by the Union government over the past 11 years have positioned the northeastern region to be a key driver of India's overall growth story.
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  UPSC Angle: Northeast region positioned as engine of India's growth.

  Key Facts:

  • Policies in the past 11 years have ensured the north eastern region will be the engine of India's overall growth story.
  • Jyotiraditya Scindia is the Union minister for communications and development of north eastern region (DoNER).
• 2025-09-19 [Schemes & Programs] — NE-SPARKS Program Exposes North Eastern Students to ISRO
  The North East Students’ Programme for Awareness, Reach, and Knowledge on Space (NE-SPARKS), supported by the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER) in collaboration with ISRO and the 8 North Eastern States, aims to ignite curiosity and foster awareness about space science and technology among students from the North Eastern Region (NER) of India. Meritorious students from the region visit ISRO facilities and get hands-on exposure to space science, satellite technology, and research activities.
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  UPSC Angle: NE-SPARKS exposes North Eastern students to ISRO.

  Key Facts:

  • The program envisages exposure visits for 800 meritorious science students (100 from each state of NER) to premier ISRO Centres at Bengaluru.
  • Funding: The program is funded by the MDoNER and the state Govt. in 60:40 ratio respectively.
  • NE-SPARKS is supported by the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (MDoNER) in collaboration with ISRO and 8 North Eastern States.
  • The program is funded by the MDoNER and the state Govt. in 60:40 ratio respectively.
• 2025-08-23 [Agriculture] — ICAR-KVK Wokha Named Best KVK in North Eastern Region
  ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) in Wokha, Nagaland has been named the best KVK in the North Eastern Region.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) in Wokha, Nagaland named best KVK in the North Eastern Region