Strategic Multi-alignment and Regional Connectivity: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy
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ExploreIn-Depth Analysis
The Big Picture
India has transitioned from the Cold War-era 'Non-Alignment' to a proactive 'Strategic Multi-alignment.' This doctrine allows India to simultaneously engage with competing power blocs (Quad vs. BRICS+, G7 vs. SCO) to maximize national interest. The focus has shifted from ideological stances to 'Connectivity-driven Diplomacy,' where mega-projects like the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) and the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) act as strategic buffers against regional hegemonies.
Cross-Theme Insight
India’s foreign policy currently operates through 'Functional De-hyphenation.' It successfully isolates border tensions (China) from regional connectivity needs, and separates energy security requirements (Russian oil) from strategic defense partnerships (US/Israel). This is evidenced by the 'October 2024 Border Disengagement' with China, which was negotiated while India simultaneously deepened its 'I2U2' (India, Israel, UAE, US) cooperation, proving that connectivity is used as both a tool for peace and a lever for economic dominance.
Textbook vs Reality Gap
Standard textbooks like Majid Husain (Geography of India, 9th Ed, p. 24) and NCERT (India People and Economy, p. 90) focus on internal connectivity like 'Sagarmala' and 'Bharatmala.' However, the current reality has transcended borders: the 'ASEAN Power Grid' and 'India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)' are the new operational baselines. While older resources cite Iran as a top-3 oil supplier, 2024-25 data shows a tectonic shift toward Russia (35-40% share) and the US, with Iran's role pivoting from energy supplier to a 'transit gateway' via the 10-year Chabahar Port operation agreement (May 2024).
How This Theme Is Evolving
The trajectory has moved from 'Neighborhood First' (2014) to 'Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR)' (2015) to 'Connectivity-First Multi-alignment' (2024). Moving toward 2026, India is likely to prioritize 'Digital Connectivity' (exporting India Stack/UPI to 20+ nations) as a soft-power precursor to physical trade corridors.
UPSC Exam Intelligence
Previous Year Question Pattern
UPSC increasingly tests 'Multimodal Corridors.' Recent questions (IAS 2023, 2025) focus on specific route details of INSTC and the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway. There is a shift from asking about 'Bilateral Treaties' to 'Plurilateral Frameworks' like I2U2 and the 'Middle East Quad.' Map-based questions on the Persian Gulf, Bab-el-Mandeb, and the LAC (Depsang/Demchok) have become high-frequency (CAPF 2024/2025).
Probable Prelims Angles
- October 21, 2024 Disengagement Agreement: Specifics of patrolling rights in Depsang and Demchok.
- Chabahar 10-Year Contract: Details of IPGL (India Ports Global Ltd) operations at Shahid Beheshti terminal.
- IMEC Route: Specific transit points from Mumbai/Mundra to Haifa and Piraeus.
- SCOMET Policy: Inclusion in the Foreign Trade Policy 2023 for dual-use technology exports.
- Global Biofuels Alliance (GBA): Member countries and India's leadership role.
Preparation Strategy
Key Connections
Sub-Themes and News Coverage (19 themes, 89 news items)
India-Gulf Strategic and Economic Integration
Focus: A concerted expansion of bilateral ties between India and GCC countries (specifically UAE) across trade, digital infrastructure, and defence sectors.
UPSC Value: Demonstrates the shift in India's West Asia policy from transactional energy buying to deep strategic integration via CEPA, UPI, and defence cooperation.
12 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-24 [International Relations] — India, GCC seek deeper cooperation
Secretary General of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Jasem Al-Budaiwi and Indian Minister of External Affairs Dr. S. Jaishankar discussed on Tuesday bilateral cooperative relations and means to further promote and develop them. They also explored a number of proposals across various fields to serve mutual interests, including the upcoming second Joint Ministerial Meeting between the GCC states and the Republic of India, due later this year. They further exchanged views on the latest regional and international developments, with both sides underlining the significance of bolstering efforts to maintain regional and global security and stability.More details
UPSC Angle: India, GCC seek deeper cooperation.
Key Facts:
- Secretary General of the GCC: Jasem Al-Budaiwi
- Indian Minister of External Affairs: Dr. S. Jaishankar
- Second Joint Ministerial Meeting between the GCC states and the Republic of India is due later this year
- 2026-02-16 [International Relations] — India-UAE Economic Partnership Deepens
India and the UAE have significantly strengthened their economic ties following the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) signed in 2022, achieving their initial target of $100 billion in bilateral trade well ahead of schedule. Leaders have set a new goal of $200 billion in trade by 2032, emphasizing the rapid growth and strategic importance of this economic corridor. The partnership extends beyond trade, with increasing integration of capital, technology, infrastructure, and strategic interests.More details
UPSC Angle: India-UAE CEPA target of $100 billion achieved.
Key Facts:
- India and the UAE achieved $100 billion in bilateral trade five years before the 2030 target.
- New trade target: $200 billion by 2032.
- Non-oil trade surged nearly 20% last year, reaching $65 billion.
- UAE investments in India have crossed $22 billion since 2000.
- Indian investments in the UAE exceed $16 billion.
- Nearly five million Indians live and work in the UAE.
- There are over 1,200 weekly flights between India and the UAE.
- The CEPA removed tariffs on nearly 90% of tariff lines.
- The 2024 Bilateral Investment Treaty provides long-term certainty for businesses and investors.
- CEPA negotiations to restart by late February or early March
- Goal to double bilateral trade to $50 billion by 2030
- Indian High Commissioner Dinesh Patnaik indicated the talks could formally restart by late February or early March
- Bilateral trade crossed $100 billion in 2025
- CEPA 2022 target of $100B by 2030 achieved early
- New target set at $200B by 2032
- Non-oil trade rose 20% last year to $65B
- Since 2000, the UAE invested $22B in India, while India invested $16B there
- Nearly 5 million Indians in the UAE
- CEPA 2022 eliminated tariffs on ~90% tariff lines
- Bilateral Investment Treaty (2024) ensures investor certainty
- 2026-02-09 [International Relations] — India and GCC sign Terms of Reference for Free Trade Agreement
India and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) have signed the Terms of Reference for a Free Trade Agreement. The GCC comprises Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).More details
UPSC Angle: India and GCC sign Terms of Reference for Free Trade Agreement.
Key Facts:
- India and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) have signed the Terms of Reference for a Free Trade Agreement
- Gulf Cooperation Council is a regional political and economic alliance established in 1981
- It comprises Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE)
- Headquarters: Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- 2026-02-09 [International Relations] — India Signs DPI Cooperation MoUs with 23 Countries
In February 2026, the Government of India (GoI) signed Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs)/agreements with 23 countries to share and promote its Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) and components of the India Stack framework. Also, India's Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is now operational in eight countries including ,the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Singapore, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, France, Mauritius, and Qatar.More details
UPSC Angle: India signs DPI Cooperation MoUs with 23 countries.
Key Facts:
- India signed MoUs/agreements with 23 countries to share and promote its Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)
- India's Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is now operational in eight countries: the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Singapore, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, France, Mauritius, and Qatar
- MoUs on Digilocker signed with Cuba, Kenya, the UAE, and LPDR
- 2026-01-25 [International Relations] — India-UAE ink MoUs and letters of intent
UAE President His Highness Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan and Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India, witnessed the exchange of a number of agreements, memoranda of understanding (MoU), and letters of intent aimed at strengthening and advancing bilateral cooperation between the two countries.More details
UPSC Angle: India-UAE ink MoUs and letters of intent for cooperation.
Key Facts:
- A Letter of Intent between the UAE and India on a strategic partnership in the defence sector
- A Letter of Intent between the UAE Space Agency and the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre to launch a joint initiative aimed at empowering and developing the space industry
- A Memorandum of Understanding on food safety and technical requirements between the UAE Ministry of Climate Change and Environment and the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority of India's Ministry of Commerce and Industry
- 2026-01-19 [International Relations] — India and UAE to Strengthen Financial Sector Cooperation
India and the UAE are deepening financial sector cooperation, directing teams to work towards interlinking national payment platforms for efficient cross-border payments. The Prime Minister invited UAE sovereign wealth funds to consider participation in the second NIIF Infrastructure Fund, scheduled for launch in 2026.More details
UPSC Angle: India and UAE to strengthen financial sector cooperation, interlinking payment platforms.
Key Facts:
- Interlinking national payment platforms to enable efficient, fast and cost-effective cross-border payments.
- UAE sovereign wealth funds invited to participate in the second Infrastructure Fund, scheduled for launch in 2026.
- DP World and First Abu Dhabi Bank branches established in GIFT City.
- 2025-12-16 [International Relations] — India-West Asia Relations
India's West Asia diplomacy has evolved into a comprehensive strategic partnership, transforming regional engagement beyond oil and remittances. India is seamlessly integrating its Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) with West Asian financial systems, with UPI now live in UAE and Qatar.More details
UPSC Angle: India's West Asia diplomacy evolving into a comprehensive strategic partnership.
Key Facts:
- Bilateral trade between India and the UAE surged from $50 billion in 2021 to approximately $85 billion in 2024
- In December 2025 Cabinet approved the India-Oman Free Trade Agreement
- UPI (Unified Payments Interface) is now live in UAE and Qatar
- 2025-08-29 [International Relations] — India and UAE Deepen CEPA
Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal met with UAE Minister of Foreign Trade Dr. Thani bin Ahmed Al Zeyoudi to enhance the India-UAE CEPA. They aim to expand bilateral trade to $100 billion by 2030, focusing on renewable energy, digital infrastructure, and healthcare.More details
UPSC Angle: India and UAE deepen CEPA, aim for $100 billion trade by 2030.
Key Facts:
- The meeting occurred on August 29, 2025.
- The goal is to expand bilateral trade to USD 100 billion in non-oil, non-precious metals by 2030.
- 2025-08-01 [International Relations] — India-UAE Strengthen Defence Ties
India and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) reaffirmed their commitment to improve bilateral defence cooperation during the 13th Joint Defence Cooperation Committee (JDCC) meeting in New Delhi. This meeting was held at the Secretary level for the first time.More details
UPSC Angle: India and UAE reaffirm commitment to improve bilateral defence cooperation.
Key Facts:
- 13th Joint Defence Cooperation Committee (JDCC) meeting held in New Delhi.
- 2025-07-19 [International Relations] — India & UAE Expand Cooperation: Nuclear Energy & Advanced Tech
India and the UAE are strengthening their strategic partnership, shifting from traditional trade to collaboration in energy, innovation, and sustainability. This expansion includes nuclear energy and advanced technology cooperation. However, geopolitical sensitivities and trade diversification remain challenges.More details
UPSC Angle: India & UAE expand cooperation in nuclear energy & advanced tech.
Key Facts:
- Regulatory Loopholes & Irregularities: A loophole in the India-UAE Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) allowed traders to import gold disguised as platinum alloy, causing â‚ą1,700 crore in revenue loss.
- Silver imports from UAE jumped 647x in one year, raising concerns about value-add compliance and misuse of GIFT City's relaxed regulations.
- Strategic partnership expansion between India and UAE
- Cooperation in energy, innovation, and sustainability
- Geopolitical sensitivities amid Israel-Gaza tensions
- Trade concentrated in gems and petroleum sectors
- Need for diversification into tech, pharma, and renewables
- 2025-07-08 [International Relations] — India and Kuwait Sign MoU on Financial Intelligence
An MoU between Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs) of India and Kuwait was signed on July 8, 2025, to enhance cooperation. This is one of around 30 bilateral agreements/MoUs signed between the two countries.More details
UPSC Angle: India and Kuwait sign MoU on Financial Intelligence to enhance cooperation.
Key Facts:
- MoU between Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs) of India and Kuwait signed on 08 July 2025.
- 2025-07-04 [International Relations] — India-UAE Industrial Cooperation
Union Minister H.D. Kumaraswamy met with Abdulla Bin Touq Al Marri of the UAE to advance industrial cooperation under the India-UAE Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) framework. Three Indian CPSEs (SAIL, NMDC, and MECON) have inaugurated international offices in Dubai, establishing a platform for trade coordination, JVs, and technology exchange; India aims to achieve an annual steel production capacity of 300 MT by 2030.More details
UPSC Angle: India-UAE industrial cooperation under CEPA framework.
Key Facts:
- Union Minister H.D. Kumaraswamy
- Abdulla Bin Touq Al Marri
- India-UAE Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA)
- SAIL
- NMDC
- MEECON
- Dubai
- 300 MT steel production capacity by 2030
India-China Diplomatic Normalization and Border Engagement
Focus: A collection of diplomatic meetings (WMCC, Corps Commander), trade discussions, and strategic recalibrations aimed at normalizing relations post-2020 standoff.
UPSC Value: Useful for tracking the institutional mechanisms (WMCC, SR talks) and economic factors driving the stabilization of India-China ties.
11 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-06 [International Relations] — India, China Emphasize Border Peace for Bilateral Progress
On February 10, 2026, Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri and Chinese counterpart Executive Vice Foreign Minister Ma Zhaoxu held the India-China Strategic Dialogue in New Delhi, underscoring the importance of peace and tranquility in border areas for overall progress in bilateral relations.More details
UPSC Angle: India, China emphasize border peace for bilateral progress.
Key Facts:
- Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri held the India-China Strategic Dialogue with Chinese counterpart Executive Vice Foreign Minister Ma Zhaoxu on February 10, 2026.
- 2026-02-02 [International Relations] — India's Strategic Recalibration Amidst US-China Dynamics
India is reassessing its strategic approach due to the return of Donald Trump and the resulting uncertainties in the US's foreign policy. This includes reopening limited diplomatic channels with China. Trump's tariffs and ambiguous signals on Pakistan have contributed to this shift.More details
UPSC Angle: India reassessing strategy due to US-China dynamics and Trump's return.
Key Facts:
- India is rethinking its external environment due to Donald Trump's return.
- New Delhi is reopening limited diplomatic channels with China.
- 50% tariffs were announced in August 2025.
- India is due to host the next Quad leaders' summit.
- 2025-12-07 [International Relations] — India's Strategic Recalibration Amidst US-China Dynamics
India is reassessing its foreign policy assumptions due to US volatility and China's assertiveness. India is trying to stabilize its relationship with China while managing uncertainty with the US, and is also focusing on partnerships with Europe for technology and supply chain diversification.More details
UPSC Angle: India's strategic recalibration is important for understanding foreign policy shifts.
Key Facts:
- India reopening limited diplomatic channels with China
- India filed a WTO challenge against the US 50% tariffs announced in August 2025
- Estonia's Foreign Ministry held India Export Day to discuss market access and business cooperation for 2025-26
- 2025-11-13 [Economy] — India-China trade swells in 2025, deficit widens.
India-China trade reached a record $155.6 billion in 2025, a 12% increase, with India's deficit widening. Indian exports rose 9.7%.More details
UPSC Angle: India-China trade swells in 2025, but deficit widens.
Key Facts:
- India-China trade swelled past $155 billion in 2025.
- Trade reached a record $155.6 billion, up 12%.
- Indian exports rose 9.7%.
- 2025-10-25 [International Relations] — India, China agree to maintain border stability
India and China held the 23rd round of Corps Commander Level Meeting at the Chushul-Moldo border meeting point on October 25, 2025, to discuss border management and maintain peace along the Line of Actual Control (LAC). Both sides agreed to continue using existing mechanisms to resolve ground issues and maintain stability along the border, sharing the view that peace and tranquillity have been maintained in the border areas.More details
UPSC Angle: India and China agree to maintain border stability.
Key Facts:
- 23rd round of India-China Corps Commander Level Meeting held on October 25, 2025
- Meeting venue: Chushul-Moldo border meeting point
- First meeting of the General Level Mechanism in the Western Sector since the 24th round of Special Representatives Talks held on August 19
- Progress reviewed since the 22nd round of Corps Commander Level Meeting held in October 2024
- 2025-10-21 [International Relations] — India, China positively affirm implementation of Oct 21 disengagement agreement
India and China positively affirmed the implementation of the October 21 disengagement agreement, which completed the resolution of the issues that emerged following the Galwan incident in 2020. This occurred during the 32nd meeting of the Working Mechanism for Consultation & Coordination on Border Affairs (WMCC) in New Delhi. The two sides also prepared for the next meeting of the Special Representatives, which is to be held in accordance with the decision of PM Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping, in their meeting in Kazan on 23 October 2024.More details
UPSC Angle: India and China affirm implementation of disengagement agreement.
Key Facts:
- 32nd meeting of the Working Mechanism for Consultation & Coordination on Border Affairs (WMCC) held in New Delhi
- Gourangalal Das, Joint Secretary (East Asia), led the Indian delegation
- Hong Liang, Director General of the Boundary & Oceanic Affairs Department of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, led the Chinese delegation
- Meeting between PM Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping in Kazan on 23 October 2024
- Last disengagement agreements concluded on October 21
- Agreements concern patrolling rights
- Meetings between national security advisors and foreign ministers agreed upon
- Discussions between PM Modi and President Xi took place during BRICS Summit in Kazan, Russia
- 2025-09-09 [International Relations] — India-China Border Talks
An article discusses India-China boundary negotiations from Vajpayee's 1979 visit to the 24th Special Representatives (SR) talks in August 2025, explaining the 2005 “Political Parameters” agreement and subsequent setbacks. Vajpayee's 1979 visit restarted high-level contact after the 1962 war, and in 2003, he proposed a political impulse to boundary talks.More details
UPSC Angle: India-China border talks and the 2005 “Political Parameters” agreement.
Key Facts:
- Article traces India-China boundary negotiations from Vajpayee's 1979 visit to the 24th Special Representatives (SR) talks in August 2025
- Vajpayee's China visit restarted high-level contact after the 1962 war
- 2005 “Political Parameters” agreement discussed
- Vajpayee proposed a political impulse to boundary talks in Beijing in 2003
- NSA Brajesh Mishra named as SR from India; Dai Bingguo appointed from China
- 2025-09-09 [International Relations] — India, China to Restart Border Trade
India and China are reportedly in discussions to resume border trade, suspended five years prior. The talks focus on reopening three trade points along the Himalayan frontier for locally produced goods exchange.More details
UPSC Angle: India, China to restart border trade.
Key Facts:
- India and China are discussing resuming border trade after a five-year suspension.
- The discussions focus on reopening three trade points along the contested Himalayan frontier.
- Direct passenger flights between the two countries are expected to resume in September.
- US President Donald Trump has introduced tariffs of 50% on Indian exports.
- 2025-07-15 [International Relations] — India and China Vow to Boost Relationship
Beijing and New Delhi have reaffirmed their commitment to deepening cooperation and promoting growth in bilateral relations, as Indian External Affairs Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar visited China. Both countries agreed that they are partners, not rivals, and should focus on common interests while maintaining peace.More details
UPSC Angle: India and China vow to boost relationship.
Key Facts:
- Subrahmanyam Jaishankar
- Han Zheng
- Wang Yi
- 75th anniversary of diplomatic relations between China and India
- 2025-04-02 [International Relations] — India-China 75th Anniversary of Diplomatic Ties
India and China marked the 75th anniversary of diplomatic relations on April 1, 2025, with leaders exchanging messages emphasizing strategic trust and mutual growth. Despite strained relations post-Galwan clash in 2020 and economic imbalances, this anniversary presents an opportunity to normalize ties. India's trade deficit with China reached USD 85 billion in 2023-24.More details
UPSC Angle: India and China marked 75th anniversary of diplomatic relations.
Key Facts:
- India and China marked the 75th anniversary of diplomatic ties on April 1, 2025.
- India's trade deficit with China touched USD 85 billion in 2023-24, up from USD 83.2 billion in 2022-23.
- 70,000 visas were issued to Indians in Q1 2025.
- Bilateral trade surpassed $138 billion by 2024.
- 2025-03-25 [International Relations] — India-China Relations: Gradual Recovery After 2020 Border Crisis
India and China relations have been gradually improving after a major rupture in 2020, when China carried out multiple incursions across the Line of Actual Control (LAC) into Ladakh, leading to a skirmish that killed 20 Indian soldiers. Despite diplomatic tensions, bilateral trade continued to grow, reaching record levels, and in October 2024, India and China unexpectedly agreed to disengage troops from the last two incursion sites, setting both countries on a path toward normalization. In a podcast released in mid-March, Prime Minister Narendra Modi spoke more positively about China, emphasizing that "only through dialogue can we build a stable, cooperative relationship," which is important for global peace and prosperity.More details
UPSC Angle: India and China relations gradually improving after 2020 border crisis.
Key Facts:
- In 2020, China carried out multiple incursions across the Line of Actual Control (LAC) into Ladakh, leading to a skirmish that killed 20 Indian soldiers.
- In October 2024, India and China unexpectedly agreed to disengage troops from the last two incursion sites.
India-Iran Strategic Ties & Chabahar Connectivity
Focus: Diplomatic engagements, anniversary celebrations, and operational developments regarding the Chabahar Port connecting India, Iran, and Central Asia.
UPSC Value: Examines the continuity of India's 'Look West' policy, the strategic importance of Chabahar amidst sanctions, and connectivity to Central Asia.
7 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-15 [International Relations] — India and Iran Discuss Regional Developments
External Affairs Minister (EAM) had a conversation with the Iranian Foreign Minister, with the latter sharing recent developments. The size of trade between the two countries is 0.15% of India's total trade.More details
UPSC Angle: India and Iran discuss regional developments.
Key Facts:
- EAM had a conversation with the Iranian Foreign Minister
- Trade between the two countries is 0.15% of India's total trade
- 2026-01-09 [International Relations] — India and Iran mark 75 years of bilateral ties
India and Iran celebrate 75 years of diplomatic relations in 2026, highlighting their shared heritage, energy cooperation, connectivity projects like Chabahar Port, and strategic interests in a multipolar world.More details
UPSC Angle: India and Iran mark 75 years of bilateral ties.
Key Facts:
- 75th anniversary of India-Iran diplomatic relations: 2026
- Ties based on shared heritage, energy cooperation, connectivity (Chabahar Port), and strategic interests
- 2025-10-30 [International Relations] — India gets US waiver for Chabahar port sanctions
The Ministry of External Affairs announced that India has received a six-month waiver from the U.S. sanctions on Iran's Chabahar port. MEA spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal mentioned that trade deal talks between India and the U.S. are ongoing. The Trump administration had revoked the waiver in September as part of its pressure campaign on Iran.More details
UPSC Angle: US waiver for Chabahar port sanctions facilitates trade with Afghanistan.
Key Facts:
- India received a six-month waiver from U.S. sanctions on Iran's Chabahar port.
- The waiver allows India to continue trade operations via Chabahar port.
- MEA spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal confirmed the waiver.
- India has received a waiver for U.S. sanctions on Iran's Chabahar port for a period of six months.
- MEA spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal also said that India's talks with the U.S. for a trade deal are continuing.
- India received a waiver for U.S. sanctions on Iran's Chabahar port
- Waiver period: six months
- MEA spokesperson: Randhir Jaiswal
- Talks with the U.S. for a trade deal are continuing
- The Trump administration revoked its waiver of sanctions in September
- 2025-10-19 [International Relations] — India & Kyrgyzstan Enhance Bilateral Ties
India and Kyrgyzstan established diplomatic relations in 1992, elevating them to a Strategic Partnership during PM Modi's 2019 visit to Bishkek. Bilateral trade reached ~$120 million in 2024, with India exporting pharmaceuticals, machinery, and textiles, and Kyrgyzstan supplying raw hides and wool. India seeks to access Kyrgyzstan through Chabahar Port and the International North–South Transport Corridor (INSTC).More details
UPSC Angle: India and Kyrgyzstan established diplomatic relations in 1992.
Key Facts:
- India
- Kyrgyzstan
- Diplomatic relations established: 1992
- Strategic Partnership: PM Modi's 2019 visit to Bishkek
- Bilateral trade: ~$120 million in 2024
- India exports: pharmaceuticals, machinery, textiles
- Kyrgyzstan supplies: raw hides and wool
- Connectivity: Chabahar Port, INSTC
- Khanjar Exercise
- 2025-09-16 [International Relations] — India-Iran-Uzbekistan Meet on Chabahar Port
The first India-Iran-Uzbekistan trilateral meeting was held in Tehran to enhance cooperation against extremism and terrorism, and to promote the use of Chabahar Port by Uzbekistan for trade with India. The meeting also emphasized deeper connectivity via the International North-South Transit Corridor (INSTC).More details
UPSC Angle: India-Iran-Uzbekistan meet on Chabahar Port cooperation.
Key Facts:
- India
- Iran
- Uzbekistan
- trilateral meeting
- Tehran
- Chabahar Port
- INSTC
- 2025-09-09 [International Relations] — India and Iran: Civilizational Ties
An article reflects on Iran–India relations, noting the shift towards multipolarity and the decline of Western dominance. Both India and Iran share values of spirituality, peace, and cultural resilience, forming a foundation for partnership. Their historical struggles highlight their fight against domination.More details
UPSC Angle: India and Iran share values of spirituality, peace, and cultural resilience.
Key Facts:
- Article reflects on Iran–India relations in the context of a shifting global order
- Notes the decline of Western dominance and a shift toward multipolarity
- India and Iran share values of spirituality, peace, and cultural resilience
- Highlights their historical struggles against domination
- Mentions India's anti-colonial resistance and Iran’s oil nationalization
- 2025-05-09 [International Relations] — India-Iran sign MoUs to boost cooperation
Indian External Affairs Minister Dr. S Jaishankar and Iranian Foreign Minister Dr. Abbas Araghchi co-chaired the 20th Meeting of the India-Iran Joint Commission, during which two MoUs were signed to enhance cooperation in customs and medical products regulation. The meeting took place during the 75th year of the India-Iran Friendship Treaty.More details
UPSC Angle: India-Iran Joint Commission meeting; MoUs signed to boost cooperation.
Key Facts:
- Two MoUs were exchanged between India and Iran.
- Implementation of the Bilateral Agreement on Customs Cooperation.
- On Medical Products Regulation.
- The 20th India-Iran Joint Commission meeting was held after 6 years.
- The 19th India-Iran Joint Commission meeting was held in Tehran, Iran, in 2019.
- Foreign Minister Dr Abbas Araghchi was in India to co-chair the 20th Joint Commission Meeting.
- This was Dr. Araghchi's first visit to India after becoming the Foreign Minister of Iran in August 2024.
- India and Iran are also observing the 75th year of signing the India-Iran Friendship Treaty.
India's Strategic Stance on West Asian Conflicts
Focus: India's evolving diplomatic balancing act regarding conflicts in West Asia (Israel-Palestine and Israel-Iran), consistently prioritizing de-escalation and a two-state solution.
UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing India's 'de-hyphenated' policy in the Middle East and its response to regional instability.
5 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-19 [International Relations] — India Abstains on Statement Criticizing Israel
India has stayed out of a statement criticizing Israel's actions. This relates to international relations and bilateral/regional groupings affecting India's interests.More details
UPSC Angle: India abstains on statement criticizing Israel.
Key Facts:
- A group of 85 countries has condemned Israel's actions
- Israel has announced more control on the Western Bank
- India stayed out of statement criticizing Israel's actions.
- 2025-08-14 [International Relations] — MEA Discusses India's Position on International Issues
During a weekly media briefing, the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) addressed several key issues, including India's stance on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, reaffirming the call for a ceasefire, hostage release, humanitarian aid for Gaza, and a two-state solution. The MEA also rejected the legality and competence of the so-called court of arbitration regarding the Indus Waters Treaty, which stands in obeyance due to Pakistan's support of cross-border terrorism.More details
UPSC Angle: MEA discusses India's position on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Key Facts:
- Ministry of External Affairs (MEA)
- Ceasefire in Israeli-Palestinian conflict
- Release of hostages
- Humanitarian aid to Gaza
- Two-state solution
- Indus Waters Treaty
- Pakistan's cross-border terrorism
- 2025-06-14 [International Relations] — India Abstains from UN General Assembly Resolution on Gaza Ceasefire
India abstained from a recent UN General Assembly resolution calling for a ceasefire in Gaza, marking the fourth such abstention in three years. India recognized Palestine in 1988 and is committed to supporting a Two-State solution.More details
UPSC Angle: India abstained from UNGA resolution on Gaza ceasefire.
Key Facts:
- India abstained from UN General Assembly resolution calling for a ceasefire in Gaza
- India recognized Palestine in 1988
- India supports a Two-State solution
- India abstained from UNGA resolution
- Resolution called for Gaza ceasefire
- 2025-06-13 [International Relations] — India's Position on Israel-Iran Developments
On June 13, 2025, India articulated its position on the recent developments between Israel and Iran, emphasizing the need for de-escalation through dialogue and diplomacy. The External Affairs Minister discussed the matter with his Iranian counterpart, conveying the international community's deep concern. India urged the avoidance of any escalatory steps and an early return to diplomacy.More details
UPSC Angle: India emphasized de-escalation through dialogue on Israel-Iran developments.
Key Facts:
- India articulated its position on recent developments between Israel and Iran on June 13, 2025.
- India urged the utilization of dialogue and diplomacy for de-escalation.
- The External Affairs Minister discussed the matter with his Iranian counterpart.
- 2025-05-06 [International Relations] — India's Stand on Gaza Crisis
India reiterated its support for a two-state solution amid the escalating Gaza conflict, balancing strategic interests with humanitarian concerns. India has historically supported Palestinian rights while maintaining strong ties with Israel. India called for restraint, dialogue, and humanitarian aid.More details
UPSC Angle: India supports a two-state solution amid Gaza conflict.
Key Facts:
- India supports a two-state solution in the Gaza conflict.
- India balances its moral stance and realpolitik in its approach to the crisis.
India's Bilateral Clean Energy Partnerships
Focus: Specific bilateral agreements between India and partner nations (Germany, Australia, Netherlands, Russia, Brazil) focused on renewable energy, green hydrogen, and technology transfer.
UPSC Value: Demonstrates India's multi-aligned strategy to secure technology and investment for its energy transition through diverse bilateral engagements.
5 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-06 [International Relations] — India, Netherlands Partner on Green Hydrogen Research
India and the Netherlands are strengthening cooperation in clean energy research with the launch of the India-Netherlands Hydrogen Fellowship Programme and an academic partnership between the University of Groningen and 19 Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). Facilitated by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), these initiatives aim to improve research capabilities, develop skilled talent, and support innovation in green hydrogen technologies, crucial for India's transition to cleaner energy. The Hydrogen Fellowship Programme is open to doctoral, postdoctoral, and faculty applicants from Indian institutions.More details
UPSC Angle: India, Netherlands partner on green hydrogen research.
Key Facts:
- India-Netherlands Hydrogen Fellowship Programme launched
- Academic partnership between the University of Groningen and 19 Indian IITs signed
- Initiatives facilitated by the Department of Science and Technology (DST)
- The fellowship is intended for capacity-building for eligible Indian doctoral candidates, postdoctoral researchers, and faculty
- 2025-10-15 [International Relations] — India, Australia to boost clean energy partnership
Australia's Climate and Energy Minister Chris Bowen is visiting Delhi to meet India's New and Renewable Energy Minister Pralhad Joshi to expand renewable energy and reduce dependence on China for critical materials, focusing on joint clean energy projects, mineral cooperation and capacity building.More details
UPSC Angle: India, Australia to boost clean energy partnership.
Key Facts:
- India
- Australia
- Renewable Energy Partnership (REP)
- Chris Bowen
- Pralhad Joshi
- 500 GW non-fossil electricity capacity by 2030
- 280 GW from solar power
- 62%-70% cut in emissions by 2030 (Australia)
- 2025-06-19 [International Relations] — India's Energy Partnerships with Russia
India has established energy partnerships with Russia, including long-term oil and LNG supply at preferential terms, joint investment in refining and petrochemical infrastructure, and collaboration on renewable energy and nuclear technology. These partnerships aim to reduce India's dependence on West Asian oil, strengthen energy security under India's Energy Transition Mission, and deepen bilateral ties amid global geopolitical shifts.More details
UPSC Angle: India's Energy Partnerships with Russia.
Key Facts:
- Long-term oil and LNG supply at preferential terms.
- Joint investment in refining and petrochemical infrastructure.
- Collaboration on renewable energy and nuclear technology.
- Reduces India's dependence on West Asian oil.
- Strengthens energy security under India's Energy Transition Mission.
- 2025-04-21 [International Relations] — India & Germany Partner on Green Hydrogen & Renewable Energy
India and Germany signed a strategic partnership agreement focused on green hydrogen and renewable energy development. This collaboration aims to combat climate change and enhance clean energy cooperation.More details
UPSC Angle: India & Germany partner on green hydrogen & renewable energy.
Key Facts:
- India
- Germany
- Strategic partnership agreement
- Green hydrogen
- Renewable energy development
- 2025-04-20 [International Relations] — India, Brazil Sign Trade Agreement
India and Brazil have formalized a new trade agreement with the goal of enhancing collaboration in renewable energy technologies, with special attention to solar and biofuels with the goal of supporting clean energy transitions.More details
UPSC Angle: India and Brazil sign trade agreement focusing on renewable energy.
Key Facts:
- Signed on April 20, 2025
- Aims to strengthen cooperation in renewable energy technologies
- Focus on solar and biofuels
- Promotes clean energy transitions
- Parties: India and Brazil
- Objective: Strengthening cooperation in renewable energy technologies
- Focus: Solar and biofuels
- Goal: To promote clean energy transitions
US-India Diplomatic Friction over Russian Energy and Trade
Focus: Diplomatic and economic conflict arising from India's refusal to halt Russian oil imports, involving US tariff threats, UNGA accusations, and India's rebuttals regarding Western hypocrisy.
UPSC Value: Illustrates the challenges of maintaining 'Strategic Autonomy' in foreign policy and the use of economic statecraft (tariffs and visa policy) as leverage in bilateral relations.
5 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-24 [International Relations] — India slams Western 'hypocrisy' over Russian Oil imports, Trump's Visa row
India's Ministry of External Affairs criticized Western nations for pressuring India to cut Russian oil imports while continuing energy trade with Moscow. The statement also addressed Donald Trump's H-1B visa controversies, emphasizing India's commitment to protecting Indian professionals abroad.More details
UPSC Angle: India criticizes Western 'hypocrisy' over Russian oil imports and Trump's visa row.
Key Facts:
- India called out the “hypocrisy” of nations that continue energy trade with Moscow while demanding New Delhi end purchases.
- 2025-09-26 [International Relations] — India Slams Western 'Hypocrisy' on Russian Oil Imports
India's Ministry of External Affairs criticized Western nations for their 'hypocrisy' in pressuring India to cut Russian oil imports while continuing their own energy trade with Moscow. The statement also addressed Donald Trump's H-1B visa controversies, reaffirming India's commitment to protecting Indian professionals abroad.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- MEA: Ministry of External Affairs
- Russian oil imports: Subject of controversy
- Donald Trump: Name associated with H-1B visa controversies
- H-1B visas: Issue concerning Indian professionals
- 2025-09-24 [International Relations] — Trump Accuses India and China of Funding Russian War at UNGA
At the UN General Assembly, US President Donald Trump accused India and China of being the "primary funders" of the Russian war in Ukraine. Trump also repeated his claim that he stopped the India-Pakistan conflict in May and threatened to impose tariffs to stop the purchase of Russian oil, urging European countries to join the effort.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Donald Trump accused India and China of being "primary funders" of the Russian war in Ukraine.
- Trump claimed he stopped the India-Pakistan conflict in May.
- Trump threatened tariffs to end Russian oil purchases.
- 2025-09-13 [International Relations] — US appeal to EU for tariffs over Russian oil amid turnaround of ties with India
The US is appealing to the EU for tariffs over Russian oil amid a turnaround of ties with India.More details
UPSC Angle: US appeal to EU for tariffs over Russian oil.
- 2025-08-30 [International Relations] — India-US Trade Dynamics
Amidst strained relations with the U.S. due to tariff policies and accusations over India's Russian oil sales, India is re-evaluating its trade strategies. Former RBI Governor Raghuram Rajan suggests that the tariffs imposed by the U.S. are a display of power politics rather than a matter of fairness.More details
UPSC Angle: India re-evaluating trade strategies amidst strained relations with the U.S.
Key Facts:
- US imposed tariffs on India due to Russian oil sales
- India expected around 20% tariffs
- India-EU FTA and India-US trade deal may favor more labour-intensive exports from India
- India-EU FTA and India-US trade deal may boost foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows
Asian Cross-Border Power Grid Integration
Focus: A collection of initiatives and agreements aimed at connecting electricity grids and enhancing power trade between Asian nations (ASEAN, India-Nepal, India-Bangladesh, Bhutan-India).
UPSC Value: Highlights the growing trend of 'energy diplomacy' and regional infrastructure connectivity, which is critical for energy security and the 'One Sun One World One Grid' vision.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-04 [International Relations] — ASEAN Power Grid Integration
ASEAN is advancing power grid integration under the Philippines' 2026 ASEAN Chairmanship, with a focus on strengthening regional connectivity through multilateral power trade, renewable energy integration, and increased energy sector investment. The Enhanced ASEAN Power Grid (APG) Memorandum of Understanding, signed in October 2025, aims to achieve these goals. The Philippines will develop operational guidelines for the Submarine Power Cable Framework.More details
UPSC Angle: ASEAN advancing power grid integration under Philippines' Chairmanship.
Key Facts:
- Philippines ASEAN Chairmanship in 2026
- Focus on Enhanced ASEAN Power Grid (APG) implementation
- APG aims to strengthen regional connectivity through multilateral power trade and renewable energy integration
- Philippines to develop operational guidelines for Submarine Power Cable Framework
- 2025-10-31 [International Relations] — India and Nepal Sign Agreements for Cross-Border Energy Transmission
India and Nepal signed agreements to develop two new high-voltage cross-border power transmission lines to enhance electricity trade and regional energy cooperation. The projects involve the construction of the Inaruwa (Nepal)-New Purnea (India) 400 kV Double Circuit Transmission Link, covering approximately 26 km in Nepal and 109 km in India, and the Lamki (Dodo Dhara) (Nepal)-Bareilly (India) 400 kV Double Circuit Cross-Border Transmission Systems, extending about 33 km in Nepal and 185 km in India.More details
UPSC Angle: India and Nepal sign agreements for cross-border energy transmission lines.
Key Facts:
- Inaruwa (Nepal)-New Purnea (India) Transmission Link: 400 kV Double Circuit, approximately 26 km in Nepal and 109 km in India
- Lamki (Dodo Dhara) (Nepal)-Bareilly (India) Transmission Systems: 400 kV Double Circuit, about 33 km in Nepal and 185 km in India
- Project completion target: 2030
- Financing model: 80% debt and 20% equity
- Joint Venture entities: One in India and one in Nepal, between NEA and POWERGRID
- 2025-10-19 [Economy] — Godda Thermal Power Plant Connection to Indian Grid Approved
The Ministry of Power has approved Adani Power Limited (APL) to connect its Godda Ultra Super Critical Thermal Power Plant in Jharkhand to the Indian power grid. The plant, declared an SEZ in March 2019, has been supplying electricity exclusively to Bangladesh under a bilateral power purchase agreement.More details
UPSC Angle: Godda Thermal Power Plant connection to Indian grid approved.
Key Facts:
- Ministry of Power approved Adani Power Limited (APL) to connect its Godda Ultra Super Critical Thermal Power Plant to the Indian power grid
- Godda plant declared an SEZ in March 2019
- Plant has been supplying electricity exclusively to Bangladesh under a bilateral power purchase agreement
- Plant will be linked to India's Inter-State Transmission System (ISTS) through a Line-In Line-Out (LILO) connection of the Kahalgaon A-Maithon B 400 kV line
- The Power Ministry invoked Section 164 of the Electricity Act, 2003, granting APL the same rights as a telegraph authority under the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, for laying overhead lines
- 2025-05-11 [International Relations] — Bhutan signs MoU with Adani for 5,000 MW hydropower
Adani Group and Bhutan's Druk Green Power Corporation (DGPC) have signed an MoU to jointly develop 5,000 MW of hydropower projects in Bhutan. The MoU was signed in Thimphu in the presence of Bhutanese Prime Minister Dasho Tshering Tobgay.More details
UPSC Angle: Bhutan signs MoU with Adani for 5,000 MW hydropower.
Key Facts:
- Parties Involved: Adani Group and Bhutan's Druk Green Power Corporation (DGPC)
- Purpose: Develop 5,000 MW of hydropower projects in Bhutan
- Current Partnership: Wangchhu Hydropower Project (570/900 MW), with DGPC holding 51% stake and Adani holding 49% stake
India's Strategic Interests in West Asia
Focus: India's diplomatic, trade, and infrastructure engagements in the Gulf region amidst rising instability.
UPSC Value: Highlights India's balancing act between strategic partners (Oman) and difficult assets (Chabahar) during conflict.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-12-16 [International Relations] — India-Oman Bilateral Relations
India–Oman trade reached USD 10.613 billion in FY 2024–25. Oman is India's third-largest export destination among GCC countries. Oman has allowed overflight and transit facilities for Indian military aircraft and was the first Gulf country to purchase India's INSAS assault rifle in 2010.More details
UPSC Angle: India-Oman trade at $10.613B; Oman allows Indian military overflight.
Key Facts:
- India–Oman trade reached USD 10.613 billion in FY 2024–25
- Oman is India's third-largest export destination among GCC countries
- Oman has allowed overflight and transit facilities for Indian military aircraft
- Oman became the first Gulf country to purchase India's INSAS assault rifle in 2010
- An MoU on Defence Cooperation (2018) provides the basis for military engagement
- 2025-08-10 [International Relations] — India, Oman to Finalize Free Trade Agreement Amid US Tariffs
India and Oman are nearing the finalization of a Free Trade Agreement (FTA), officially termed a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), with the agreement document currently being translated into Arabic. Bilateral trade between the two countries currently stands at $10 billion.More details
UPSC Angle: India and Oman to finalize Free Trade Agreement (CEPA).
Key Facts:
- India and Oman are about to finalize a Free Trade Agreement (FTA).
- The agreement is officially termed a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA).
- The agreement document is being translated into Arabic.
- Bilateral trade between India and Oman is currently $10 billion.
- Negotiations between India and Oman commenced in November 2023.
- America imposed a 50% tariff on India, with a 25% tariff effective from August 7, and an additional 25% tariff effective from August 27.
- 2025-06-23 [International Relations] — Egyptian Foreign Minister Postpones India Visit Amidst Regional Tensions
The Foreign Minister of Egypt, Badr Abdelatty, postponed his visit to India, which was scheduled for June 23, 2025, due to the ongoing Israel-Iran conflict. The Ministry of External Affairs had announced the visit on June 21, 2025, but sources indicated on June 22, 2025, that it would not proceed this week due to regional tensions.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Egyptian Foreign Minister: Badr Abdelatty
- Visit postponed from: June 23, 2025
- Reason: Israel-Iran conflict
- Visit announced: June 21, 2025
- Announcement by: Ministry of External Affairs
- 2025-04-26 [International Relations] — Chabahar Port Operations Face Uncertainty
Despite Iran's openness to collaboration, India's involvement in the Chabahar port faces uncertainty after its allocation was cut to zero in the Budget for 2026–27. A six-month exemption from US sanctions is valid until April 26, 2026.More details
UPSC Angle: Chabahar Port operations face uncertainty due to budget cuts.
Key Facts:
- Port: Chabahar Port (Shahid Beheshti terminal)
- Budget allocation for 2026-27: â‚ą0 crore
- US sanctions exemption: Valid until April 26, 2026
- India's investment: $120 million
- Agreement signed in May 2024 with Ports and Maritime Organisation of Iran
India-Russia Strategic and Economic Recalibration
Focus: Contemporary developments in India-Russia relations, encompassing institutional frameworks, economic friction points like sanctions, and new sectoral cooperation in labor and trade.
UPSC Value: Analyzes the resilience and expansion of India's strategic autonomy through its 'Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership' with Russia despite global geopolitical pressure.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-12-11 [International Relations] — India-Russia Labour Mobility Arrangement
Russia announced plans to operationalise a labour mobility arrangement with India as part of its economic recalibration under sanctions, with expectations of approximately 40,000 Indian workers entering Russia in the first phase to address labour shortages in various sectors.More details
UPSC Angle: India-Russia labour mobility arrangement to bring 40,000 Indian workers.
Key Facts:
- Russia announced plans to operationalise a labour mobility arrangement with India in December 2025.
- Approximately 40,000 Indian workers are expected to enter Russia in the first phase.
- The arrangement aims to address labour shortages in construction, manufacturing, infrastructure, and service sectors.
- 2025-12-06 [International Relations] — Agreements exchanged between India and Russia
Sixteen agreements have been exchanged between India and Russia across defence, trade, economy, healthcare, academics, culture and media.More details
UPSC Angle: Sixteen agreements exchanged between India and Russia.
Key Facts:
- Number of Agreements: 16
- Sectors: defence, trade, economy, healthcare, academics, culture and media
- 2025-10-04 [International Relations] — India-Russia Strategic Partnership
Russia and India have significantly advanced their 25-year strategic partnership. In 2000, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee signed the declaration on strategic partnership. In December 2010, the Strategic Partnership was upgraded to a “Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership”.More details
UPSC Angle: Russia and India have significantly advanced their strategic partnership.
Key Facts:
- Strategic partnership declaration signed in 2000 by Vladimir Putin and Atal Bihari Vajpayee
- Strategic Partnership upgraded in December 2010 to a “Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership”
- 2025-09-23 [International Relations] — India-Russia Economic Ties
Indian Oil dividends are stuck in Russia due to geopolitical tensions, specifically the war in Ukraine and the resulting sanctions. Resolution of this issue is tied to the end of the war, which is impacting India's economic interests.More details
UPSC Angle: Indian Oil dividends stuck in Russia due to geopolitical tensions.
Key Facts:
- Indian Oil dividends stuck in Russia
- Issue linked to Ukraine war and sanctions
- Impact on India's economic interests
Deepening US-India Energy Trade
Focus: Milestones and data points tracking the increasing volume of oil and LPG imports from the United States.
UPSC Value: Illustrates the diversification of India's energy basket towards the West.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-11-27 [Economy] — India's Crude Oil Imports
In financial year 2025, India imported the most crude oil from America along with Arabian countries, leading to dependence on these regions. The analysis highlights the need for domestic companies to become more competitive.More details
UPSC Angle: India's crude oil imports dependence on America and Arabian countries.
Key Facts:
- In FY25, India's largest crude oil imports were from America and Arabian countries.
- This has led to dependence on these countries.
- The analysis suggests domestic companies need to be less 'humble.'
- 2025-11-18 [Economy] — India Finalizes LPG Import Deal with US
India has finalized its first structured LPG import deal with the US, sourcing 2.2 MTPA, about 10% of annual LPG imports, for 2026. The one-year structured contract involves Indian PSU refiners importing LPG from the US Gulf Coast and is aimed at diversifying India's LPG supply base.More details
UPSC Angle: India finalizes LPG import deal with US, sourcing 2.2 MTPA.
Key Facts:
- India will import 2.2 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) of LPG from the US Gulf Coast in 2026.
- The deal accounts for about 10% of India's annual LPG imports.
- The agreement is a one-year structured contract.
- Indian PSU refiners IOC, BPCL, and HPCL are involved in the deal.
- The deal marks diversification away from traditional West Asian suppliers like Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, and Kuwait.
- 2025-05-22 [Economy] — United States Becomes India's 4th Largest Crude Oil Supplier
In April 2025, the United States became India's 4th largest crude oil supplier, surpassing the UAE, with US crude imports doubling to 0.33 mbd, capturing 7.3% of India's total oil imports. Russia remains the top supplier, followed by Iraq and Saudi Arabia, with India aiming to expand US oil imports, potentially increasing purchases to $25 billion.More details
UPSC Angle: US became India's 4th largest crude oil supplier in April 2025.
Key Facts:
- US rank: 4th largest crude oil supplier to India
- Month: April 2025
- US crude imports: 0.33 mbd
- Share of India's total oil imports: 7.3%
- Top supplier: Russia
- Targeted US oil imports: $25 billion
- 2025-03-09 [International Relations] — India's Commitment to Increasing U.S. Oil Purchases
India has pledged to increase its purchases of oil from the U.S.More details
UPSC Angle: India has pledged to increase its purchases of oil from the U.S.
Key Facts:
- Increased oil purchase
- United States
Diversification of Indian Exports and Trade Relations with GCC Nations
Focus: Expansion of India's export basket to Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, ranging from first-time horticultural consignments to industrial engineering and strategic trade dialogues.
UPSC Value: Illustrates India's 'Look West' policy and the shift toward high-value agricultural and engineering exports in bilateral trade with the Middle East.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-11-04 [International Relations] — India & Bahrain Discuss Defence & Trade
External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar met Bahrain's Foreign Minister to discuss cooperation in defence and security. Bilateral trade between India and Bahrain is USD 1.64 billion (FY 2024–25), with India being among Bahrain's top five trading partners. Two-way investments between the countries have increased 40% since 2019, totaling $1.56 billion.More details
UPSC Angle: India & Bahrain discuss cooperation in defence and security.
Key Facts:
- Bilateral trade: USD 1.64 billion (FY 2024–25)
- India among Bahrain's top five trading partners
- Two-way investments increased 40% since 2019
- Total two-way investments: $1.56 billion
- 2025-08-18 [Agriculture] — Halman Apricots Exported to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Qatar
For the first time, a consignment of 1.5 metric tonnes of Halman apricots has been sent to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Qatar.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- 1.5 metric tonnes of Halman apricots
- Exported to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Qatar
- 2025-06-28 [Agriculture] — PIB Summary: Rose-Scented Litchi Export to Qatar
The first consignment of rose-scented litchi from Pathankot, Punjab, was flagged off for export to Qatar and UAE (Dubai). This was facilitated by APEDA under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry. Punjab contributed 12.39% of India's litchi production in FY 2023–24.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- First consignment of rose-scented litchi from Pathankot, Punjab, flagged off to Qatar and UAE (Dubai).
- Facilitated by APEDA under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry.
- Punjab contributed 12.39% of India's litchi production in FY 2023–24.
- 2025-03-18 [Economy] — India Now Exporting Railway Equipment to Europe, Australia, Saudi Arabia
India is now exporting railway equipment to Europe, Australia, and Saudi Arabia, according to a statement by Railway Minister Vaishnaw. Railway accidents in India have decreased by 90% since 2005-2006.More details
UPSC Angle: India now exporting railway equipment to Europe, Australia, Saudi Arabia.
Key Facts:
- India is exporting railway equipment to Europe, Australia and Saudi Arabia.
- Railway accidents are down 90 per cent since 2005-2006.
Strategic Push for Eurasian and Middle Eastern Trade Pacts
Focus: Reports tracking the specific negotiation pipeline with the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and Middle Eastern partners (GCC, Israel) distinct from Western deals.
UPSC Value: Highlights India's diversification strategy into non-traditional markets like Eurasia and the Gulf to secure supply chains.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-05 [International Relations] — India Actively Negotiating FTAs
India is actively participating in regional and plurilateral platforms, including the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF), to support diversified and sustainable supply chains. India is negotiating trade agreements with Australia, Chile, Peru, the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and Sri Lanka, and is reviewing existing agreements with ASEAN and South Korea. New Delhi has also signed terms of reference (ToR) to enter trade pact negotiations with Israel, the Maldives, the Philippines and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).More details
UPSC Angle: India actively negotiating FTAs, including IPEF.
Key Facts:
- India is actively participating in the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF).
- India is negotiating trade agreements with Australia, Chile, Peru, the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and Sri Lanka.
- India is reviewing existing agreements with ASEAN and South Korea.
- New Delhi has also signed terms of reference (ToR) to enter trade pact negotiations with Israel, the Maldives, the Philippines and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).
- 2026-01-06 [International Relations] — India actively pursuing new Free Trade Agreements
India is actively engaged in negotiating trade agreements with Australia, Chile, Peru, the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), and Sri Lanka, while also reviewing existing agreements with ASEAN and South Korea. New Delhi has also formalized terms of reference for initiating trade pact negotiations with Israel, the Maldives, the Philippines, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).More details
UPSC Angle: India actively pursuing new Free Trade Agreements.
Key Facts:
- Negotiating FTAs with: Australia, Chile, Peru, Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), Sri Lanka
- Reviewing agreements with: ASEAN, South Korea
- Terms of reference signed with: Israel, Maldives, Philippines, Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
- Actively participating in: Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF)
- 2025-09-26 [International Relations] — India & Russia Explore BRICS Grain Exchange
India and Russia are exploring a BRICS grain exchange plan to strengthen agricultural trade cooperation. Discussions occurred between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Patrushev in New Delhi. They also discussed the ongoing Free Trade Agreement between India and the Eurasian Economic Union.More details
UPSC Angle: India & Russia explore BRICS grain exchange.
Key Facts:
- BRICS grain exchange plan to boost trade in food, fertilizers, and processing
- Discussions included India-Eurasian Economic Union Free Trade Agreement
- Bilateral trade saw record levels in 2024
Strategic and Diplomatic Management of Chabahar Port
Focus: Developments concerning India's financial investment, strategic risks, and the diplomatic status of US sanctions waivers specifically for the Chabahar Port project.
UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding India's regional connectivity strategy, the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), and the complexities of maintaining strategic autonomy under the shadow of US secondary sanctions.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-28 [International Relations] — India's Stance on Chabahar Port
The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) confirmed that the US sanctions waiver for the Chabahar port is valid until April 26, 2026, and that discussions with the US are ongoing. The US Department of the Treasury issued a letter outlining guidance on the conditional sanctions waiver on October 28, 2025.More details
UPSC Angle: US sanctions waiver for Chabahar port valid until April 2026.
Key Facts:
- US sanctions waiver for Chabahar port valid until April 26, 2026
- US Department of the Treasury issued guidance on October 28, 2025
- MEA remains engaged with the US side
- 2025-09-20 [International Relations] — Chabahar Port's Strategic Impact
Revoking Chabahar's exemptions may weaken India's regional position, limiting its ability to balance Gwadar port, integrate into the INSTC, and maintain influence in Afghanistan and Central Asia. Indian exports to Iran and Afghanistan, including textiles, engineering goods, pharmaceuticals, and food products, could be disrupted, risking investments and commitments.More details
UPSC Angle: Chabahar's exemption revocation may weaken India's regional position.
Key Facts:
- Chabahar exemptions revocation may weaken India's regional position
- Limits ability to balance Gwadar port
- Limits integration into the INSTC
- Risks $120 million investment
- Risks $250 million in commitments
- May disrupt exports to Iran and Afghanistan
- 2025-08-26 [International Relations] — India's commitment to Chabahar port
India has fulfilled its commitment of contributing $120 million for procuring port equipment in keeping with the terms of the 10-year agreement signed in May 2024 for equipping and operating Shahid Beheshti terminal. The last tranche of the $120 million was transferred on August 26, 2025.More details
UPSC Angle: India fulfilled $120M commitment to Chabahar port equipment.
Key Facts:
- India has fulfilled its $120 million commitment for the Chabahar port project
- The last tranche of the committed amount was transferred on August 26, 2025
- India's commitment: $120 million for Chabahar port equipment
- Agreement signed in May 2024
- For Shahid Beheshti terminal
- Last tranche transferred on August 26, 2025
US-India High-Level Energy & Defense Dialogue
Focus: A series of bilateral meetings between US and Indian officials focusing on energy, defense, and technology cooperation, distinct from the friction over Russian oil.
UPSC Value: Highlights the 'de-hyphenated' nature of diplomacy where functional cooperation continues despite geopolitical disagreements.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-15 [International Relations] — India and US discuss Trade and Security
External Affairs Minister (EAM) had a conversation with the US Secretary of State on 13th of January. They discussed a range of bilateral issues including trade, critical minerals, defense, civil nuclear cooperation and energy.More details
UPSC Angle: India and US discuss Trade and Security.
Key Facts:
- The conversation happened on 13th of January
- The two leaders discussed a range of bilateral issues including trade, critical minerals, defense, civil nuclear cooperation and energy
- They also exchanged perspectives on regional developments
- 2025-12-10 [International Relations] — US official meets India to discuss trade, defense, and energy
A top US official met with Indian counterparts to discuss trade, defense, and energy issues. This meeting underscores the importance of the India-US strategic partnership, especially in defense cooperation and clean energy.More details
UPSC Angle: US official meets India to discuss trade, defense, and energy.
Key Facts:
- India-US
- strategic partnership
- defense cooperation
- trade issues
- clean energy
- 2025-05-08 [International Relations] — India-USA Energy Cooperation
U.S. Vice-President J.D. Vance recently reaffirmed cooperation with India on energy and defence, while India highlighted energy security, technology transfer, and critical minerals as key bilateral focus areas. Strategic Clean Energy Partnership (SCEP) covers biofuels, solar, hydrogen, and energy efficiency. The U.S.-India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET) focuses on clean tech, AI, quantum, and SMRs (Small Modular Reactors).More details
UPSC Angle: India-USA energy cooperation: energy security, tech transfer, minerals.
Key Facts:
- Strategic Clean Energy Partnership (SCEP): Covers biofuels, solar, hydrogen, and energy efficiency.
- U.S.-India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET): Focuses on clean tech, AI, quantum, and SMRs (Small Modular Reactors).
- U.S. committed to deeper energy and defense cooperation with India
- Focus on nuclear energy and critical minerals
- India-U.S. MoU (2024) signed to diversify supply chains for critical minerals
India-Bhutan Hydropower Joint Ventures
Focus: A series of agreements and inaugurations strengthening India-Bhutan energy ties, featuring participation from both Indian PSUs and private conglomerates (Tata, Adani).
UPSC Value: Demonstrates the evolution of India's 'Neighbourhood First' policy through cross-border energy infrastructure and the entry of private Indian players into Bhutan's power sector.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-07 [International Relations] — Adani Group Launches Hydro Electricity Project in Bhutan
Adani Group has launched the 570 MW Wangchhu Hydro Electricity Project in Bhutan under a 5,000 MW MoU with DGPC.More details
UPSC Angle: Adani Group launches Wangchhu Hydro Electricity Project in Bhutan.
Key Facts:
- 570 MW Wangchhu Hydro Electricity Project
- In Bhutan
- Under 5,000 MW MoU with DGPC
- 2025-11-25 [International Relations] — India-Bhutan Joint Project: Dorjilung Hydroelectric Power Project
Bhutan's Druk Green Power Corporation (DGPC) has signed an MoU with Tata Power Company Limited for the joint development of the 1125 MW Dorjilung Hydroelectric Power Project. The Project will be implemented through a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), with DGPC and Tata Power holding equity shares of 60% and 40%, respectively.More details
UPSC Angle: India-Bhutan joint project: Dorjilung Hydroelectric Power Project.
Key Facts:
- Dorjilung Hydroelectric Power Project: 1125 MW run-of-river project in Bhutan
- Location: Lhuentse and Mongar Districts of Bhutan
- Kurichhu River: Tributary of the Drangmechhu
- Druk Green Power Corporation (DGPC): Bhutan's company, 60% equity
- Tata Power Company Limited: India's company, 40% equity
- Commissioning: Expected by early 2032
- Financed by: World Bank
- 2025-11-12 [International Relations] — India-Bhutan Hydroelectric Cooperation
Prime Minister Modi's visit to Bhutan has strengthened bilateral ties with the inauguration of the 1020 MW Punatsangchhu-II Hydroelectric Project and the resumption of the 1200 MW Punatsangchhu-I Project. A â‚ą4,000 crore Line of Credit was also extended, reinforcing India's "Neighbourhood First" policy. These projects enhance regional energy integration and cooperation.More details
UPSC Angle: India-Bhutan strengthen ties with hydroelectric project inauguration.
Key Facts:
- 1020 MW Punatsangchhu-II Hydroelectric Project inaugurated
- 1200 MW Punatsangchhu-I Project work to restart
- â‚ą4,000 crore Line of Credit extended by India to Bhutan
- MoUs signed for cooperation in renewable energy, health, and mental health
- MNRE (India) and Bhutan's Energy Ministry to jointly work on solar, wind, biomass, energy storage, and green hydrogen
- PEMA Secretariat, Bhutan and NIMHANS, India to develop local mental health training and research programs
Cross-Border Trade and Transit Diplomacy
Focus: Diplomatic negotiations and treaty amendments aimed at facilitating trade routes and transit frameworks with neighboring countries (Nepal and China).
UPSC Value: Examines the diplomatic and legal frameworks governing trade connectivity with neighboring states under India's 'Neighbourhood First' policy.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-11-14 [International Relations] — India and Nepal amend Treaty of Transit to improve trade connectivity
India and Nepal have amended the Treaty of Transit to facilitate rail-based freight movement between Jogbani (India) and Biratnagar (Nepal). The amendment liberalizes transit corridors, including Kolkata-Jogbani, Kolkata-Nautanwa (Sunauli), and Visakhapatnam-Nautanwa (Sunauli). The aim is to strengthen multimodal trade connectivity and Nepal's trade with third countries.More details
UPSC Angle: India and Nepal amended Treaty of Transit to improve trade connectivity.
Key Facts:
- Treaty of Transit amended between India and Nepal
- Facilitates rail-based freight between Jogbani (India) and Biratnagar (Nepal)
- Liberalisation extends to Kolkata-Jogbani, Kolkata-Nautanwa (Sunauli), and Visakhapatnam-Nautanwa (Sunauli) corridors
- India and Nepal amended the Treaty of Transit.
- Facilitates rail-based freight movement between Jogbani (India) and Biratnagar (Nepal).
- Liberalizes transit corridors: Kolkata-Jogbani, Kolkata-Nautanwa (Sunauli), Visakhapatnam-Nautanwa (Sunauli).
- 2025-10-27 [International Relations] — India-Nepal Economic Partnership
Challenges in India–Nepal economic partnership post-trade bottlenecks and border sensitivities are being evaluated, linking to Neighbourhood First and BBIN connectivity framework.More details
UPSC Angle: India-Nepal economic partnership challenges are being evaluated.
Key Facts:
- Challenges exist in India-Nepal economic partnership due to trade bottlenecks and border sensitivities.
- The partnership is linked to India's Neighbourhood First policy and the BBIN connectivity framework.
- 2025-08-14 [International Relations] — India, China Resume Border Trade Talks
India and China are in discussions to restart border trade through designated passes. The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) confirmed that both countries are working to facilitate trade through Lipulekh Pass in Uttarakhand, Shipki La Pass in Himachal Pradesh, and Nathu La Pass in Sikkim.More details
UPSC Angle: India and China resume border trade talks.
Key Facts:
- Ministry of External Affairs (MEA)
- Lipulekh Pass (Uttarakhand)
- Shipki La Pass (Himachal Pradesh)
- Nathu La Pass (Sikkim)
Central Asia's Strategic Diversification and Regional Integration
Focus: Items focusing on Central Asian nations expanding their diplomatic, security, and trade partnerships with external powers like India, Israel, and the U.S. to diversify regional dependencies.
UPSC Value: Crucial for analyzing India's 'Connect Central Asia' policy and the shifting geopolitical landscape of Eurasia as states move beyond traditional spheres of influence.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-11-08 [International Relations] — Kazakhstan Joins Abraham Accords
Kazakhstan has joined the Abraham Accords, a U.S.-brokered framework that normalised ties with Israel. Kazakhstan is the first post-Soviet state to join, with the goal being practical cooperation in diplomacy, trade, technology, and security, extending the Accords' reach from West Asia into Central Asia.More details
UPSC Angle: Kazakhstan joins Abraham Accords, normalising ties with Israel.
Key Facts:
- Kazakhstan joined Abraham Accords
- U.S.-brokered framework
- Normalised ties with Israel
- First post-Soviet state to join
- Goal: cooperation in diplomacy, trade, technology, and security
- 2025-06-07 [International Relations] — Central Asian Countries Support India in Fighting Terrorism
Foreign Ministers of Central Asian countries condemned the terrorist attack in Pahalgam and expressed their commitment to fighting terrorism. They emphasized the need to bring sponsors of terror to justice, reinforcing regional cooperation against terrorism. This united stance strengthens India's position in combating terrorism.More details
UPSC Angle: Central Asian countries support India in fighting terrorism.
Key Facts:
- Central Asian countries condemned the Pahalgam terrorist attack.
- 2025-06-02 [International Relations] — Chabahar Port's Strategic Importance
Chabahar Port is India's gateway to Central Asia, bypassing Pakistan, which reduces dependency on traditional routes and enhances trade connectivity. U.S. sanctions on Iran pose a serious risk and possible diplomatic backlash from the West; may affect India-U.S. ties.More details
UPSC Angle: Chabahar Port is India's gateway to Central Asia.
Key Facts:
- Chabahar Port: India's gateway to Central Asia
- Bypasses Pakistan, reducing dependency on traditional routes
- U.S. sanctions on Iran pose a serious risk
- Helps counter China's influence via Gwadar in Pakistan
Russian Oil Import Volume Tracking
Focus: Statistical reports documenting the volume and share of Russian crude in India's imports prior to the shift.
UPSC Value: Provides the quantitative baseline for understanding India's dependence on Russian energy.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-10-17 [Economy] — India's Russian Oil Imports Surge
India's crude oil imports from Russia surged in September 2025, with vessel-tracking data showing about 1.73 million barrels per day (bpd) in the first 16 days of the month.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Russian crude oil imports
- September 2025
- 1.73 million barrels per day (bpd)
- 2025-08-15 [Economy] — India's Oil Imports from Russia Rise
India's purchase of Russian oil has increased to 2 million barrels per day (bpd) in August, with about 38% of crude oil imports coming from Russia. This prioritization is due to economic considerations in sourcing decisions.More details
UPSC Angle: India's oil imports from Russia rise to 2 million bpd.
Key Facts:
- Russian oil imports: 2 million barrels per day (bpd)
- 38% of crude oil imports from Russia
- August 2025
- 2025-07-17 [Economy] — India's Crude Oil Imports from Russia
In the financial year 2024-25, India's oil imports from Russia were 87.4 million tonnes, accounting for almost 36% of India's total oil imports of 244 million tonnes. Before the war in Ukraine, Russia's share in India's oil import basket was less than 2%.More details
UPSC Angle: India's oil imports from Russia accounted for 36% of total imports.
Key Facts:
- Oil imports from Russia: 87.4 million tonnes (FY 2024-25)
- Share of India's total oil imports: 36%
- Total oil imports: 244 million tonnes
- Pre-Ukraine war share: Less than 2%
India's Himalayan Neighborhood Cooperation
Focus: Bilateral agreements between India and its Himalayan neighbors (Nepal and Bhutan) focusing on sectoral cooperation in judiciary and agriculture.
UPSC Value: Illustrates India's 'Neighborhood First' policy in action through specific functional linkages rather than just high-level diplomacy.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-08-29 [International Relations] — India and Bhutan Sign MoU on Agriculture Cooperation
India and Bhutan signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Technical Cooperation in Agriculture and Allied Sectors. The MoU establishes cooperation in agricultural research & innovation, livestock health & production, post-harvest management, and value chain development, emphasizing knowledge exchange.More details
UPSC Angle: India and Bhutan sign MoU on Agriculture Cooperation.
Key Facts:
- MoU on Technical Cooperation in Agriculture and Allied Sectors signed between India and Bhutan
- Collaboration framework includes agricultural research & innovation, livestock health & production, post-harvest management, and value chain development
- Emphasizes sharing of knowledge, skills, and expertise
- Joint focus on food security, sustainable farming, and rural prosperity
- First Joint Technical Working Group (JTWG) meeting convened to identify priority areas for immediate action
- Discussion areas: Agriculture, livestock, agricultural marketing and cooperatives, food processing, seed sector, research and technology collaboration, and capacity building
- 2025-04-11 [International Relations] — India and Nepal sign MoU on agricultural cooperation
India and Nepal signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on cooperation in the field of agriculture.More details
UPSC Angle: India and Nepal sign MoU on agricultural cooperation.
Key Facts:
- Parties: India and Nepal
- Subject: Cooperation in agriculture
- 2025-04-08 [International Relations] — Supreme Courts of India and Nepal Sign MoU
The Supreme Courts of India and Nepal have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to enhance cooperation and knowledge sharing between the two judicial systems.More details
UPSC Angle: Supreme Courts of India and Nepal sign MoU for cooperation.
Key Facts:
- The Supreme Court of Nepal and the Supreme Court of India signed a Memorandum of Understanding in the field of Judicial Cooperation.
- Supreme Courts of India and Nepal
- MoU
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