Substantive Equality & Transformative Jurisprudence: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy
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The Big Picture
The Indian constitutional landscape has undergone a tectonic shift from 'Formal Equality' (treating everyone the same) to 'Substantive Equality' (recognizing structural disadvantages to ensure equitable outcomes). This is now anchored in 'Transformative Jurisprudence,' where the Constitution is viewed not just as a static legal document but as a tool for radical social change. The defining moment of this era is the Supreme Court's 2024 ruling in 'State of Punjab v. Davinder Singh,' which permitted the sub-categorization of Scheduled Castes (SCs), effectively ending the 'monolithic block' approach to reservation and moving toward more granular, targeted social justice.
Cross-Theme Insight
A critical intersection exists between 'Judicial Review of Reservations' (Thread 5) and 'Women's Autonomy' (Thread 2). The concept of 'Intersectionality'—first recognized in legal theory and now appearing in judicial discourse—suggests that substantive equality cannot be achieved without addressing the specific plight of the 'marginalized within the marginalized' (e.g., Dalit women or specific sub-castes within SCs). This merges Article 15(3) (special provisions for women) with Article 16(4) (reservation for backward classes), moving beyond simple quotas toward 'Institutional Accountability' (Thread 1) where the state must prove, via data, that its interventions reach the intended beneficiaries.
Textbook vs Reality Gap
Standard textbooks like Laxmikanth (7th ed., p. 142) and D.D. Basu (26th ed., p. 102) emphasize the 'Indra Sawhney' (1992) principle that SC/STs are a homogeneous group for reservation. However, current judicial reality (Davinder Singh Case, 2024) has overruled the 'E.V. Chinnaiah' precedent, allowing states to sub-categorize. Similarly, while textbooks define the 'Creamy Layer' as applicable only to OBCs (Laxmikanth, p. 83), the latest Supreme Court observations (August 2024) strongly advocate for extending the creamy layer principle to SC/STs to prevent 'reservation capture' by a few elite families within these groups.
How This Theme Is Evolving
The theme has evolved from 'Defensive Rights' (protecting against state interference) to 'Positive Obligations' (mandating the state to create conditions for dignity). In 2024-25, the trajectory has moved from general 'Social Justice' to 'Data-Driven Justice,' where the 'Triple Test' for OBC reservations in local bodies and empirical data for SC sub-categorization have become mandatory legal thresholds.
UPSC Exam Intelligence
Previous Year Question Pattern
Historical questions (IAS 2020, nid:5924; CDS 2016, nid:13805) focused on the static 'Basic Structure' or simple identification of Equality Articles (14-18). However, recent patterns in CAPF (2017, nid:10848) and CDS (2025, nid:9917) show a shift toward administrative mechanics—such as the specific criteria for 'Special Category Status' or the 'creamy layer' evolution. Candidates must now move beyond 'Article 21 is Right to Life' to 'Article 21 includes reproductive choice and menstrual health' as seen in recent CDS (nid:12395) and NDA (nid:15365) questions.
Probable Prelims Angles
- The 'Triple Test' criteria for OBC reservation (Empirical inquiry, Proportionality, and the 50% cap).
- Articles 341 and 342: The power of the President to notify SC/ST lists vs. the State's power to sub-classify (post-2024 ruling).
- Constitutional Articles for Menstrual Hygiene: Intersection of Art 21 (Dignity), Art 42 (Maternity Relief), and Art 47 (Public Health).
- The 103rd Constitutional Amendment (EWS) and the 'Janhit Abhiyan' ruling nuances.
Mains Themes
- Critically examine the shift from 'Equality of Opportunity' to 'Equality of Outcome' in the context of SC sub-categorization.
- Transformative Constitutionalism: How the Indian Judiciary uses the 'Basic Structure' as a sword for social reform rather than just a shield for the Constitution.
- The conflict between 'Individual Dignity' (Art 21) and 'Religious Autonomy' (Art 25) in the context of Personal Law reforms.
Preparation Strategy
Key Connections
Sub-Themes and News Coverage (19 themes, 86 news items)
Women's Safety Crisis and Institutional Accountability
Focus: Reports, incidents, and judicial interventions specifically highlighting the lack of safety for women in public and private spheres and the demand for accountability.
UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing the gap between legal protections (like the Domestic Violence Act) and the ground reality of safety in urban and institutional spaces.
9 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-13 [Polity & Governance] — Government Committed to Enforcing SH Act
The Government has emphasized its commitment to effectively enforcing the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 (SH Act) and empowering women with a harassment-free work environment. The aim is to provide a safe and secure working environment for women. Sexual harassment includes physical contact, demands for sexual favors, sexually colored remarks, showing pornography, and any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct.More details
UPSC Angle: Government committed to enforcing the SH Act, 2013.
Key Facts:
- Act: Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 (SH Act)
- 2025-12-29 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court stays Delhi HC order in Unnao rape case
The Supreme Court stayed the Delhi High Court's order suspending the life sentence of expelled BJP leader Kuldeep Singh Sengar in the 2017 Unnao rape case and ordered legal aid for the survivor.More details
UPSC Angle: SC stays Delhi HC order in Unnao rape case; orders legal aid.
Key Facts:
- Supreme Court stayed Delhi High Court order suspending life sentence of Kuldeep Singh Sengar
- Case: 2017 Unnao rape case
- Kuldeep Singh Sengar: Expelled BJP leader
- Bench: Chief Justice of India Surya Kant and Justices J.K. Maheshwari and Augustine George
- Ordered legal aid for the survivor
- 2025-09-20 [Polity & Governance] — Domestic Violence Act: 20 Years
The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (PWDVA) has completed two decades as a symbol of empowerment. Domestic violence includes any act, omission, or conduct by a person that harms or endangers the health, safety, life, limb, or well-being of a woman, including physical, verbal & emotional, and economic abuse.More details
UPSC Angle: Domestic Violence Act, 2005 completed two decades.
Key Facts:
- Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (PWDVA) - 20 years in effect
- Defined as any act, omission, or conduct harming a woman's health, safety, life, limb, or well-being
- Includes Physical abuse, verbal & emotional Abuse & economic Abuse (Section 3 of the PWDVA)
- 2025-08-29 [Society & Culture] — National Annual Report and Index on Women's Safety (NARI) 2025
The National Annual Report and Index on Women's Safety (NARI) 2025, released by the National Commission for Women, surveyed 12,770 women across 31 cities to assess urban safety. Kohima, Visakhapatnam, Bhubaneswar, Aizawl, Gangtok, Itanagar, and Mumbai emerged as the safest cities, while Patna, Jaipur, Faridabad, Delhi, Kolkata, Srinagar, and Ranchi were ranked the lowest.More details
UPSC Angle: National Annual Report and Index on Women's Safety (NARI) 2025 released.
Key Facts:
- Released by the National Commission for Women
- Surveyed 12,770 women across 31 cities
- National safety score at 65%
- Safest cities: Kohima, Visakhapatnam, Bhubaneswar, Aizawl, Gangtok, Itanagar, and Mumbai
- Lowest-ranked cities: Patna, Jaipur, Faridabad, Delhi, Kolkata, Srinagar, and Ranchi
- Developed by: Pvalue Analytics, The NorthCap University, Jindal Global Law School, and published by Group of Intellectuals and Academicians (GIA)
- 2025-07-19 [Society & Culture] — Sexual Harassment in Supposed Safe Spaces
Recent cases, such as gang rape in a West Bengal law college and sexual assault by lecturers in Mangaluru, highlight that supposed safe spaces are increasingly becoming sites of gendered violence and power misuse. Data invisibility and underreporting persist due to fear, stigma, and low trust in institutional redressal systems; 2022 data showed 4,45,256 reported cases of crimes against women, a 4% increase from 2021.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- 4,45,256 reported cases of crimes against women in 2022, a 4% increase from 2021
- 2025-07-15 [Polity & Governance] — Odisha Bandh Called for Stricter Laws for Women's Safety
Opposition parties have called for a statewide bandh in Odisha, demanding justice and stricter laws for women's safety.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Statewide bandh in Odisha
- 2025-03-21 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court intervention sought against Allahabad High Court judge in 'attempt to rape' case
Following widespread outrage, calls for Supreme Court intervention have emerged after an Allahabad High Court judge's observation that a man allegedly grabbing an 11-year-old girl's breasts, breaking her pyjama strings and dragging her under a culvert is not enough to charge him with 'attempt to rape'. The ruling was made by Justice Ram Manohar Narayan Mishra.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Union Minister for Women and Child Development
- Annpurna Devi
- Allahabad High Court
- Supreme Court
- Justice Ram Manohar Narayan Mishra
- 2025-03-08 [Society & Culture] — Women in Unsafe Public Spaces
India ranked 128 out of 177 in the Women, Peace, and Security Index 2023, indicating low safety for women in public spaces. Patriarchal norms limit women's access to public spaces, and low conviction rates for gender-based crimes worsen women's fear.More details
UPSC Angle: India's rank in Women, Peace, and Security Index 2023.
Key Facts:
- India ranked 128 out of 177
- Women, Peace, and Security Index 2023
- 2025-03-01 [Polity & Governance] — Delhi High Court on Women's Safety
The Delhi High Court emphasized the need for strict action against those making public spaces unsafe for women, stating that discussions on women's progress are superficial without ensuring an environment free from harassment and fear. Justice Swarana Kanta Sharma highlighted that real empowerment begins with women's right to move freely without fear.More details
UPSC Angle: Delhi HC emphasizes strict action for women's safety.
Key Facts:
- Delhi High Court
- Justice Swarana Kanta Sharma
Legal and Structural Frameworks for Women's Autonomy
Focus: Judicial rulings and discourse focusing on expanding women's rights regarding property, profession, relationships, and systemic representation.
UPSC Value: Highlights the judiciary's evolving role in securing substantive equality and autonomy for women beyond mere protectionism.
9 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-17 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Ruling on Reproductive Rights
The Supreme Court's recent ruling reaffirms that a woman's reproductive autonomy is integral to her dignity, bodily integrity, and constitutional freedom. The guiding principle emphasizes the inalienable nature of reproductive rights.More details
UPSC Angle: SC reaffirms reproductive autonomy as integral to dignity and constitutional freedom.
Key Facts:
- Woman's reproductive autonomy is integral to her dignity, bodily integrity, and constitutional freedom
- 2026-01-01 [Polity & Governance] — Delhi HC: Child Maintenance a Shared Parental Responsibility
The Delhi High Court has emphasized that child maintenance is a shared parental responsibility and a child's right to be supported, extending beyond quantifiable needs to include school, hobbies, and social activities. The court also clarified that a woman's earning capacity does not absolve the father of his parental duties.More details
UPSC Angle: Delhi HC: Child maintenance is a shared parental responsibility.
Key Facts:
- Child maintenance is a recognition of shared parental responsibility
- A child's daily needs extend beyond what can be precisely quantified in legal pleadings
- A woman's earning capacity does not absolve the father of his parental responsibilities
- 2025-12-20 [Polity & Governance] — Allahabad High Court Upholds Right to Live-in Relationships
The Allahabad High Court has categorically held that live-in relationships are not illegal and that consenting adults have the constitutional right to live together with dignity and safety, irrespective of marital status. Living together without marriage does not violate any law in India if both partners are adults and give free consent. Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees the right to life, dignity, and personal freedom to all individuals, including those in live-in relationships.More details
UPSC Angle: Allahabad HC upholds right to live-in relationships for consenting adults.
Key Facts:
- Live-in relationship is not an offence if both partners are adults and give free consent
- Article 21 guarantees the right to life, dignity, and personal freedom to individuals in live-in relationships
- 2025-12-09 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Directs 30% Reservation for Women in State Bar Councils
The Supreme Court has directed that 30% of seats be reserved for women in State Bar Councils. This decision highlights issues such as barriers to women entering the judiciary, infrastructure gaps, and cultural norms.More details
UPSC Angle: Supreme Court directs 30% reservation for women in State Bar Councils.
Key Facts:
- Supreme Court directs 30% reservation for women in State Bar Councils
- 2025-11-20 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Emphasizes Wills for Hindu Women's Property Rights
The Supreme Court has urged Hindu women to create wills to secure their property rights and avoid succession disputes. This highlights the judiciary's concern for ensuring that women are not deprived of their rightful inheritance due to legal complexities or societal norms.More details
UPSC Angle: Supreme Court emphasizes wills for Hindu women's property rights.
Key Facts:
- Supreme Court urges Hindu women to create wills
- Purpose: to secure property rights
- Reason: to avoid succession disputes
- 2025-05-12 [Society & Culture] — Women Lead Protests but Lack Decision Power
Across India and South Asia, women consistently lead protests against harmful development and environmental degradation, yet remain largely excluded from formal decision-making processes, land rights, and climate policy frameworks. Structural reforms are needed to ensure gender-inclusive development and climate justice.More details
UPSC Angle: Women lead protests but lack decision power.
Key Facts:
- Women lead protests but lack decision power in India and South Asia
- Excluded from formal decision-making processes, land rights, and climate policy frameworks
- Highlights the need for structural reforms for gender-inclusive development
- 2025-03-10 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Faces Underrepresentation of Women Judges
As of March 10, 2025, the Supreme Court has only two women judges: Justice B.V. Nagarathna and Justice Bela Trivedi. With Justice Trivedi's retirement in June 2025, Justice Nagarathna will be the only woman on the Bench. Since 2021, 28 male judges have been appointed, compared to only one woman, and only one woman has been elevated directly from the Bar in the Supreme Court's 75-year history.More details
UPSC Angle: Supreme Court faces underrepresentation of women judges.
Key Facts:
- Justice B.V. Nagarathna
- Justice Bela Trivedi
- June 2025
- 2021
- 28 male judges
- nine men elevated directly from the Bar
- one woman elevated directly from the Bar
- 2025-03-08 [Society & Culture] — Indian Express Editorial: Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment
An Indian Express editorial criticizes male-centric societal structures and advocates for true gender equality by recognizing women's strength, leadership, and dignity beyond traditional stereotypes, drawing on historical and philosophical perspectives.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Criticizes historical male-centric societal structures
- Advocates for gender equality by recognizing women's strength and dignity
- Cites Swami Vivekananda and Mahatma Gandhi on women's empowerment
- 2025-03-07 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court emphasizes women's empowerment
The Supreme Court, on the eve of International Women's Day, underscored the need for women's empowerment through strict implementation of laws, rather than sympathy. Justice Bela Trivedi, one of the two women judges on the Supreme Court Bench, made the observation. Justice B.V. Nagarathna is in line to become the first woman Chief Justice of India.More details
UPSC Angle: Supreme Court emphasizes women's empowerment through law implementation.
Key Facts:
- Justice Bela Trivedi: Supreme Court judge
- Justice B.V. Nagarathna: In line to become the first woman Chief Justice of India
- Bombay High Court verdict challenged: December 20, 2024
- Dharavi redevelopment project: Mumbai
- Responses sought from: Maharashtra government and Adani Properties Pvt Ltd
Constitutional Review of Laws Regulating Religious Identity and Practice
Focus: Legal challenges and judgments concerning state legislation or actions that intervene in religious personal laws, conversion, or cultural-religious identity.
UPSC Value: Essential for understanding the evolving jurisprudence on Secularism (Article 25-28) and the conflict between Personal Laws/Religious Freedom and Fundamental Rights.
6 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-19 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court to Revisit Sabarimala Temple Entry Case
The Supreme Court is set to revisit the Sabarimala Temple Entry Case, with a 9-judge constitutional bench scheduled to begin hearing the review petition from April 7, 2026. The case challenges the ban on women aged 10–50 entering the Sabarimala temple. The original petition argued that Rule 3(b) of the Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship Rules, 1965 violated constitutional guarantees of equality (Articles 14 and 15), religious freedom (Article 25), and the duty to renounce practices derogatory to women (Article 51A(e)).More details
UPSC Angle: SC to revisit Sabarimala Temple Entry Case.
Key Facts:
- Case originally moved to Supreme Court in 2006 by the Indian Young Lawyers Association
- Challenges Rule 3(b) of the Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship Rules, 1965
- Violates Articles 14, 15, 25, and 51A(e) of the Constitution
- 9-judge constitutional bench to begin hearing from April 7, 2026
- 2026-01-24 [Polity & Governance] — Gujarat Disturbed Areas Act's Legal Scrutiny
The Gujarat High Court is examining the constitutional validity of the Gujarat Disturbed Areas Act, with two key petitions pending since January 2021 and August 2022. Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind Gujarat filed one petition alleging misuse of the Act to harass citizens and sought an interim stay in 2024, but both the High Court and Supreme Court declined to intervene, directing an expedited hearing in the High Court.More details
UPSC Angle: Gujarat High Court examines Gujarat Disturbed Areas Act.
Key Facts:
- Gujarat Disturbed Areas Act
- Gujarat High Court (examining validity)
- January 2021 (petition filed)
- August 2022 (petition filed)
- Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind Gujarat (filed petition)
- 1991 (Enacted in)
- 2026-01-04 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Reviews Muslim Personal Law
The Supreme Court is reviewing Muslim personal law, reigniting the debate over abolishing unilateral talaq to ensure gender-neutral divorce rights. The court declared instant triple talaq (Talaq-e-Biddat) unconstitutional in 2017, and is now reviewing other forms of talaq.More details
UPSC Angle: Supreme Court reviewing Muslim personal law, unilateral talaq debate.
Key Facts:
- Supreme Court reviewing Muslim personal law
- Debate over abolishing unilateral talaq
- Talaq-e-Biddat (instant triple talaq) declared unconstitutional in Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017)
- Parliament criminalised instant triple talaq under the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act (MWPRD), 2019
- Talaq-e-Ahsan: Single pronouncement followed by a 90-day waiting period (iddat) for reconciliation remains a legally valid extra-judicial divorce form
- Talaq-e-Hasan: Three pronouncements across three months during the purity period (tuhr) is currently valid but under constitutional challenge (Benazeer Heena v. Union of India, 2025)
- Section 144 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS)
- 2025-10-17 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Quashes FIRs under UP Conversion Law
The Supreme Court of India quashed several FIRs filed in Uttar Pradesh's Fatehpur district over alleged “mass religious conversions” of Hindus to Christianity, emphasizing that criminal law must not serve as a means to harass innocent citizens. A Bench of Justices J.B. Pardiwala and Manoj Misra set aside five First Information Reports against individuals, including Rajendra Bihari Lal, Vice-Chancellor of SHUATS. The Court noted legal flaws, procedural errors, and a lack of credible evidence in the FIRs, stating that continuing the prosecutions would be a “travesty of justice”.More details
UPSC Angle: Supreme Court quashes FIRs under UP Conversion Law.
Key Facts:
- Supreme Court quashed FIRs in Fatehpur district, Uttar Pradesh
- FIRs related to alleged “mass religious conversions” of Hindus to Christianity
- Bench of Justices J.B. Pardiwala and Manoj Misra
- Five FIRs set aside
- Rajendra Bihari Lal, Vice-Chancellor of Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHUATS) among those named in FIRs
- Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Act, 2021
- 158-page judgement authored by Justice Pardiwala
- FIRs had legal flaws, procedural errors, and lacked credible evidence
- Cited “glaring infirmities” in a 2022 FIR
- Dismissed arguments to refrain from quashing FIRs under Article 32 of the Constitution
- 2025-09-23 [Society & Culture] — Supreme Court on Mysuru Dasara festival
The Supreme Court of India dismissed a petition challenging the participation of Kannada writer Banu Mushtaq, a Muslim, in inaugurating the Mysuru Dasara festival. The Court clarified that Dasara is a state-sponsored cultural event, not a purely religious function, and participation across faiths does not infringe anyone's rights. It stressed that the Preamble ensures equality and secularism, and public cultural events organised by the State cannot exclude anyone based on religion.More details
UPSC Angle: Supreme Court upholds participation of Muslim writer in Mysuru Dasara.
Key Facts:
- Petition challenging Muslim writer's participation in Dasara dismissed
- Dasara is a state-sponsored cultural event
- Participation across faiths does not infringe rights
- Secularism is a basic feature of the Constitution
- 2025-05-02 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court to Hear PIL Against Amended U.P. Law on Religious Conversion
The Supreme Court agreed to consider a plea challenging the constitutional validity of the 2024 amended Uttar Pradesh law on "unlawful religious conversion," noting concerns about the law's vagueness and infringement upon free speech and religious propagation.More details
UPSC Angle: SC to hear PIL against amended U.P. law on conversion.
Key Facts:
- Supreme Court
- 2024
- Uttar Pradesh
- Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Act
- Chief Justice Sanjiv Khanna
- Justices Sanjay Kumar
- Justice K.V. Viswanathan
- S Muralidhar
Global Status of Women: Rights, Representation, and Safety
Focus: A comprehensive collection of reports, observances, and initiatives tracking women's empowerment, ranging from the elimination of harmful practices (FGM, child marriage) to political and judicial leadership.
UPSC Value: Essential for Social Justice and Essay papers to analyze the multifaceted approach (legal, social, political) required to bridge the gender gap and protect women's rights.
6 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-06 [Society & Culture] — International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation
On February 6, 2026, the world observes the International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), reaffirming the commitment to end this harmful practice. FGM affects an estimated 230 million women and girls globally, with nearly 4 million at risk each year, causing lifelong physical, psychological, and social harm. The 2026 theme stresses that ending FGM by 2030 requires sustained political commitment, funding, laws, and community-led action.More details
UPSC Angle: International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation.
Key Facts:
- International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation: February 6, 2026
- Estimated 230 million women and girls affected globally
- Nearly 4 million at risk each year
- 2026 theme stresses sustained political commitment, funding, laws, and community-led action to end FGM by 2030
- 2025-07-11 [Society & Culture] — Government and Civil Society Initiatives to Empower India's Youth
Several initiatives are preventing child marriages and teen pregnancies, including Project Udaan in Rajasthan which prevented 30,000 child marriages and 15,000 teen pregnancies from 2017–2022. Project Advika in Odisha enabled 11,000 child marriage-free villages and stopped 950 child marriages in 2022. Project Manzil in Rajasthan trained 28,000 young women (18–21 years), with 16,000 gaining employments, delaying early marriages and boosting financial agency.More details
UPSC Angle: Initiatives preventing child marriages and teen pregnancies.
Key Facts:
- Project Udaan (Rajasthan, IPE Global): Prevented 30,000 child marriages and 15,000 teen pregnancies (2017–2022)
- Project Advika (Odisha, UNICEF-UNFPA): Enabled 11,000 child marriage-free villages and stopped 950 child marriages in 2022
- Project Manzil (Rajasthan): Trained 28,000 young women (18–21 years); 16,000 gained employments
- 2025-06-29 [Society & Culture] — Decline in India's Global Gender Gap Index Ranking
India has fallen to 131st out of 148 countries in the 2025 Global Gender Gap Index, published by the World Economic Forum. This decline is primarily due to a decrease in political empowerment indicators, specifically a reduction in the percentage of women in Parliament and ministerial roles. The upcoming 33% reservation for women in legislatures from 2029 may improve this, but sustained efforts are needed.More details
UPSC Angle: India's Global Gender Gap Index ranking declined to 131 out of 148.
Key Facts:
- India ranks 131st out of 148 countries in the 2025 Gender Gap Index.
- Decline in political empowerment indicators, like women's representation in Parliament and ministerial positions.
- Women's reservation will raise women's representation to 33%.
- India ranked 131st out of 148 countries in the 2025 Global Gender Gap Index
- Women in Parliament decreased from 14.4% (78 MPs) in 2024 to 13.6% (74 MPs) in 2025
- Women in ministerial roles decreased from 6.45% to 5.56%
- 33% reservation for women in legislatures is expected from 2029
- 2025-06-25 [International Relations] — International Day of Women in Diplomacy
Observed annually on June 24, IDWD honors women's crucial role in diplomacy, a historically male-dominated field now seeing more female leaders. The 2025 Theme - "Eliminating Structural Barriers to Women's Leadership in Diplomacy" highlights persistent inequalities and calls for institutional reforms. First proclaimed on June 20, 2022, and first observed on June 24, 2023, the day recognizes the evolving landscape of diplomacy.More details
UPSC Angle: International Day of Women in Diplomacy observed annually on June 24.
Key Facts:
- Day: International Day of Women in Diplomacy (IDWD)
- Observed: Annually on June 24
- 2025 Theme: "Eliminating Structural Barriers to Women's Leadership in Diplomacy"
- First proclaimed: June 20, 2022
- First observed: June 24, 2023
- 2025-03-10 [Society & Culture] — International Day of Women Judges Observed
The International Day of Women Judges is observed on March 10 every year to recognize the contributions of women in the judiciary and promote fairness, representation, and equality in court rulings. Women make up only 14.27% of judges in High Courts.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Celebrated on: March 10
- Purpose: Recognize women judges' contributions to justice and equality
- Declared by: UNGA Resolution 75/274 on April 28, 2021
- High Courts women judges percentage: 14.27% (109 out of 764)
- Supreme Court women judges: Justice B.V. Nagarathna and Justice Bela Trivedi
- Justice Bela Trivedi retirement: June 2025
- 2025-03-08 [Society & Culture] — Women's Rights in Review 30 Years After Beijing
UN Women released a report, “Women's Rights in Review 30 Years After Beijing,” ahead of International Women's Day, noting that despite progress, gender disparities persist across political, economic, and social sectors. The Beijing Declaration remains relevant, urging stronger policies, better implementation, and global collaboration to achieve full empowerment.More details
UPSC Angle: UN Women report on women's rights 30 years after Beijing.
Key Facts:
- Report: “Women's Rights in Review 30 Years After Beijing”
- Released ahead of the 50th International Women's Day on 8 March 2025
- Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action: 1995
Constitutional Doctrines and Judicial Authority
Focus: Key constitutional doctrines and articles that establish the functional authority, interpretive standards, and protective powers of the Indian higher judiciary.
UPSC Value: These items collectively illustrate the 'Judiciary' and 'Constitutional Framework' sections of the GS Paper II syllabus, focusing on how the court maintains the rule of law.
5 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-18 [Polity & Governance] — SC Emphasizes Fraternity Among Political Leaders
The Supreme Court has urged political leaders and public officials to foster fraternity and uphold constitutional ideals, while hearing a petition highlighting discriminatory statements made by Chief Ministers, bureaucrats, and police officers. The court underscored the importance of maintaining public confidence in equal citizenship and preventing the stigmatization of communities.More details
UPSC Angle: SC Emphasizes Fraternity Among Political Leaders.
Key Facts:
- Article 19(1)(a) - Freedom of Speech and Expression is subject to reasonable restrictions.
- Article 51A(e) & (f) - Fundamental Duties promote harmony and renounce practices derogatory to dignity.
- Sections 153A, 153B IPC / BNS equivalents address promoting enmity between groups.
- Pravasi Bhalai Sangathan v. UOI (2014) - SC urged Election Commission to curb hate speech.
- Tehseen Poonawalla v. UOI (2018) - SC laid down preventive and remedial measures against mob violence.
- Law Commission 267th Report recommended a separate offense for hate speech.
- 2025-11-27 [Polity & Governance] — Article 141: Supreme Court Decisions Binding on All Courts
Article 141 of the Constitution mandates that the law declared by the Supreme Court is binding on all courts within India, establishing the Supreme Court as the highest authority. This ensures uniformity and certainty of the law throughout the country. The principle of 'stare decisis' (to stand by things decided) is the foundation of Article 141.More details
UPSC Angle: Article 141: Supreme Court decisions binding on all courts.
Key Facts:
- Article 141 mandates that the law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts within the territory of India.
- The principle of stare decisis, meaning “to stand by things decided,” is the foundation of Article 141.
- 2025-11-02 [Polity & Governance] — Doctrine of Severability
The Doctrine of Severability states that provisions of a law inconsistent with Fundamental Rights are void. If the valid part of a law can operate independently, the court saves the valid portion; this doctrine is also known as the Doctrine of Separability.More details
UPSC Angle: Doctrine of Severability: Inconsistent law provisions are void if separable.
Key Facts:
- Provisions inconsistent with Fundamental Rights are declared void.
- Valid portion of law is saved if it can operate independently.
- Also known as Doctrine of Separability.
- 2025-10-27 [Polity & Governance] — Constitutional Morality
Constitutional morality ensures governance adheres to constitutional values rather than majoritarian views or political interests, protecting fundamental rights and maintaining institutional balance. Challenges include majoritarian politics, lack of civic understanding, selective use of constitutional rhetoric, and executive dominance. It requires adherence to the rule of law, institutional propriety, respect for dissent, and accountability.More details
UPSC Angle: Constitutional morality ensures governance adheres to constitutional values.
Key Facts:
- Ensures governance adheres to constitutional values
- Protects fundamental rights and maintains institutional balance
- Challenges include majoritarian politics and lack of civic understanding
- Requires adherence to rule of law and respect for dissent
- Constitutional morality, as per B.R. Ambedkar, involves adherence to rule of law, tolerance, and public reasoning.
- 2025-10-09 [Polity & Governance] — Contempt of Court
Contempt of court seeks to protect judicial institutions from motivated attacks and unwarranted criticism, and as a legal mechanism to punish those who lower its authority. When the Constitution was adopted, contempt of court was made one of the restrictions on freedom of speech and expression under Article 19 (2) of the Constitution of India. Separately, Article 129 of the Constitution conferred on the Supreme Court the power to punish contempt of itself; Article 215 conferred a corresponding power on the High Courts.More details
UPSC Angle: Contempt of court protects judicial institutions from attacks and criticism.
Key Facts:
- Contempt of court protects judicial institutions from attacks and criticism
- Contempt of court is a restriction on freedom of speech and expression under Article 19 (2)
- Article 129 confers on the Supreme Court the power to punish contempt of itself
- Article 215 confers a corresponding power on the High Courts
- Civil Contempt: wilful disobedience to any judgment, decree, direction, order, writ or other process of a court or wilful breach of an undertaking given to a court
- Criminal Contempt: publication of any matter which scandalises or tends to scandalise, or lowers or tends to lower the authority of, any court
Judicial Review of Reservation and Quota Policies
Focus: Supreme Court interventions and resulting debates concerning the expansion, restriction, and implementation of reservation quotas (Creamy Layer, EWS, Domicile) across various sectors.
UPSC Value: Analyzing the evolving jurisprudence on reservation policies helps in understanding the balance between affirmative action and constitutional mandates (Article 14, 15, 16).
5 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-18 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Ruling on RTE Act
Following the Supreme Court's ruling on January 13, 2026, in Dinesh Biwaji Ashtikar v. State of Maharashtra & Ors., private unaided non-minority schools are required to set aside 25 per cent of entry-level seats for children from Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and Disadvantaged Groups (DG), as mandated by Section 12(1)(c) of the Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009.More details
UPSC Angle: SC: Private schools must reserve 25% seats under RTE Act.
Key Facts:
- Supreme Court's ruling on January 13, 2026, in Dinesh Biwaji Ashtikar v. State of Maharashtra & Ors.
- Private unaided non-minority schools are required to set aside 25% of entry-level seats for children from EWS and Disadvantaged Groups.
- This is mandated by Section 12(1)(c) of the Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009.
- 2025-09-04 [Polity & Governance] — India Debates Raising Reservation Beyond 50% Cap
The debate over raising reservations beyond the 50% cap has resurfaced, with political demands for higher quotas and the Supreme Court's notice to the Centre on extending the 'creamy layer' principle to SCs and STs. The current central reservation matrix is OBC 27%, SC 15%, ST 7.5%, and EWS 10%, totaling 59.5%. Experts suggest reforms like sub-categorization within OBCs and SC/ST groups to ensure fairer distribution of benefits.More details
UPSC Angle: India debates raising reservation beyond 50% cap.
Key Facts:
- Current central reservation: OBC 27%, SC 15%, ST 7.5%, EWS 10% (Total 59.5%)
- Indra Sawhney case (1992): Affirmed 50% cap on reservations
- Rohini Commission: Found 97% of OBC benefits went to 25% of OBC sub-castes
- Creamy layer exclusion: Applies to OBCs but not SCs and STs
- 2025-08-14 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court to Examine Creamy Layer Concept for SC/STs
The Supreme Court decided to examine a petition to introduce a 'system' similar to the creamy layer concept for the Other Backward Classes (OBC) in reservation benefits among the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. Currently, reservation is provided to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) at the rate of 15%, 7.5% and 27%, respectively, in case of direct recruitment on an all-India basis by open competition.More details
UPSC Angle: SC to examine creamy layer concept for SC/ST reservation benefits.
Key Facts:
- Reservation percentages: SCs (15%), STs (7.5%), OBCs (27%) in direct recruitment on an all-India basis by open competition.
- EWS reservation: The Constitution (103rd Amendment) Act 2019 enables the State to provide 10% reservation to the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) of the society.
- Supreme Court
- Scheduled Castes (SC)
- Scheduled Tribes (ST)
- Other Backward Classes (OBC)
- Creamy layer system
- Justices Surya Kant
- Justice Joymalya Bagchi
- 2025-07-06 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Introduces Quota in Staff Recruitments
The Supreme Court has amended its staff recruitment rules to include reservation for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) along with Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs). This decision aims to promote social justice and inclusion within the judicial system.More details
UPSC Angle: SC introduces OBC quota in staff recruitments, promoting social justice.
Key Facts:
- Supreme Court
- OBC
- SC
- ST
- Staff recruitment rules
- 2025-03-06 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court on domicile-based reservations in medical admissions
The Supreme Court has ruled that domicile-based reservations in post-graduate medical admissions are unconstitutional under Article 14, impacting states' ability to retain specialists and potentially discouraging investment in government medical colleges. The ruling reinforces central authority over medical admissions.More details
UPSC Angle: SC: Domicile-based reservations in PG medical admissions are unconstitutional.
Key Facts:
- Supreme Court
- domicile-based reservations
- post-graduate medical admissions
- Article 14
- Constitution
- NEET-PG
- 2023
- zero qualifying percentiles
Rights and Protections for Vulnerable Sections
Focus: Legal frameworks, constitutional provisions, and judicial rulings specifically aimed at protecting Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Forest Dwellers, and Persons with Disabilities.
UPSC Value: Directly relevant to 'Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections' and 'Mechanisms, laws, institutions for these vulnerable sections' (GS-2).
5 news items in this theme:
- 2025-12-09 [Polity & Governance] — Carceral Culture: Prisons and Disability
Prisoners with disabilities in India face significant challenges in terms of accessibility, healthcare, and dignity, despite the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016. The Supreme Court of India has directed the implementation of disability-related support in prisons. The Court’s directions arose from the experiences of prisoners like G.N. Saibaba and Stan Swamy, who were denied reasonable accommodations.More details
UPSC Angle: Prisoners with disabilities face challenges despite RPWD Act, 2016.
Key Facts:
- Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, mandates accommodations for disabled individuals in public services, including prisons
- Supreme Court of India has directed the implementation of disability-related support in prisons
- 2025-11-25 [Polity & Governance] — Punjab Creates First Separate Commission for Scheduled Castes
Punjab has become the first Indian state to form a separate SC Commission to ensure timely justice and protect SC community rights. The SC Commission is under Article 338, with related articles being Article 338A (ST) and Articles 338B & 340 (Backward Classes).More details
UPSC Angle: Punjab creates first separate commission for Scheduled Castes.
Key Facts:
- Punjab: First Indian state to form a separate SC Commission
- Article 338: SC Commission constitutional basis
- Article 338A: ST Commission
- Articles 338B & 340: Backward Classes
- 89th Constitutional Amendment, 2003: Separated SC & ST Commissions
- Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1989: Deals with crimes against SC/ST
- 2025-10-24 [Polity & Governance] — Forest Rights Act defended in Supreme Court
The Central Government defended the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006, before the Supreme Court, emphasizing the legislation restores dignity, livelihoods, and cultural identity to forest-dependent communities. The FRA was challenged in the Supreme Court in 2008, and in February 2019, the court directed states to evict all claimants whose FRA claims had been rejected, triggering protests.More details
UPSC Angle: Government defends Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006 in Supreme Court.
Key Facts:
- Central Government defended the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006 before the Supreme Court
- FRA restores dignity, livelihoods, and cultural identity to forest-dependent communities
- FRA was challenged in the Supreme Court in 2008
- In February 2019, the court directed states to evict all claimants whose FRA claims had been rejected
- Central Government defended the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006, before the Supreme Court
- Legislation is restoring the dignity, livelihoods, and cultural identity of India's forest-dependent communities
- 2025-05-06 [Environment & Ecology] — India's FRA vs. Global Conservation Laws
The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (FRA) legally recognizes 13 categories of forest rights, empowering gram sabhas for community-led biodiversity conservation. India's Constitution provides Articles 244 & 244A, enabling tribal governance in Scheduled Areas, complemented by PESA (1996) and BDA (2002). The FRA remains a rare global example linking local autonomy with biodiversity stewardship.More details
UPSC Angle: FRA recognizes forest rights, empowering gram sabhas.
Key Facts:
- FRA recognizes 13 categories of forest rights.
- Articles 244 & 244A of the Constitution enable tribal governance in Scheduled Areas.
- PESA (1996) and BDA (2002) complement the FRA.
- 2025-03-01 [Polity & Governance] — Constitutional Provisions for Vulnerable Groups
Key Constitutional Provisions for Vulnerable Groups including Article 15(1) prohibits discrimination, Article 15(4) allows special provisions for SEBCs, SCs, and STs, Article 16(4) permits reservations in public employment for backward classes, Article 17 abolishes untouchability, and Article 46 (DPSP) mandates the promotion of educational and economic interests of SCs, STs, and weaker sections.More details
UPSC Angle: Articles 15(1), 15(4), 16(4) for vulnerable groups.
Key Facts:
- Article 15(1): Prohibits discrimination
- Article 15(4): Special provisions for SEBCs, SCs, and STs
- Article 16(4): Reservations in public employment for backward classes
- Article 17: Abolishes untouchability
- Article 46 (DPSP): Promotes interests of SCs, STs, and weaker sections
Judicial Expansion of Constitutional Rights in India
Focus: Recent Supreme Court rulings and legal interpretations that expand the scope of Fundamental Rights (Articles 21 and 20) to cover environmental, health, and personal liberty issues.
UPSC Value: Essential for GS-2 (Indian Constitution, Significant Judgements) and GS-3 (Environmental Legislation).
4 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-31 [Polity & Governance] — Menstrual health in schools is a fundamental right
The Supreme Court has declared that the right to menstrual health and access to menstrual hygiene management (MHM) in schools is a fundamental right under Article 21. The court has ordered all schools to provide free sanitary pads and gender-segregated toilets. The ruling ensures that menstrual poverty does not force girls to drop out of the education system.More details
UPSC Angle: SC: Menstrual health in schools is a fundamental right under Article 21.
Key Facts:
- The Supreme Court of India declared the right to menstrual health a fundamental right under Article 21.
- The verdict was in response to the case Dr. Jaya Thakur vs Government Of India.
- All government and private schools must provide free, bio-degradable (ASTM D-6954 standard) sanitary napkins to girls in Classes 6–12.
- Schools must ensure functional, gender-segregated, and disabled-friendly toilets with consistent water supply and soap.
- Establishment of Menstrual Hygiene Management Corners in schools equipped with spare uniforms, innerwear, and disposal bags for emergencies.
- The court held that dignity is violated when girls face humiliation or absenteeism due to lack of facilities (Article 21).
- Inaccessible MHM creates a gender-specific barrier that prevents girls from competing equally with boys (Article 14).
- The ruling ensures that menstrual poverty does not force girls to drop out of the education system (Article 21A).
- 2025-12-12 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Reaffirms Ban on Forced Narco Tests
The Supreme Court overturned a Patna High Court order that had permitted an involuntary narco-analysis test, reiterating that forced narco tests are a violation of Article 20(3) of the Indian Constitution. The ruling reinforces the right against self-incrimination and personal liberty.More details
UPSC Angle: Supreme Court reaffirms ban on forced narco tests as unconstitutional.
Key Facts:
- Article 20(3): Protects against self-incrimination
- Selvi v. State of Karnataka (2010): Narco, polygraph and brain mapping cannot be administered without voluntary consent.
- Amlesh Kumar v. State of Bihar (2025): Patna HC allowed an involuntary narco test, which SC has now struck down as unconstitutional.
- Sodium Pentothal is used during narco tests
- 2025-11-16 [Polity & Governance] — Right to Clean Air in India
Clean air is considered part of the Right to Life under Article 21 of the Constitution, guaranteeing every citizen the right to live with dignity, health, and environmental safety. Articles 47, 48A, and 51A(g) collectively direct the State and citizens to protect and improve the environment, including air quality. India is a signatory to the Paris Agreement (2015) and the UN Sustainable Development Goal 3.9, which aims to reduce deaths from air pollution by 2030.More details
UPSC Angle: Clean air is part of Right to Life under Article 21.
Key Facts:
- Clean air is part of the Right to Life under Article 21 of the Constitution.
- Articles 47, 48A, and 51A(g) direct the State and citizens to protect and improve the environment, including air quality.
- India is a signatory to the Paris Agreement (2015).
- UN Sustainable Development Goal 3.9 aims to reduce deaths from air pollution by 2030.
- 2025-10-19 [Polity & Governance] — SC Expands Scope of Public Trust Doctrine
The Supreme Court has expanded the Public Trust Doctrine to include artificial waterbodies, in a ruling concerning Nagpur's historic Futala Lake. The Public Trust Doctrine is a legal principle that holds the government as a trustee to protect specific natural and cultural resources for public use, aiming to promote intergenerational equity through the sustainable use of resources.More details
UPSC Angle: SC expands Public Trust Doctrine to include artificial waterbodies.
Key Facts:
- Public Trust Doctrine
- Government as trustee of natural resources
- Supreme Court expanded Public Trust Doctrine to cover artificial waterbodies
- Ruling concerns Nagpur's historic Futala Lake
- Public Trust Doctrine: Government as trustee to protect natural and cultural resources for public use
- Objective: To promote intergenerational equity through sustainable use of resources
- Formally introduced into Indian environmental jurisprudence in the M.C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997) case
- Anchored in Article 21 (Right to Life) and Article 48A (State's duty to protect and improve the environment)
- Recent Development: Swacch Association v. State of Maharashtra (2025) extended it to artificial lakes
Judicial and Regulatory Oversight of Social Equity in Higher Education
Focus: Legal and regulatory interventions by the Supreme Court and the UGC aimed at addressing systemic discrimination, affirmative action, and student welfare within educational institutions.
UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding the intersection of constitutional law, social justice, and the role of statutory bodies in protecting the rights of vulnerable groups in the education sector.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-31 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Stays UGC Equity Regulations 2026
The Supreme Court of India stayed the implementation of the UGC (Promotion of Equity in Higher Education Institutions) Regulations, 2026. The court directed that the previous 2012 guidelines remain in force while expressing concerns that the new rules were vague and capable of dividing society. The controversy stems from the UGC's attempt to replace the 14-year-old equity framework with a more stringent, enforceable set of rules.More details
UPSC Angle: Supreme Court stays UGC Equity Regulations 2026.
Key Facts:
- The Supreme Court of India, stayed the implementation of the UGC (Promotion of Equity in Higher Education Institutions) Regulations, 2026.
- The court directed that the previous 2012 guidelines remain in force.
- The 2026 regulations sparked a massive backlash.
- 2026-01-16 [Polity & Governance] — UGC introduces new rules to curb caste discrimination in higher education
The University Grants Commission (UGC) has announced new regulations, called the University Grants Commission (Promotion of Equity in Higher Education Institutions) Regulations, 2026, to address caste-based discrimination in colleges and universities across India. The draft of these rules was released in February of the previous year to gather public feedback and included a clause suggesting fines to discourage false complaints of discrimination.More details
UPSC Angle: UGC introduces new rules to curb caste discrimination in higher education.
Key Facts:
- University Grants Commission (UGC) announced new rules to deal with caste-based discrimination
- Rules are called the University Grants Commission (Promotion of Equity in Higher Education Institutions) Regulations, 2026
- Draft released by UGC in February last year
- Draft included a clause suggesting fines to discourage false complaints of discrimination
- 2025-07-26 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Issues Guidelines on Student Mental Health
The Supreme Court issued sweeping guidelines to educational institutions across the country, terming the growing mental health crisis a “systemic failure”. The judgment comes amidst increasing reports of suicides among students, particularly in high-pressure environments. Institutions were asked to end batch segregation based on academic performance, avoid public shaming, and refrain from setting unrealistic academic targets.More details
UPSC Angle: SC issued guidelines to educational institutions on student mental health.
Key Facts:
- Supreme Court issued guidelines to educational institutions on July 26, 2025
- 13,044 student suicides were recorded in 2022
- At least 2,248 deaths in 2022 were directly attributed to exam failure
- Institutions asked to end batch segregation based on academic performance
- Institutions asked to avoid public shaming
- Institutions asked to refrain from setting unrealistic academic targets
- 2025-04-15 [Polity & Governance] — Telangana operationalises SC categorisation
Telangana has become the first state in India to operationalise SC sub-categorization following the Supreme Court's 2024 verdict, which allows states to grant separate quotas for more backward groups within the SC categories. The Telangana Scheduled Castes (Rationalisation of Reservations) Act, 2025 was notified on April 14, and the new categorization will apply to both employment under Article 16 clause 4 and education under Article 15 clause 4. This move aims to provide more targeted affirmative action.More details
UPSC Angle: Telangana operationalises SC sub-categorization after SC verdict.
Key Facts:
- Telangana Scheduled Castes (Rationalisation of Reservations) Act, 2025 notified on April 14
- Supreme Court verdict in 2024 case of State of Punjab versus Dinder Singh allowed states to subclassify SCs and STs
- Sub-classification applies to employment under Article 16(4) and education under Article 15(4)
- Supreme Court overruled the 2004 verdict in EV Chinnaiah versus State of Andhra Pradesh which had barred such subclassifications
- 7-judge Constitution Bench in 2024 (6:1 majority) overruled V. Chinnaiah v State of Andhra Pradesh (2004)
- Act: Telangana Scheduled Castes (Rationalisation of Reservations) Act, 2025
- Act Number: Act No. 15 of 2025
- Date of Enforcement: 14.04.2025
- Telangana Scheduled Castes (Rationalisation of Reservations) Act, 2025
- First Indian state to operationalise SC categorisation
- Supreme Court verdict (2024) upheld constitutionality of sub-classifying SCs and STs
- V. Chinnaiah v State of Andhra Pradesh (2004) – Overruled by 7-judge Constitution Bench in 2024 (6:1 majority)
Supreme Court Directives on Social Justice and Vulnerable Groups
Focus: A pattern of Supreme Court orders specifically mandating compensation, rights, and legal protections for marginalized communities (victims, domestic workers, tribes).
UPSC Value: Highlights the Supreme Court's function as a guardian of fundamental rights for vulnerable sections under the Constitution.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-12-03 [Polity & Governance] — SC focuses on acid attack victim compensation gaps
The Supreme Court is reviewing a petition highlighting that acid attack survivors, predominantly young women, are not receiving the mandated minimum compensation of â‚ą3 lakh, nor are they getting free critical care from private hospitals. A bench led by Justice B.V. Nagarathna is set to investigate the reasons behind the inadequate disbursement of victim compensation despite repeated judicial orders.More details
UPSC Angle: SC focuses on compensation gaps for acid attack victims.
Key Facts:
- Supreme Court Bench headed by Justice B.V. Nagarathna
- Minimum compensation: â‚ą3 lakh
- Victims: Mostly young women
- 2025-11-09 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Addresses Victim Compensation Lapses
The Supreme Court has taken note of lapses in victim compensation, particularly highlighting the absence of explicit directions from special courts/sessions courts to pay compensation to victims. Victim compensation schemes are to be prepared by every State government under Section 396 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023.More details
UPSC Angle: Supreme Court addresses lapses in victim compensation.
Key Facts:
- Section 396 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (replaced Section 357A of the Code of Criminal Procedure)
- Victim compensation schemes must be prepared by every State government
- 2025-10-22 [Polity & Governance] — Domestic Workers' Rights
The Supreme Court directed the Union government to frame a comprehensive law on domestic workers' rights and to set up a committee to design the framework within six months. India is estimated to have 4 million–90 million domestic workers, most of whom are women and girls from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.More details
UPSC Angle: Supreme Court directs law on domestic workers' rights.
Key Facts:
- Supreme Court directed the Union government to frame a law on domestic workers' rights
- India has 4 million–90 million domestic workers
- Most domestic workers are women and girls from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
- 2025-03-21 [Polity & Governance] — Habitual Offender Laws in India
The Supreme Court has questioned the constitutionality of “habitual offender” laws, citing their misuse against denotified tribes. As of March 11, 2025, these laws are still in force in 14 States and Union Territories. The Union government revealed in March 2025 that such laws still exist in 14 States and Union Territories, prompting fresh debate on their relevance.More details
UPSC Angle: Supreme Court questions constitutionality of “habitual offender” laws.
Key Facts:
- Habitual offender laws are still in force in 14 States and Union Territories as of March 11, 2025
- Haryana has repealed its law
- Punjab and Odisha report no recent use
- Gujarat and Goa defend the law, citing non-malicious intent and lack of denotified tribes, respectively
- Uttar Pradesh has incorporated habitual offender provisions into its Goondas Act
- According to 2022 National Crime Records Bureau data, Delhi has the highest proportion of convicts classified as habitual offenders at 21.5%
- Criminalizing certain communities in India began with British Regulation XXII in 1793
- Indian Penal Code (1860) and the Criminal Tribes Act (1871)
Rights and Inclusion of Marginalized Communities
Focus: Observances and policies specifically aimed at protecting the dignity, rights, and social inclusion of vulnerable groups facing distinct forms of stigma or discrimination.
UPSC Value: Useful for studying the legislative and social frameworks designed to protect vulnerable sections of society (Transgender, PwDs, minorities) as per GS-II Social Justice.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-12-03 [Society & Culture] — International Day of Persons with Disabilities
The International Day of Persons with Disabilities (IDPD) is observed annually on December 3 to promote the rights and well-being of people with disabilities. The theme for 2025 is “Fostering disability-inclusive societies for advancing social progress”.More details
UPSC Angle: International Day of Persons with Disabilities theme: “Fostering disability inclusion”.
Key Facts:
- IDPD was first celebrated in 1992, following its proclamation through United Nations General Assembly Resolution 47/3.
- The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) was adopted in 2006 to ensure equality of opportunity for PwDs and to support the achievement of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.
- India has 2.68 crore PwDs (2011 Census), constituting 2.21% of the population.
- The RPwD Act 2016 recognises 21 disabilities.
- 2025-11-20 [Schemes & Programs] — PIB Highlights: Transgender Rights & Sanitation Progress
Recent PIB releases on November 19 and 20, 2025, spotlighted government measures to protect and empower transgender persons in India, including the SMILE scheme and Garima Greh shelters. Additionally, India's sanitation progress was emphasized as part of World Toilet Day, noting ODF Plus villages reaching 5,67,708 and 4,692 cities achieving ODF status.More details
UPSC Angle: SMILE scheme and Garima Greh shelters protect transgender persons.
Key Facts:
- SMILE scheme
- Garima Greh shelters
- National Portal for transgender persons
- National Council for Transgender Persons reconstitution
- ODF Plus villages reached 5,67,708
- 4,692 cities with ODF status
- NALSA v. Union of India (2014)
- Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 (enforced 10 Jan 2020)
- Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Rules, 2020
- 2025-06-13 [Society & Culture] — International Albinism Awareness Day 2025
International Albinism Awareness Day, observed on June 13, is a UN-recognized global event aimed at protecting the rights and dignity of individuals affected by albinism. The day serves to fight stigma, promote equality, and raise awareness of visual impairments, sun sensitivity, and genetic inheritance patterns associated with the condition. Established in 2014, this initiative is rooted in human rights, public education, and the celebration of diversity.More details
UPSC Angle: International Albinism Awareness Day observed on June 13.
Key Facts:
- International Albinism Awareness Day 2025
- June 13
- UN-recognized global event
- Protect the rights and dignity of individuals affected by albinism
- Established in 2014
- 2025-05-21 [Society & Culture] — World Day for Cultural Diversity
World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development is observed annually on May 21. UNESCO promotes the role of languages in promoting inclusion and achieving Sustainable Development Goals.More details
UPSC Angle: World Day for Cultural Diversity observed on May 21.
Key Facts:
- World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development observed on May 21
- UNESCO promotes languages for inclusion and Sustainable Development Goals
Evolution and Reiteration of the Basic Structure Doctrine
Focus: Items discussing the historical evolution, judicial reaffirmation, and political context of the Basic Structure doctrine and the conflict between Fundamental Rights and Amendment powers.
UPSC Value: Essential for understanding the 'Basic Structure' debate, a core topic in Indian Polity (GS-2).
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-11-30 [Polity & Governance] — Chief Justice Emphasizes Basic Structure Doctrine and Indianising Jurisprudence
Chief Justice of India (CJI) Surya Kant reflected on the constitutional legacy, emphasizing the significance of the 1973 Kesavananda Bharati judgment and the evolving concept of 'Indianisation' in the legal system. The CJI described the Basic Structure doctrine as the conscience of democracy, preventing it from drifting into absolutism. He also advocated for virtual hearings and translated judgments to enhance accessibility, while the Union Law Minister emphasized the need for e-courts and AI-enabled systems.More details
UPSC Angle: CJI emphasizes Basic Structure Doctrine and Indianising Jurisprudence.
Key Facts:
- Chief Justice of India (CJI) Surya Kant highlighted the 1973 Kesavananda Bharati judgment and the Basic Structure Doctrine.
- The SC noted that despite influences from UK and US, Indian interpretation has developed a distinct 'swadeshi' colour.
- Justice P.N. Bhagwati (1986) said India must not rely on “crutches of foreign legal order”.
- Justice N.V. Ramana said Indianisation is needed for easy access to justice, especially for rural litigants.
- Justice S.A. Bobde noted Indian texts already reflected concepts such as privacy.
- CJI: Surya Kant
- Kesavananda Bharati judgment: 1973
- Basic Structure Doctrine: Fundamental features of the Constitution cannot be amended by Parliament
- CJI's description: Conscience of democracy
- 2025-06-25 [History & Heritage] — 50th Anniversary of the Emergency Declaration
June 25, 2025, marks the 50th anniversary of the declaration of the Emergency (1975–77) in India, leading to national discussions on its impact on India's democracy and constitutional framework. The Emergency was declared on June 25, 1975, under Article 352, due to "internal disturbance," resulting in suspended civil liberties and altered governance. During this time, civil liberties were suspended, press freedom was curtailed, mass arrests of opposition leaders occurred, and elections were cancelled.More details
UPSC Angle: 50th Anniversary of the Emergency declaration.
Key Facts:
- Date of Emergency declaration: June 25, 1975
- Article used for declaration: Article 352
- Reason for declaration: “internal disturbance”
- Duration: June 25, 1975 to March 21, 1977
- Number of people detained: Over 1.12 lakh
- Laws used for detentions: MISA, COFEPOSA, DISIR
- 44th Constitutional Amendment Act (1978): Replaced “internal disturbance” with “armed rebellion” as a ground for Emergency
- 44th Constitutional Amendment Act (1978): Restored judicial review of Emergency proclamations
- 44th Constitutional Amendment Act (1978): Made it mandatory that an Emergency be passed by both Houses within one month by a special majority
- 2025-05-25 [Polity & Governance] — Golaknath Case and Basic Structure Doctrine
The legacy of the Golaknath case reminds us of limits on Parliament's power to amend the Constitution. The Golaknath ruling laid the foundation for the Basic Structure Doctrine, later articulated in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), sparking debate over the balance of power between Parliament and the Judiciary.More details
UPSC Angle: Golaknath case and its impact on the Basic Structure Doctrine.
Key Facts:
- Golaknath ruling laid the foundation for the Basic Structure Doctrine
- Basic Structure Doctrine articulated in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)
- 2025-03-01 [Polity & Governance] — Fundamental Rights vs. DPSPs
The conflict between Fundamental Rights (FRs) and Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) and related judicial rulings, specifically the Champakam Dorairajan Case, 1951. In the Kesavananda Bharati Case, 1973, the SC upheld the validity of laws implementing Article 39(b) and (c) even if they conflicted with Fundamental Rights, but struck down Article 31C's second provision barring judicial review.More details
UPSC Angle: FRs vs DPSPs: Champakam Dorairajan Case, Kesavananda Bharati Case.
Key Facts:
- Champakam Dorairajan Case, 1951
- Kesavananda Bharati Case, 1973
- Article 31C (25th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1971)
- Article 39(b) & (c) related to resource distribution
Judicial Intervention in Personal Laws and Social Practices
Focus: Court rulings and legal debates concerning the state's regulation of marriage, divorce, and religious conversion, balancing personal liberty with social legislation.
UPSC Value: Highlights the tension between religious freedom, personal liberty, and state regulatory power (GS-1/GS-2).
3 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-04 [Polity & Governance] — Unilateral Talaqs in India
Talaq-e-Biddat (instant triple talaq) was declared unconstitutional in Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017) and subsequently criminalised. Talaq-e-Ahsan (single pronouncement followed by a 90-day waiting period) remains a legally valid extra-judicial divorce form. Talaq-e-Hasan (three pronouncements across three months) is currently valid but under constitutional challenge (Benazeer Heena v. Union of India, 2025).More details
UPSC Angle: Supreme Court declared instant triple talaq unconstitutional in Shayara Bano case.
Key Facts:
- Talaq-e-Biddat: Unconstitutional since Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017)
- Talaq-e-Ahsan: Legally valid
- Talaq-e-Hasan: Constitutionally challenged (Benazeer Heena v. Union of India, 2025)
- 2025-10-27 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court on Freedom of Religion and Right to Privacy
The Supreme Court of India has held that the freedom of religion under Article 25 and the right to privacy under Article 21 are deeply interlinked, stating that privacy is a “condition precedent” for exercising freedom of religion. The judgment arose from petitions challenging the Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Act, emphasizing the balance between individual autonomy and state control. The court observed that state interference, such as mandatory disclosure of conversion or prior state approval, can violate both privacy and religious freedom.More details
UPSC Angle: SC: Freedom of religion and right to privacy are interlinked.
Key Facts:
- Freedom of religion (Article 25) and right to privacy (Article 21) are interlinked
- Privacy is a “condition precedent” for exercising freedom of religion
- Judgment challenged provisions of the Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Act
- State interference in personal belief systems can violate privacy and religious freedom
- Articles: Article 25 (freedom of religion), Article 21 (right to privacy)
- Context: Petitions challenging the Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Act
- Privacy: privacy is a “condition precedent” for exercising freedom of religion
- 2025-07-15 [Polity & Governance] — Misuse of Matrimonial Laws
The Nagpur Bench of the Bombay High Court quashed a criminal case of cruelty, unnatural sex, and dowry harassment, highlighting the misuse of matrimonial laws. Section 498A of the IPC is often used to implicate multiple family members without solid evidence, while Section 377 of IPC is sometimes strategically used in marital disputes to exert pressure. False allegations under the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, and the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, are sometimes made to gain leverage in divorce or property settlement cases.More details
UPSC Angle: High Court highlighted the misuse of Section 498A of the IPC.
Key Facts:
- Section 498A of the IPC: Often used to implicate multiple family members without solid evidence
- Section 377 of IPC: Sometimes used strategically in marital disputes to exert pressure
- Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961: False allegations are sometimes made to gain leverage
- Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005: Misuse involves exaggerated or false claims
Legal and Judicial Reform of Marriage-Related Social Practices
Focus: Legislative and judicial actions aimed at prohibiting and reforming traditional social practices related to marriage, specifically polygamy and dowry, to align with constitutional values of equality.
UPSC Value: This grouping is useful for analyzing the intersection of personal laws, social reform, and the role of the state and judiciary in upholding constitutional morality over customary practices.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-12-25 [Society & Culture] — Supreme Court on Dowry as a Social Evil
The Supreme Court has described dowry as a cross-cultural social evil that persists across religions and communities in India, often disguised as voluntary gifts or social norms. The court noted that dowry violates constitutional values of justice, liberty, and fraternity, undermining Article 14 which guarantees equality before the law. The Court has directed educational curriculum reforms to reinforce spousal equality and strict enforcement of the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 is needed.More details
UPSC Angle: Supreme Court described dowry as a cross-cultural social evil.
Key Facts:
- Dowry Prohibition Act: 1961
- Constitutional violation: Undermines Article 14
- Supreme Court termed dowry a “cross-cultural social evil”
- Dowry is incompatible with constitutional values of equality, dignity, and fraternity, particularly Article 14
- Dowry continues despite the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961
- Dowry is often masked as gifts or social customs
- 2025-12-02 [Polity & Governance] — Polygamy in India
Assam has passed the Assam Prohibition of Polygamy Bill, 2025, becoming the second state after Uttarakhand to ban polygamy. Polygamy refers to a marital system where one person has more than one spouse at the same time, regulated differently across religions, states, and tribal customs in India. According to NFHS-5, polygamy is 2.1% among Christians, 1.9% among Muslims, 1.3% among Hindus and Buddhists, 0.5% among Sikhs and 2.5% among other religions or castes.More details
UPSC Angle: Assam passed the Assam Prohibition of Polygamy Bill, 2025.
Key Facts:
- Assam Prohibition of Polygamy Bill, 2025 passed
- Polygamy refers to one person having more than one spouse
- NFHS-5 data: polygamy is 2.1% among Christians, 1.9% among Muslims, 1.3% among Hindus and Buddhists, 0.5% among Sikhs and 2.5% among other religions or castes
- Assam Prohibition of Polygamy Bill, 2025
- Assam
- Uttarakhand
- Polygamy
- 2025-11-13 [Polity & Governance] — Assam Approves Polygamy Prohibition Bill 2025
The Assam cabinet approved the Prohibition of Polygamy Bill 2025, aimed at prohibiting polygamy practices. The bill, to be presented in the Assam Assembly during its upcoming session starting November 25, 2025, proposes strict punitive measures, including imprisonment of up to 7 years for individuals engaging in second or third marriages. A special fund will be established to provide compensation and rehabilitation to women who are victims of polygamy.More details
UPSC Angle: Assam cabinet approved the Prohibition of Polygamy Bill 2025.
Key Facts:
- Bill name: Assam Polygamy Prohibition Bill 2025
- Imprisonment for second/third marriage: Up to 7 years
- Special fund for polygamy victims
- Bill to be presented in Assam Assembly from November 25, 2025
Police Accountability and Custodial Violence
Focus: Reports and judicial interventions concerning deaths in police custody, lack of convictions for officers, and extra-judicial encounters.
UPSC Value: Critical for GS-2 (Governance/Accountability) and GS-4 (Ethics in Public Administration) regarding police conduct and human rights.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-11-27 [Polity & Governance] — Custodial Deaths in India
Police apathy and high-handedness remain major factors behind custodial deaths in India, as revealed by the Status of Policing in India Report (SPIR) 2025. According to NCRB data, not a single police officer has been convicted for 1,107 deaths in police custody between 2011 and 2022. In 2023, the NHRC disposed of 281 cases of deaths in police custody.More details
UPSC Angle: Custodial deaths in India due to police apathy.
Key Facts:
- Not a single police officer has been convicted for 1,107 deaths in police custody between 2011 and 2022, according to NCRB data.
- In 2023, the NHRC disposed of 281 cases of deaths in police custody.
- 2025-10-27 [Polity & Governance] — Law and Order Record in Uttar Pradesh (2017–2025)
Since 2017, UP Police have conducted 15,726 encounters, resulting in 256 hardened criminals killed, 31,960 arrested, and 10,324 injured. In these encounters, 18 police personnel were martyred and 1,754 injured.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- 15,726 encounters conducted since 2017
- 256 criminals killed
- 31,960 arrested
- 10,324 injured
- 18 police personnel martyred
- 1,754 police personnel injured
- 2025-09-26 [Polity & Governance] — Custodial Deaths in India
The Supreme Court criticized the Madhya Pradesh government and CBI for failing to arrest police officers allegedly responsible for a custodial death. According to the National Human Rights Commission, there were 11,650 deaths in custody in India between 2016 and 2022. Only 345 magisterial inquiries were ordered nationwide into custodial deaths between 2017 and 2022, resulting in just 123 arrests.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- 11,650 custodial deaths in India between 2016 and 2022
- Only 345 magisterial inquiries ordered between 2017 and 2022
- Resulted in 123 arrests
Legal and Administrative Frameworks for OBC Reservation Eligibility
Focus: Items concerning the specific legal and administrative criteria—such as income limits, uniformity of application, and the 'triple test'—used to determine OBC eligibility for reservations in jobs, education, and local bodies.
UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding the evolution of the 'creamy layer' and 'triple test' doctrines in Indian constitutional law and their impact on social justice policies.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-08-19 [Polity & Governance] — Uniform OBC Creamy Layer Policy
The central government is working on ensuring uniform application of the 'creamy layer' condition in OBC reservations across different sectors, including central and state government jobs, public sector enterprises, and universities. The move aims to ensure fairness and consistency in determining eligibility for reservation benefits, so that all deserving OBC candidates are treated equally across institutions and services.More details
UPSC Angle: Uniform application of 'creamy layer' condition in OBC reservations.
Key Facts:
- Uniform application of the 'creamy layer' condition in OBC reservations
- Covers central and state government jobs, public sector enterprises, and universities
- Addresses anomalies from earlier Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) circulars
- Based on Supreme Court's Indra Sawhney vs Union of India (1992) judgment
- 2025-05-06 [Polity & Governance] — Triple Test Criteria for OBC Quota in Urban Local Bodies
The Jarant has finished collecting data on the population of OBC's from all the districts of the state in order to determine how much kota they need to provide them for seats in urban local bodies. This data collection is the first phase of what is known as triple test, a criteria laid down by the Supreme Court of India in Krishna Morti versus Union of India case this judgment was passed in 2010.More details
UPSC Angle: Triple test criteria for OBC quota in urban local bodies.
Key Facts:
- Triple test criteria laid down by Supreme Court of India in Krishna Morti versus Union of India case this judgment was passed in 2010
- Reiterated by the Supreme Court in Krishna Rao Gawali versus state of Maharashtra case in 2021
- 2025-04-03 [Polity & Governance] — Parliamentary Committee Recommends Raising OBC Creamy Layer Income Limit
A parliamentary committee on OBC welfare has recommended raising the creamy layer income limit from â‚ą8 lakh. The committee argues that the existing ceiling, set in 2017, is too low and excludes a large section of OBCs from reservation benefits.More details
UPSC Angle: Parliamentary committee recommends raising OBC creamy layer income limit.
Key Facts:
- Recommendation to raise OBC creamy layer income limit from â‚ą8 lakh
- Existing ceiling set in 2017
Supreme Court Jurisprudence on Gender Justice
Focus: Supreme Court rulings and observations specifically addressing women's rights, including workplace safety (POSH), matrimonial laws, and gender sensitivity in the judiciary.
UPSC Value: Highlights the role of the judiciary in interpreting laws related to women's rights and social justice.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-08-04 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Addresses POSH Act and Political Parties
The Supreme Court allowed a petitioner to withdraw her plea challenging the exclusion of women political workers from the protection under the POSH Act. The plea sought to expand the definitions of 'workplace' and 'employer' under the 2013 Act to include the political spectrum. It requested the court to declare that political parties are bound to follow the procedure for protection of women in the workplace under the POSH Act.More details
UPSC Angle: Supreme Court addresses POSH Act and political parties.
Key Facts:
- Petitioner challenged the exclusion of women political workers from POSH Act
- Plea sought to expand the definitions of 'workplace' and 'employer'
- Sought declaration that political parties are bound to follow POSH Act
- 2025-04-18 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court quashes criminal proceedings in dowry case after divorce
The Supreme Court of India quashed criminal proceedings initiated under Section 498A IPC and Section 4 of the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, against the relatives of a man, holding that such charges cannot be sustained when the alleged incident occurred after the legal dissolution of marriage. The case arose from a complaint filed in 2015 by a woman whose marriage had ended through an ex parte divorce decree in 2012.More details
UPSC Angle: SC quashes dowry case proceedings after divorce, limits scope.
Key Facts:
- Supreme Court of India quashed criminal proceedings initiated under Section 498A IPC and Section 4 of the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961
- The ruling stated that charges cannot be sustained when the alleged incident occurred after the legal dissolution of marriage.
- The case arose from a complaint filed in 2015 by a woman whose marriage had ended through an ex parte divorce decree in 2012.
- 2025-03-01 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Revokes Dismissal
The Supreme Court revoked the dismissal of MP judicial officers, emphasizing the need to be aware of women's difficulties.More details
UPSC Angle: Supreme Court revokes dismissal of MP judicial officers.
Key Facts:
- Supreme Court
- MP judicial officers
- Dismissal revoked
Identity-Based Policy and Social Justice
Focus: Policy and legislative developments focusing on the categorization, enumeration, and rights of specific social identities (Caste, Gender).
UPSC Value: Tracks how the state is redefining social justice mechanisms through sub-categorization, census data, and inheritance rights.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-08-01 [Polity & Governance] — Tamil Nadu's Transgender Policy and Hindu Succession Act
Tamil Nadu has unveiled the State Policy for Transgender Persons, 2025, which includes a proposal to amend the Hindu Succession Act to ensure transgender and intersex persons have equal inheritance rights. The Hindu Succession Act, 1956, recognizes heirs as either male or female, often excluding transgender and intersex persons from succession rights.More details
UPSC Angle: Tamil Nadu's Transgender Policy proposes amending Hindu Succession Act.
Key Facts:
- State Policy for Transgender Persons, 2025, includes amending the Hindu Succession Act.
- Hindu Succession Act, 1956 governs inheritance among Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs.
- 2025-05-02 [Polity & Governance] — Caste-based Census Decision Amidst Tensions with Pakistan
The Narendra Modi government's decision to conduct a caste-based census, amidst tensions with Pakistan, highlights the significance of caste dynamics in India's electoral framework and is seen as a move influenced by upcoming Assembly elections in Bihar.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Narendra Modi government
- caste-based census
- Pakistan
- Pahalgam terror attack
- Bihar Assembly elections
- 2025-03-20 [Polity & Governance] — Telangana Passes SC Reservation Rationalisation Bill
The Telangana Legislative Assembly passed the Scheduled Castes (Rationalisation of Reservation) Bill, 2025, paving the way for SC sub-categorisation in reservation. This legislation follows a Supreme Court verdict supporting SC sub-categorization and affirming states' rights to enact necessary legislation.More details
UPSC Angle: Telangana passes bill for SC sub-categorisation in reservations.
Key Facts:
- Bill: Scheduled Castes (Rationalisation of Reservation) Bill, 2025
- Passed by: Telangana Legislative Assembly
- Objective: SC sub-categorisation in reservation
- Follows: Supreme Court verdict supporting SC sub-categorization
Diversification of Affirmative Action in Public Resource Allocation
Focus: The implementation of specific percentage-based quotas and targeted inclusion targets for marginalized groups (PwDs, religious minorities, SC/ST/OBC, and women) within public housing and government procurement sectors.
UPSC Value: Useful for GS Paper 2 (Social Justice and Governance) to analyze the expansion of affirmative action beyond traditional sectors like education and employment into public infrastructure and services.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-06-19 [Schemes & Programs] — 2.35 Lakh houses approved under PMAY-Urban 2.0
During the 3rd meeting of the Central Sanctioning and Monitoring Committee (CSMC), 2.35 lakh houses were approved under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban 2.0 (PMAY-U 2.0) across 9 states. The MoHUA Secretary directed states to develop affordable housing policies, link AHP proposals with actual beneficiaries early, promote Transit Oriented Development (ToD), and prioritize Special Focus Groups.More details
UPSC Angle: 2.35 Lakh houses approved under PMAY-Urban 2.0.
Key Facts:
- 2.35 lakh houses approved
- PMAY-Urban 2.0
- 9 states: Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh
- 1.25 lakh houses sanctioned for women
- 44 houses allotted to transgender persons
- SC: 42,400 houses
- ST: 17,574 houses
- OBC: 1,13,414 houses
- Central assistance: Up to â‚ą2.5 lakh per unit
- Goal: Provide 1 crore pucca houses to urban EWS/LIG/MIG families who do not own any house in India
- 2025-05-24 [Polity & Governance] — MoHUA Announces 4% Housing Reservation for Persons with Disabilities
The Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs (MoHUA) announced a 4% reservation for Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) in the allotment of government housing under the General Pool Residential Accommodation (GPRA) category. This will cover houses up to Type 5, benefiting officials from Assistant Section Officer (ASO) level to Director rank. This decision reaffirms the Government of India's commitment to provide equal opportunities for every individual under the Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan).More details
UPSC Angle: MoHUA's 4% housing reservation for PwDs.
Key Facts:
- MoHUA provides 4% reservation for PwDs in government housing under GPRA.
- Covers houses up to Type 5, benefiting officials from ASO to Director rank.
- In alignment with the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPWD), 2016.
- 2025-03-18 [Polity & Governance] — Karnataka to Introduce 4% Muslim Quota in Public Contracts
The Karnataka Transparency in Public Procurement (Amendment) Bill 2025 was tabled to introduce a 4% reservation for Muslims in public contracts. The reservation applies to civil works valued up to â‚ą2 crore and goods and services contracts up to â‚ą1 crore. The State Cabinet approved the amendment to the Karnataka Transparency in Public Procurement (KTPP) Act on March 14.More details
UPSC Angle: Karnataka to introduce 4% Muslim quota in public contracts.
Key Facts:
- Reservation for Muslims in public contracts: 4%
- Bill: Karnataka Transparency in Public Procurement (Amendment) Bill 2025
- Civil works contract limit: Up to â‚ą2 crore
- Goods and services contract limit: Up to â‚ą1 crore
- Approval date: March 14, 2025
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