The Multipolar Pivot: Financial Sovereignty & Governance: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

The global order is undergoing a structural shift from rules-based multilateralism to a transaction-driven 'Mercantilist' system. While traditional security frameworks like the WMD disarmament regimes (BWC, CTBT) and the WTO's central pillars (MFN, DSU) face paralysis or erosion, new 'sovereign shields' are emerging. India is at the forefront of this transition, aggressively pushing for the internationalization of the Rupee and the deployment of Digital Public Infrastructure (UPI, CBDC) to bypass traditional Western-dominated financial rails.

Cross-Theme Insight

The threads collectively reveal the 'Weaponization of Interdependence.' Trade transshipment, water-sharing treaties, and extradition requests (Thread 6: India-Bangladesh) are being used as bilateral leverage, while the financial architecture (Thread 4 & 5: CBDCs, Rupee-Rubal) is being redesigned to insulate nations from such pressure. This duality—of using existing links as weapons while building new links to prevent being weaponized—marks the core strategy of middle powers in 2026.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks emphasize the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) principle as the 'non-discrimination' bedrock of the WTO (Vivek Singh, p. 379; Nitin Singhania, p. 538). However, current developments (Thread 8) show the US proposing the dismantling of MFN, while India resists the inclusion of plurilateral Investment Facilitation (IFDA) to preserve WTO's structural integrity. Similarly, while textbooks define the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) as a successful ban (NCERT, p. 69), the 2025 reality highlights its failure to address modern bioterrorism from non-state actors using digital tradecraft.

How This Theme Is Evolving

In 2025-26, the trajectory shifted from mere 'de-dollarization' to 'technological sovereignty.' India moved from simply signing MoUs to operationalizing UPI TIP in Europe and allowing foreign Vostro account holders to invest in Indian Government Securities (G-Secs), effectively turning the Rupee into a tool for both trade and capital investment.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

UPSC consistently tests the structural pillars of global governance. MFN was tested in CDS-I 2017 [NID: 12401] and the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement in IAS 2017 [NID: 5728]. The recent shift toward testing practical financial instruments is seen in the 2024 CDS-II question on Rupee Vostro Accounts [NID: 14774]. Expect a shift from 'What is the treaty?' to 'Why is India resisting this specific inclusion in the treaty?'

Probable Prelims Angles

• Difference between Reliance Model (RBI-ESMA) vs Direct Inspection for CCPs
• Provisions of the Foreign Exchange Management (Guarantees) Regulations, 2026
• Legal status of 'Motion 042' (IUCN) regarding fossil fuel production
• Criteria for SRVA surplus investment in Treasury Bills (RBI 2025)
• Signatory status of CTBT (U.S., China, Israel, India) after Russia's 2023 withdrawal

Mains Answer Framework

• The global transition from a unipolar 'rules-based order' to a fragmented 'mercantilist system' is redefined by the rise of financial sovereignty and the breakdown of traditional disarmament frameworks.
• The decline of multilateralism at the WTO: India's defense of the DSU and MFN against plurilateral 'mandate creep' (IFDA).. Financial Architecture as Geopolitics: The role of CBDCs and Rupee Vostro accounts in reducing dependency on the US Dollar (De-dollarization).. The Bilateral Breakdown: Case study of India-Bangladesh relations where logistics, water (Ganges Treaty 2026), and legal extradition have become tools of confrontation.
• India must balance its role as a 'Global South' leader resisting discriminatory mandates with its need to build resilient, tech-driven bilateral partnerships.

Essay Connections

• 'The End of the Global Village: Rise of the Sovereign Shield' - Use threads on CBDCs and Mercantilism.
• 'Security in an Era of Digital Anonymity' - Use threads on BWC, WMD stagnation, and Digital Tradecraft.

Preparation Strategy

Reading Approach

Start with Laxmikanth (Foreign Policy) to understand India's traditional 'non-aligned' stance, then move to Vivek Singh for the WTO/Economy framework. Finally, overlay the 2026 current affairs items to see how India is now using 'active resistance' (IFDA) and 'financial offensive' (CBDC) to protect its interests.

Textbook Roadmap

• Vivek Singh, Chapter 13 (International Organizations). WTO Pillars (MFN, DSU) and TRIMS section. Threads 7, 8, and 15
• NCERT Class XII, Chapter 5 (Security). Traditional vs Non-traditional security (BWC/CWC). Threads 1 and 13
• Vivek Singh, Chapter 2 (Money and Banking). Internationalization of Rupee & Convertibility. Threads 4 and 5

Revision Bullets

• BWC 50th Anniversary: First multilateral disarmament treaty banning an entire category of WMDs.
• December 12, 1996: Signing date of the 30-year Ganges Water Sharing Treaty (expires Dec 2026).
• 588: Total antiquities repatriated to India (297 in the year 2024 alone).
• Motion 042: IUCN recognition of fossil fuel production as a threat to biodiversity.
• RBI Reliance Model: Framework where ESMA relies on RBI supervision for Indian CCPs.
• 29 Years: Duration since CTBT was negotiated without entering into force.

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (15 themes, 58 news items)

UNFCCC Negotiations & Global Mechanisms

Focus: Diplomatic events and specific international mechanisms (Loss & Damage, Cooling, Blue NDCs) leading up to and surrounding COP30.

UPSC Value: Tracks the evolution of global climate diplomacy and the specific instruments debated at the UNFCCC level.

7 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-23 [International Relations] — Importance of Climate Change Collaboration
  Global climate governance is facing stress due to weakening trust in multilateral institutions and reduced participation from major economies like the United States. This necessitates increased cooperation to address climate change effectively under the UNFCCC framework.
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  UPSC Angle: Climate governance faces stress, needs increased cooperation.

  Key Facts:

  • Global climate governance faces stress due to weakening trust in multilateral institutions.
  • The United States has reduced participation in international commitments.
• 2025-11-12 [Environment & Ecology] — Climate Investment Fund for Climate Action
  During COP 30 of UNFCCC, Germany and Spain announced a $100 million commitment for the Climate Investment Fund's (CIF) new programme called Accelerating Resilience Investments and innovations for Sustainable Economies (ARISE). The CIF, launched in 2008, enables climate action in over 70 low and middle income countries.
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  UPSC Angle: Germany and Spain commit $100M to CIF's resilience investment program.

  Key Facts:

  • Germany and Spain committed $100 million for CIF's ARISE programme
  • CIF was launched in 2008
  • CIF comprises two funds: the Clean Technology Fund (CTF) and the Strategic Climate Fund (SCF)
  • CIF works exclusively through six AAA-rated multilateral development banks (MDBs)
  • In 2024, CIF became the first multilateral climate fund to list bonds on capital markets with the CIF Capital Markets Mechanism (CCMM)
• 2025-07-11 [Environment & Ecology] — Bonn Climate Conference 2025
  The Bonn Climate Conference 2025 set the stage for COP30, addressing issues such as procedural disputes, finance and trade tensions related to carbon border taxes, the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA), Loss and Damage (L&D), the Santiago Network, and Just Transition Discussions.
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  UPSC Angle: Bonn Climate Conference 2025 sets stage for COP30.

  Key Facts:

  • Bonn Climate Conference 2025
  • COP30
  • Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA)
  • Loss and Damage (L&D)
  • The Santiago Network
• 2025-06-24 [Environment & Ecology] — UNEP Launches NDC Cooling Guidelines 2025
  The UNEP launched the NDC Cooling Guidelines 2025 to assist countries in integrating sustainable cooling into their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), aiming to reduce emissions and address heat-related vulnerabilities. The guidelines offer a framework for including cooling measures in climate plans to balance mitigation, adaptation, and development goals. The guidelines aim to cut sector emissions by 60% by 2050 and improve access to life-saving cooling for 1.1 billion people.
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  UPSC Angle: UNEP launches NDC Cooling Guidelines 2025 for sustainable cooling.

  Key Facts:

  • UNEP
  • NDC Cooling Guidelines 2025
  • Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
  • Sustainable cooling
  • 60% emissions reduction by 2050
  • Improve access to cooling for 1.1 billion people
  • Cooling = 7% of global GHG emissions today
  • Could exceed 10% by 2050
  • 1.1 billion people lack access to cooling
  • Cooling uses 20% of building electricity worldwide
  • Over 50% in UAE buildings
  • Double appliance efficiency
  • Align with Kigali Amendment
  • Global Cooling Pledge
• 2025-06-16 [Environment & Ecology] — Climate Talks in Bonn Face Agenda Disagreements
  The June Climate Meetings in Bonn, aimed at preparing for COP 30, were stalled by disagreements on the negotiation agendas. The Like-Minded Developing Countries (LMDCs) proposed additional items, including trade-restrictive unilateral measures and developed countries' climate finance provision. Parties debated compromises, but plenary was suspended without agreement.
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  UPSC Angle: Climate Talks in Bonn face agenda disagreements.

  Key Facts:

  • The June Climate Meetings aim to pave the way for the 30th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 30) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
  • The Like-Minded Developing Countries (LMDCs) proposed two additional items for the agendas of the Subsidiary Bodies: trade-restrictive unilateral measures, and developed countries' provision of climate finance.
  • The European Union (EU) prefers to expand the proposed agenda item to also reference Article 9.2 (voluntary provision of support) and Article 9.3 (developed countries taking the lead in mobilizing climate finance from a variety of sources).
  • A workshop on indicators to track progress towards the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) convened.
• 2025-06-11 [Environment & Ecology] — Blue Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Challenge
  France and Brazil launched the Blue Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Challenge, urging countries to embed ocean-centric actions into their climate plans. The challenge aims to scale up ocean-focused climate action ahead of the 30th Conference of Parties (COP30) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Belem, Brazil.
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  UPSC Angle: France and Brazil launched the Blue NDC Challenge for ocean-centric climate actions.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched by: France and Brazil
  • Objective: Embed ocean-centric actions into climate plans (NDCs)
  • Target: Scale up ocean-focused climate action ahead of COP30 in Belem, Brazil
• 2025-03-11 [Environment & Ecology] — US Withdraws from Loss and Damage Fund
  The U.S. has withdrawn from the Loss and Damage Fund (LDF), which was created at the 2022 UNFCCC Conference (COP27) in Egypt, providing financial aid to regions facing losses due to climate change, including rising sea levels, extreme weather, and crop failures. The fund is managed by a Governing Board, with the World Bank as an interim trustee for four years.
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  UPSC Angle: US withdraws from Loss and Damage Fund.

  Key Facts:

  • Created at COP27 in 2022
  • Provides financial aid to regions facing losses due to climate change
  • Around $750 million has been pledged
  • Managed by a Governing Board, with the World Bank as an interim trustee for four years

Cross-Border Financial Architecture & Trade Settlement

Focus: Items regulating or facilitating international payments, cross-border supervision, and the use of INR/CBDC in global trade.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding India's strategy to internationalize the Rupee, reduce reliance on traditional payment rails, and ensure cross-border financial stability.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-01 [Economy] — RBI-ESMA Cooperation on Central Counterparties
  The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) signed an MoU for the regulation and supervision of Central Counterparties (CCPs). ESMA will follow a Reliance Model, relying on RBI's regulatory and supervisory activities rather than direct inspections to strengthen cross-border supervisory cooperation, support international clearing, and safeguard EU financial stability.
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  UPSC Angle: RBI and ESMA signed an MoU for CCPs regulation and supervision.

  Key Facts:

  • Parties: Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA)
  • Purpose: Regulation and supervision of Central Counterparties (CCPs)
  • Supervisory Mechanism: ESMA will follow a Reliance Model, relying on RBI's regulatory and supervisory activities
  • Objective: Strengthen cross-border supervisory cooperation, support international clearing, and safeguard EU financial stability
  • RBI and ESMA signed MoU for CCPs
  • ESMA will follow a Reliance Model
  • Objective: To strengthen cross-border supervisory cooperation
• 2026-01-27 [Economy] — RBI Promoting CBDCs for BRICS Cross-Border Payments
  The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has proposed using its BRICS chairmanship in 2026 to encourage member countries to adopt their Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) for cross-border payments. The proposal includes creating a common payments framework using CBDCs and integrating national CBDC systems into a shared settlement architecture.
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  UPSC Angle: RBI promoting CBDCs for BRICS cross-border payments.

  Key Facts:

  • RBI proposing BRICS countries adopt CBDCs for cross-border payments
  • India to use its BRICS chairmanship in 2026 to promote CBDCs
  • Creation of a common payments framework using CBDCs
  • Integration of national CBDC systems into a shared settlement architecture
  • RBI has proposed that India use its BRICS chairmanship in 2026 to encourage member countries to adopt their CBDCs for cross-border payments.
  • The proposal includes creating a common payments framework using CBDCs.
• 2026-01-14 [Economy] — RBI Notifies New Foreign Exchange Management Regulations
  The Reserve Bank of India introduced new Foreign Exchange Management (Guarantees) Regulations, 2026, to improve transparency and simplify compliance in cross-border guarantees.
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  UPSC Angle: RBI notifies new Foreign Exchange Management (Guarantees) Regulations, 2026.

  Key Facts:

  • Foreign Exchange Management (Guarantees) Regulations, 2026
  • Reserve Bank of India
• 2025-11-23 [Economy] — India's Stance on De-dollarization
  India has clarified that "de-dollarisation is not part of its financial agenda" and maintains a neutral-cautious stance on crypto-based settlement proposals. RBI-FEMA rules restrict cross-border crypto settlements, with India focusing on CBDC (Digital Rupee) experimentation for future trade. Unregulated crypto networks could expose India to FATF, AML & sanctions-linked risks.
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  UPSC Angle: India clarifies de-dollarisation is not part of its financial agenda.

  Key Facts:

  • India clarified “de-dollarisation is not part of its financial agenda” (MEA, Aug 2025)
  • RBI-FEMA rules restrict cross-border crypto settlements
  • India focuses on CBDC (Digital Rupee) experimentation for future trade
• 2025-08-05 [Economy] — RBI Permits Investment of Surplus Rupee Balances in Government Securities
  The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has permitted persons resident outside India holding Special Rupee Vostro Accounts (SRVAs) for international trade settlement to invest their surplus rupee balances in Central Government Securities, including Treasury Bills. This move, effective immediately, is part of RBI's updated Master Direction on non-resident investment in debt instruments and aims to enhance the use of the Indian Rupee in global trade while offering secure investment avenues for overseas partners.
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  UPSC Angle: RBI allows SRVA holders to invest surplus rupee in G-Secs.

  Key Facts:

  • RBI
  • Authorised Dealer (AD) Category-I banks
  • Special Rupee Vostro Accounts (SRVAs)
  • Indian Rupees (INR)
  • August 5, 2025
  • August 12, 2025
  • Central Government Securities
  • Treasury Bills
• 2025-03-20 [Economy] — RBI Approves BRISKPE as Payment Aggregator for Cross-Border Transactions
  The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has approved BRISKPE as a Payment Aggregator – Cross Border (PA-CB) for import and export transactions in India. This allows BRISKPE to facilitate cross-border payments for MSMEs and businesses, reducing reliance on foreign payment service providers and supporting India's growing digital payment ecosystem. The decision aligns with RBI's 2023 guidelines aimed at ensuring transparency and security in international transactions.
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  UPSC Angle: RBI approves BRISKPE as Payment Aggregator for cross-border transactions.

  Key Facts:

  • RBI approved: BRISKPE
  • As: Payment Aggregator – Cross Border (PA-CB)
  • For: import and export transactions in India
  • Supports: MSMEs and businesses
  • Aligns with: RBI's 2023 guidelines
  • Objective: ensuring transparency and security in international transactions

Stagnation of WMD Disarmament Frameworks

Focus: Specific updates on the failure, suspension, or anniversary of major Weapons of Mass Destruction (nuclear/bio) control regimes.

UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing the breakdown of the global non-proliferation architecture beyond just the New START treaty.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-15 [International Relations] — D.B. Venkatesh to Chair UN Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters
  Senior Indian diplomat D.B. Venkatesh, a former member of the National Security Advisory Board (NSAB), has been nominated by the UN Secretary-General to chair the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters for 2026-27. He is the first Indian to chair this body.
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  UPSC Angle: D.B. Venkatesh to chair UN Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters.

  Key Facts:

  • Name: D.B. Venkatesh
  • Position: Chair of UN Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters
  • Term: 2026-27
  • Previous Role: Member of National Security Advisory Board (NSAB)
• 2025-12-02 [International Relations] — 50th Anniversary of Biological Weapons Convention
  India hosted an international conference in New Delhi to mark the 50th anniversary of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). India's External Affairs Minister cautioned that the world remains unprepared for bioterrorism, especially from non-state actors. The BWC is the first multilateral disarmament treaty banning an entire category of weapons of mass destruction.
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  UPSC Angle: India hosted conference for 50th anniversary of Biological Weapons Convention.

  Key Facts:

  • BWC bans an entire category of weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
  • 187 states-parties, including Palestine
  • Four signatories: Egypt, Haiti, Somalia, and Syria
  • India signed and ratified the BWC in 1974
  • Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)
  • 50th anniversary
  • New Delhi
  • Bioterrorism
  • Global South
• 2025-11-14 [International Relations] — Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) framework failing
  The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) has not entered into force 29 years after negotiation, with key states like the U.S., China, Israel, Egypt, and Iran not ratifying it. Russia ratified and then withdrew ratification in 2023. India, Pakistan, and North Korea have neither signed nor ratified it, making entry into force unlikely.
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  UPSC Angle: CTBT not in force due to lack of ratification by key states.

  Key Facts:

  • CTBT has not entered into force 29 years after negotiation
  • Key states like the U.S., China, Israel, Egypt, and Iran have not ratified it
  • Russia withdrew ratification in 2023; India, Pakistan, and North Korea have neither signed nor ratified
• 2025-10-09 [International Relations] — Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement (PMDA)
  The Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement (PMDA) is an agreement between the United States and Russia signed in 2000 and came into force in 2011. It aimed at reducing vast stockpiles of weapons-grade plutonium left over from thousands of Cold War nuclear warheads. It committed both the United States and Russia to dispose of at least 34 tonnes of weapons-grade plutonium each.
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  UPSC Angle: Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement (PMDA) between US and Russia.

  Key Facts:

  • Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement (PMDA) signed between the United States and Russia
  • Signed in 2000, came into force in 2011
  • Aimed at reducing stockpiles of weapons-grade plutonium
  • Both countries committed to dispose of at least 34 tonnes of weapons-grade plutonium each
  • Russia suspended implementation in 2016
• 2025-08-29 [International Relations] — International Day against Nuclear Tests
  Observed globally on August 29, the International Day against Nuclear Tests raises awareness about the harmful consequences of nuclear weapons testing and promotes a world free of nuclear explosions. The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) proclaimed this day in December 2009, inspired by Kazakhstan's initiative marking the closure of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site on August 29, 1991.
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  UPSC Angle: International Day against Nuclear Tests: August 29.

  Key Facts:

  • Observed on August 29 every year
  • Raises awareness about the harmful consequences of nuclear weapons testing
  • Promotes a world free of nuclear explosions
  • Proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in December 2009
  • Inspired by Kazakhstan's initiative
  • Marks the closure of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site on August 29, 1991
• 2025-05-17 [International Relations] — India's Nuclear Policy and IAEA Role
  Discussion on India's nuclear policy, acquisition of nuclear weapons, and the role of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in ensuring peaceful use of nuclear energy and preventing military applications.
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  UPSC Angle: Discussion on India's nuclear policy and IAEA's role.

  Key Facts:

  • Countries with nuclear weapons: US, UK, France, Russia, China, India, Pakistan
  • Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT): Created by P5 countries (US, UK, France, Russia, China) in 1970
  • India's stance on NPT: Didn't join, considers it discriminatory

Transition from Multilateralism to Mercantilism

Focus: The shift from global rules-based trade to bilateral arrangements, reciprocal tariffs, and the use of trade logistics as political leverage.

UPSC Value: Helps in understanding the shift in global economic diplomacy from cooperative frameworks to protectionist and bilateral strategies, essential for GS Paper II (International Relations).

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-30 [International Relations] — Collapse of Multilateralism and Return of Mercantilism
  Global trade is no longer guided by cooperation and shared rules, with power politics replacing multilateralism. Trade is now used as a tool of pressure and control, marking the collapse of the liberal global order and the emergence of a new mercantilist system.
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  UPSC Angle: Global trade is no longer guided by cooperation, marking collapse of multilateralism.

  Key Facts:

  • Tariffs, sanctions, and bilateral pressure are replacing multilateral negotiations.
  • Countries promote industrial policy to reduce dependence on others.
  • Migration is used as a political issue rather than a development concern.
• 2025-06-17 [International Relations] — India Recalibrates Bay of Bengal Trade
  India's economic involvement in the Bay of Bengal is entering a new phase, marked by increased cargo movement through eastern ports and a recent BIMSTEC agreement promoting trade. However, India unexpectedly revoked the facility allowing Bangladesh to route exports through Indian ports, citing logistical congestion, and restricted seven categories of Bangladeshi goods. Bangladesh's exporters, particularly the ready-made garment sector, now face increased logistical costs.
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  UPSC Angle: India recalibrates Bay of Bengal trade through eastern ports and BIMSTEC.

  Key Facts:

  • India revoked the transshipment facility for Bangladesh exports through Indian ports.
  • India restricted seven categories of Bangladeshi goods, forcing their entry only through specific seaports.
  • BIMSTEC agreement promotes trade.
  • India-led Initiatives: Prime Minister Narendra Modi proposed a 21-point action plan.
  • Mitigation and Disaster Management: Establishing the BIMSTEC Centre of Excellence for Disaster Management in India to cooperate in disaster management, relief and rehabilitation.
• 2025-04-09 [International Relations] — Finance Minister Highlights Bilateralism Overtaking Multilateralism
  Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman noted the increasing trend of countries choosing bilateral arrangements over multilateralism due to multiplying global uncertainties.
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  UPSC Angle: Finance Minister notes increasing trend of bilateralism over multilateralism.

  Key Facts:

  • Finance Minister stated that countries are choosing bilateral arrangements over multilateralism.
• 2025-03-08 [Economy] — EPW: Reciprocal Tariffs and International Trade Instability
  The Economic and Political Weekly highlights the potential destabilization of international trade due to reciprocal tariffs, along with analyses of US-Russia diplomacy and labor regulations in India.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Reciprocal Tariffs Will Destabilise International Trade
  • Changing Course in Ukraine and US–Russia Diplomacy
  • The Changing Landscape of Labour Regulations in India

Global Security Frameworks and Digital Tradecraft

Focus: The grouping principle focuses on the nexus between sophisticated digital tradecraft (encryption, DeFi, anonymity tools) used by non-state actors and the evolving international institutional responses (Interpol Purple Notices, UN Cybercrime Treaty) designed to counter these borderless threats.

UPSC Value: This grouping is essential for analyzing the 'Internal Security' and 'Cyber Security' components of GS Paper III, as well as 'International Relations' in GS Paper II, focusing on how global institutions adapt to technological shifts in criminal activity.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-26 [Defense & Security] — Digital Tradecraft in Terrorism
  Terror groups use encrypted apps like Threema, Telegram, and Signal for communication and anonymity tools like VPNs, Tor browser, burner devices, and proxy servers to mask locations and identities. They also utilize decentralized platforms like dark web forums and anonymous hosting services.
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  UPSC Angle: Terror groups use encrypted apps and anonymity tools.

  Key Facts:

  • Key Elements of Digital Tradecraft: Encrypted Communication, Anonymity Tools, Decentralised Platforms
  • Encrypted apps: Threema, Telegram, Signal
  • Anonymity tools: VPNs, Tor browser, burner devices, proxy servers
• 2025-10-27 [International Relations] — Global Treaty Against Cybercrime
  UN member states are set to sign a convention in Hanoi aimed at establishing an international framework to combat cyber threats, addressing issues like data sovereignty, cross-border cooperation, and digital privacy. This reinforces India's cybersecurity diplomacy and global cooperation.
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  UPSC Angle: UN treaty against cybercrime addresses data sovereignty and cooperation.

  Key Facts:

  • UN member states to sign convention in Hanoi
  • Addresses data sovereignty, cross-border cooperation, and digital privacy
  • Establishes international framework to combat cyber threats
• 2025-09-11 [Economy] — DeFi and National Security Concerns
  The rise of Decentralized Finance (DeFi), a blockchain-based financial system, is raising national security concerns due to its potential misuse for terror financing and money laundering. DeFi allows people to save, borrow, invest, and transact without traditional banks, operating through smart contracts, decentralized apps (DApps), and peer-to-peer networks.
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  UPSC Angle: DeFi raises national security concerns due to terror financing risks.

  Key Facts:

  • A blockchain-based financial system that allows people to save, borrow, invest, and transact without traditional banks.
  • Works through smart contracts, decentralised apps (DApps), and peer-to-peer networks.
• 2025-08-31 [Polity & Governance] — Interpol Purple Notice
  Interpol's Purple Notice provides member countries with information on modus operandi, objects, devices, and concealment methods used by criminals, focusing on practices and tools that pose a threat to public safety rather than targeting specific individuals. It is one of eight types of notices published by Interpol.
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  UPSC Angle: Interpol's Purple Notice provides info on criminals' modus operandi.

  Key Facts:

  • Purple Notice: Provides information on modus operandi, objects, devices, and concealment methods used by criminals
  • Focus: Practices and tools that pose a threat to public safety
  • Other Interpol notices: Red, yellow, blue, Black, green, Orange, Silver Notice (pilot phase)

Legal and Diplomatic Friction in the Global Fossil Fuel Phase-Out

Focus: The intersection of international legal mandates (ICJ), multilateral institutional motions (IUCN), and high-stakes climate negotiations (COP) regarding the mandatory cessation of fossil fuel production and the resulting economic pushback from developing nations.

UPSC Value: This thread illustrates the shift from voluntary climate goals to formal legal obligations and highlights the persistent North-South divide regarding 'Common But Differentiated Responsibilities' and climate finance.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-23 [Environment & Ecology] — Developing Nations' Role in Fossil Fuel Phase-Out Negotiations
  At an unspecified COP meeting, over 80 nations pushed for a timeline to phase out fossil fuels, but major developing countries resisted binding commitments, citing energy security and climate finance needs. Developing nations are emerging as decisive negotiators in these discussions.
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  UPSC Angle: Developing nations resist binding fossil fuel phase-out commitments.

  Key Facts:

  • Negotiation Topic: Fossil fuel phase-out
  • Countries in favor: More than 80 nations
  • Countries resisting: Major developing countries
  • Reasons for resistance: Energy security and climate finance
• 2025-11-21 [Environment & Ecology] — India Delays Climate Pledge, Pressures Rich Nations on Funding
  India is unlikely to submit its climate pledge before the end of the UN climate summit, potentially due to displeasure with the lack of progress in funding global climate priorities. India's Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav called on rich nations to increase financial aid to developing countries for green energy transition. India will submit its updated 2035 climate goals by December.
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  UPSC Angle: India delays climate pledge, pressures rich nations on funding.

  Key Facts:

  • India delays submission of climate pledge
  • India to submit updated 2035 climate goals by December
  • Bhupender Yadav called on rich nations to increase climate finance
• 2025-10-17 [Environment & Ecology] — IUCN Recognizes Fossil Fuel Production as Threat to Nature
  The IUCN became the first multilateral body to explicitly recognize fossil fuel production as a threat to nature, signaling a unified call ahead of COP30 to integrate climate and biodiversity goals by confronting fossil fuels as a root cause of environmental degradation. Motion 042, passed at the IUCN World Conservation Congress, calls for a global phase-out of coal, oil, and gas, a halt to new extraction projects, and a just transition for affected workers and communities.
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  UPSC Angle: IUCN recognizes fossil fuel production as threat to nature.

  Key Facts:

  • IUCN
  • fossil fuel production
  • COP30
  • Motion 042
  • global phase-out of coal, oil, and gas
  • IUCN adopted Motion 042
  • Halt to new extraction projects
  • Calls for a just transition for affected workers and communities
  • Urges exploration of a Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty
• 2025-07-25 [International Relations] — ICJ Affirms Countries' Legal Obligation to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
  The International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued a landmark advisory opinion affirming that countries have a legal obligation under international law to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The ICJ declared that fossil fuel production, licensing, and subsidies may constitute “internationally wrongful acts”, holding states accountable for their contributions to the climate crisis. The advisory opinion was requested by the UN General Assembly, with the case initiated by Vanuatu and supported by over 130 nations vulnerable to climate change.
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  UPSC Angle: ICJ affirms legal obligation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

  Key Facts:

  • ICJ affirmed that climate action is a binding legal duty.
  • Fossil fuel production, licensing, and subsidies may constitute “internationally wrongful acts”.
  • ICJ's role is to resolve legal disputes between states and provide advisory opinions on legal questions referred by authorized UN bodies and agencies, based on international law.
  • Case initiated by Vanuatu and supported by over 130 nations.

Trump-Era Global Financial Restructuring

Focus: Items detailing the disruption of traditional US dollar dominance and the shift toward alternative financial frameworks like the Quantum Financial System and crypto-based international payments under the Trump administration.

UPSC Value: Analyzes the intersection of geopolitical leadership and the evolution of global monetary systems, specifically the transition from fiat currency to digital or gold-backed assets.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-17 [Economy] — Pakistan, crypto, and Trump
  Pakistan has signed an agreement with World Liberty Financial, a crypto company linked with US President Donald Trump, to explore the use of its stablecoin for international payments.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Pakistan signed an agreement with World Liberty Financial to explore stablecoin use.
• 2025-11-13 [Economy] — NESARA Bill Signed; Quantum Financial System Synchronization
  According to Julian Assange, President Trump signed the NESARA Bill on November 12, 2025, restoring Constitutional Governance and initiating debt forgiveness nationwide. The Quantum Financial System Global Currency Reset rollout synchronization completed on November 13, 2025, enabling full activation of the gold-backed quantum financial system and dismantling elite-controlled banking circuits.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • President Trump signed the NESARA Bill on November 12, 2025
  • Quantum Financial System Global Currency Reset rollout synchronization completed on November 13, 2025
  • Full activation of the gold-backed quantum financial system
  • Dismantling elite-controlled banking circuits
• 2025-05-02 [International Relations] — Trump's Policies Threaten US Dollar Dominance
  Donald Trump's return to power in January 2025 has disrupted global financial stability and raised doubts about the future of the US dollar. Trump's “Liberation Day” tariffs caused a drop in the dollar and a spike in Treasury yields, indicating investor flight from US bonds.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Donald Trump's return disrupted global financial stability
  • Tariffs caused drop in dollar and spike in Treasury yields
  • Investor flight from US bonds

India's Defense of WTO Structural Integrity

Focus: Items focusing on the defense and definition of core WTO pillars (MFN, DSU, Multilateralism) against unilateral or plurilateral fragmentation.

UPSC Value: Essential for understanding India's negotiating strategy to preserve the WTO's consensus-based framework against developed nations' push for structural changes.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-07 [International Relations] — India's Stance on WTO Investment Facilitation Agreement
  India is resisting the inclusion of the Investment Facilitation for Development Agreement (IFDA) into the WTO's formal structure, emphasizing the need to safeguard the multilateral spirit of the WTO. India is concerned that plurilateral initiatives could lead to a tiered system where developing nations lose their equal voice.
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  UPSC Angle: India resists including IFDA in WTO, emphasizing multilateralism.

  Key Facts:

  • India's position: Resisting IFDA inclusion in WTO
  • Concern: Safeguarding WTO's multilateral spirit
  • Reason: Preventing a tiered system disadvantaging developing nations
• 2025-12-25 [International Relations] — WTO Dispute Settlement
  A fundamental pillar of the WTO is the ban on unilateral action; members must use the multilateral system and its Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU). The DSU provides a structured, compulsory, rules-based framework mandating a consultation phase as the first step to ensure stability and predictability.
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  UPSC Angle: WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) bans unilateral action.

  Key Facts:

  • WTO principle: Ban on unilateral action
  • Mechanism: Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU)
  • First step: Consultation phase
• 2025-12-18 [International Relations] — India to Oppose US Proposal on WTO's MFN Rule
  India is likely to oppose a US proposal at the WTO to dismantle the "most-favoured-nation" (MFN) obligation, which ensures a uniform and non-discriminatory tariff regime. The US argues the MFN principle no longer reflects current economic and strategic realities. India is expected to voice its opposition at the WTO's 14th ministerial meeting in Cameroon in March 2026.
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  UPSC Angle: India to oppose US proposal on WTO's MFN rule.

  Key Facts:

  • India likely to oppose US proposal to dismantle WTO's MFN rule.
  • US argues MFN principle doesn't reflect current economic and strategic realities.
  • India expected to voice opposition at WTO's 14th ministerial meeting in Cameroon in March 2026.

Global Commons and Resource Treaties

Focus: Status updates on major non-military international conventions (Ocean, Health, Water) reaching critical negotiation or implementation phases.

UPSC Value: Highlights the contrast between failing security treaties and active environmental/health governance.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-02 [International Relations] — India & Bangladesh Joint Water Measurements
  India and Bangladesh have started a joint water measurement initiative on the Ganga and Padma rivers as the Ganges Water Sharing Treaty approaches its expiry in December 2026. The Ganges Water Sharing Treaty, signed on December 12, 1996, governs the sharing of Ganges waters at the Farakka Barrage.
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  UPSC Angle: India & Bangladesh joint water measurements on Ganga and Padma rivers.

  Key Facts:

  • Rivers: Ganga and Padma
  • Treaty: Ganges Water Sharing Treaty
  • Signed: December 12, 1996
  • Expiry: December 2026
  • Joint water measurement initiative on Ganga and Padma rivers
  • Ganges Water Sharing Treaty expiry: December 2026
  • Treaty signed: December 12, 1996
  • Treaty governs water sharing at Farakka Barrage
• 2025-11-04 [International Relations] — High Seas Treaty Implementation in 2026
  The High Seas Treaty, ratified by over 60 countries, will take effect in January 2026, establishing rules to conserve marine biodiversity and address climate change, overfishing, and pollution. The treaty, formally called the Agreement on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ), operates under UNCLOS to maintain ocean ecological health. The treaty negotiations began in 2004 to address gaps in UNCLOS regarding Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ).
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  UPSC Angle: High Seas Treaty implementation in 2026 for marine biodiversity.

  Key Facts:

  • High Seas Treaty takes effect in January 2026
  • Ratified by over 60 countries
  • Formal name: Agreement on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ)
  • Negotiated in 2023
  • Aims to reduce pollution and promote conservation of marine resources
• 2025-09-15 [International Relations] — Pandemic Treaty: UN urges agreement on pathogen access
  The head of the UN health agency, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, has urged all countries to overcome the final obstacles standing in the way of a functioning global pandemic treaty. Member States have one week to find common ground on the pathogen access platform, with final negotiations scheduled to start before the end of the year. The goal is for the World Health Organization's executive body to adopt the deal, after which countries will be able to sign and ratify the Pandemic Agreement.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: UN urges agreement on pathogen access for global pandemic treaty.

  Key Facts:

  • Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus: Head of UN health agency
  • Pandemic Agreement: States adopted earlier in 2025
  • Negotiations: Scheduled to start before the end of 2025
  • Goal: WHO executive body to adopt the deal

Structural Shifts Toward a Multipolar World Order

Focus: The systemic transition toward a multipolar world order through the strengthening of Global South institutions and the adoption of alternative financial settlement mechanisms.

UPSC Value: Provides a framework for analyzing the rise of the Global South and the diversification of global power and financial systems, key for GS Paper II (Global Groupings).

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-31 [International Relations] — A multipolar world with bipolar characteristics
  The post-Cold War unipolar world, dominated by the United States, is transitioning to a multipolar system. The multipolar world has risk of great power conflicts due to overlapping spheres of influence and strategic competition. Instability in alliances, as middle powers like India, Japan, Brazil, and Germany must hedge their positions.
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  UPSC Angle: Multipolar world increases risk of great power conflicts.

  Key Facts:

  • Post-Cold War unipolar world is transitioning to a multipolar system.
  • Risk of great power conflicts due to overlapping spheres of influence and strategic competition.
  • Instability in alliances, as middle powers like India, Japan, Brazil, and Germany must hedge their positions.
• 2025-12-07 [International Relations] — Rupee-Rubal Trade Settlement
  India and Russia are promoting rupee-rubal trade settlement to reduce reliance on the US dollar in trade. Maritime and customs cooperation are aimed to boost trade and logistics between the two countries.
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  UPSC Angle: India and Russia are promoting rupee-rubal trade settlement.

  Key Facts:

  • Trade settlement: Rupee-rubal mechanism
  • Objective: Reduce reliance on US dollar
  • Cooperation: Maritime and customs
• 2025-07-13 [International Relations] — BRICS Grouping
  BRICS includes Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, with South Africa joining in 2010. The objectives are to strengthen economic, political, and social cooperation and increase the influence of Global South countries in international governance. The group aims to improve the legitimacy, equity, participation, and efficiency of global institutions such as the UN, IMF, World Bank, and WTO.
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  UPSC Angle: BRICS objectives: economic, political, social cooperation.

  Key Facts:

  • Members: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
  • South Africa joined in 2010
  • Objectives: Strengthen cooperation among members
  • Increase influence of Global South in global governance
  • Improve legitimacy and equity of global institutions

India's Defense of the Traditional WTO Mandate

Focus: India's consistent diplomatic maneuvering to keep non-trade issues (specifically Investment Facilitation) out of the WTO framework, asserting the body's core multilateral trade focus.

UPSC Value: Illustrates India's defensive strategy in global trade governance against the expansion of plurilateral agreements and mandate creep.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-12 [International Relations] — India raises concerns over China-led investment plan at WTO
  India has expressed concerns at the WTO regarding China's proposal for an 'investment facilitation for development agreement', arguing that investment discussions are outside the WTO's framework and such agreements should remain exceptional. New Delhi insists that plurilateral agreements should not become the norm. The proposal seeks to implement a pre-investment review system via an independent body for screening investments.
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  UPSC Angle: India raises concerns over China-led investment plan at WTO.

  Key Facts:

  • India raised concerns at the WTO against China-led proposal for an 'investment facilitation for development agreement'
  • India argues discussion on trade and investment is outside the WTO framework
  • India insists plurilateral agreements should remain an exception, not a norm
  • The proposal seeks to put in place a pre-investment review system through an independent body to screen all investments
• 2025-09-07 [International Relations] — India Reaffirms Commitment to WTO at SCO Trade Ministers' Meeting
  At the SCO Trade Ministers' Meeting in Vladivostok on September 6, 2025, India emphasized leveraging SCO's collective strengths for shared prosperity. India highlighted the need for export diversification, resilient supply chains, and cautioned against weaponizing export-related measures. India proposed SCO workstreams focused on fair digital economy frameworks and showcased its Digital Public Infrastructure.
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  UPSC Angle: India's commitment to WTO at SCO Trade Ministers' Meeting.

  Key Facts:

  • SCO Trade Ministers' Meeting held in Vladivostok on September 6, 2025
  • India's representative: Shri Amitabh Kumar, Additional Secretary, Department of Commerce
  • SCO accounts for 42% of world's population and 17.2% of global trade
  • India stressed the need for a WTO-centred multilateral trading system
  • India showcased Digital Public Infrastructure (UPI, India Stack, ONDC)
• 2025-06-03 [International Relations] — WTO Chief Urges India to Join Investment Facilitation Pact
  WTO Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala urged India to join the Investment Facilitation for Development Agreement, supported by over 90 countries, emphasizing India's vital leadership role in global trade reform and support for developing nations. India's opposition stems from concerns over reduced policy space on investment matters and a preference for the WTO to focus on trade-related issues.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: WTO chief urges India to join Investment Facilitation for Development Agreement.

  Key Facts:

  • WTO chief Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
  • Investment Facilitation for Development Agreement
  • 90+ countries backing the agreement
  • Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal
  • Investment Facilitation for Development Agreement first proposed in April 2017
  • 13th Ministerial Meeting of the WTO in February-March 2024 the agreement was finalised and made part of the Annex 4 of the Marrakesh Agreement that established WTO

New Mechanisms for Cross-Border Financial Settlements

Focus: A cluster of initiatives launched in late 2025 specifically aimed at bypassing traditional banking delays or dominance in cross-border payments.

UPSC Value: Illustrates India's multi-pronged approach to financial sovereignty and efficiency via GIFT City, BRICS, and UPI.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-25 [Economy] — UPI TIP Cross-Border Payment Launched
  RBI launched UPI TIP for cross-border payments, focusing on Europe's Euro-area transactions and working for Kabaddi and Cricket payments. NPCI handles national digital payments and launched UPI & BHIM app in 2016.
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  UPSC Angle: RBI launched UPI TIP for cross-border payments.

  Key Facts:

  • RBI: Launched UPI TIP for cross-border payments
  • Target Region: Focus on Europe's Euro-area transactions
  • Sports Use: Works for Kabaddi and Cricket payments
  • NPCI: Handles national digital payments
  • UPI Launch: NPCI launched UPI & BHIM app in 2016
• 2025-11-05 [Economy] — BRICS Cross-Border Payments Initiative
  At the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan (2024), member nations unveiled the BRICS Cross-Border Payments Initiative — “BRICS Pay” — to reduce dependence on the U.S.-controlled SWIFT system. This initiative seeks to establish independent financial institutions outside Western control and promote monetary multipolarity, digital sovereignty, and reduced dollar dependence. The BRICS Pay initiative integrates national systems, including Russia’s SPFS, China’s CIPS, India’s UPI, and Brazil’s Pix, to enable transactions in local currencies.
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  UPSC Angle: BRICS Pay initiative to reduce dependence on SWIFT.

  Key Facts:

  • BRICS Pay: Cross-Border Payments Initiative
  • Kazan, 2024: Location and year of the 16th BRICS Summit
  • SPFS: Russia's national payment system
  • CIPS: China's national payment system
  • UPI: India's national payment system
  • Pix: Brazil's national payment system
• 2025-10-09 [Economy] — GIFT City's New Forex Settlement System
  Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman launched a Foreign Currency Settlement System (FCSS) at the International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) in Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City). Transactions in foreign currencies (like USD, Euro, Yen) can now be settled in real time or near real time within India. Earlier, settlements took 36–48 hours through the traditional correspondent banking system, involving foreign intermediaries.
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  UPSC Angle: GIFT City launches Foreign Currency Settlement System (FCSS).

  Key Facts:

  • Foreign Currency Settlement System (FCSS) launched at GIFT City
  • Transactions in foreign currencies can now be settled in real time or near real time within India
  • Launched by Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman
  • Located at the International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) in Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City)
  • Faster settlements: Earlier, settlements took 36–48 hours

Erosion of Bilateral Cooperation Frameworks

Focus: Instances where established bilateral mechanisms (trade, water, legal) were revoked, rejected, or internationalized, signaling a structural breakdown in cooperation.

UPSC Value: Highlights the shift from bilateralism to confrontation in India-Bangladesh relations across multiple sectors (logistics, hydro-diplomacy, extradition).

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-24 [International Relations] — Bangladesh seeks extradition of Sheikh Hasina from India
  The interim government of Bangladesh has requested India to extradite deposed Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, who has been sentenced to death by the International Crimes Tribunal in Dhaka. The Foreign Affairs Adviser of Bangladesh's interim government, Touhid Hossein, stated that a letter detailing Ms. Hasina's involvement in the crackdown against protesters in July-August 2024 has been sent to the Indian Ministry of External Affairs.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Subject: Sheikh Hasina's extradition
  • Request by: Bangladesh's interim government
  • Complication: India's dependence on a single leader
  • Challenge: Balancing national interests
  • Bangladesh's actions: Recalibrating foreign policy, slowing India-backed projects
  • The interim government of Bangladesh sent a letter to the Indian Ministry of External Affairs.
  • The letter seeks the extradition of deposed Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina.
  • Sheikh Hasina received a death sentence at the International Crimes Tribunal in Dhaka.
  • The letter contains details of the judgment on Ms. Hasina's involvement in the crackdown against unarmed protesters in July-August 2024.
• 2025-11-10 [International Relations] — India-Bangladesh Relations and Water Disputes
  A shift is being observed where Bangladesh is increasingly seeking to involve international platforms in addressing water disputes with India, particularly concerning hydrological dependence on India and China. This could potentially impact India-Bangladesh relations, as issues that were previously resolved bilaterally may now be taken to international forums. India is not a member of the UNECE Water Convention, while Bangladesh has joined it to address transboundary pollution and water sharing.
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  UPSC Angle: Bangladesh seeks international involvement in water disputes with India.

  Key Facts:

  • Hydrological dependence of Bangladesh on India and China
  • International platforms involvement in India-Bangladesh water disputes
  • India is not a member of UNECE Water Convention
  • Bangladesh joined UNECE Water Convention
• 2025-04-12 [International Relations] — India Ends Transshipment for Bangladesh Exports
  India has formally revoked the transshipment facility that allowed Bangladesh to export goods to third countries via Indian land customs stations, ports, and airports. The agreement, introduced in 2020 by India's Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC), aimed to enhance regional connectivity and trade cooperation. Under this arrangement, cargo from Bangladesh could pass through Indian Land Customs Stations (LCSs) en route to ports and airports.
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  UPSC Angle: India ends transshipment for Bangladesh exports; impact on trade.

  Key Facts:

  • Transshipment facility revoked in April 2025.
  • Facility introduced in 2020 by CBIC.
  • Facility: Transshipment facility revoked
  • Beneficiary: Bangladesh exports
  • Via: Indian land customs stations, ports, and airports
  • Introduced in: 2020
  • By: India's Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC)

Friction in Global Environmental and Trade Governance

Focus: The intersection of international trade frameworks and environmental regulation, specifically highlighting the diplomatic hurdles and implementation delays in addressing plastic pollution and maritime emissions.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding the 'Trade and Environment' nexus in international relations and the challenges of achieving multilateral consensus on sustainable development goals.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-21 [Environment & Ecology] — IMO's Carbon-Free Shipping Plan Delayed
  The shipping industry contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for about 2-3% of total CO₂ emissions. The IMO's revised Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Strategy aims for net-zero emissions by 2050, with interim goals for 2030. The recent delay in the carbon-free shipping plan underscores a growing political divide on climate action, particularly between developed and developing nations.
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  UPSC Angle: IMO's revised GHG Strategy aims for net-zero emissions by 2050.

  Key Facts:

  • Shipping industry contributes 2-3% of global CO₂ emissions
  • IMO aims for net-zero emissions by 2050
  • Carbon-free shipping plan delayed
• 2025-08-17 [Environment & Ecology] — Health Hazards of Plastic Pollution
  Negotiations among 180 countries in Geneva regarding a binding international treaty to curb plastic pollution failed to yield consensus. Divisions persist on whether the treaty should focus on waste management or plastic production, and whether developed nations should financially support developing countries in implementing measures.
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  UPSC Angle: Negotiations on plastic pollution treaty failed to yield consensus.

  Key Facts:

  • 180 countries
  • Geneva
  • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
• 2025-08-04 [Environment & Ecology] — UNCTAD Report on Tackling Plastic Pollution
  The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) released its Global Trade Update, focusing on how trade policies can be mobilized to combat plastic pollution. In 2022, more than 78% of plastic production was traded internationally. Bio-based and compostable plastics account for only 1.5% of global plastic production.
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  UPSC Angle: UNCTAD report focuses on trade policies to combat plastic pollution.

  Key Facts:

  • More than 78% of plastic production was traded internationally in 2022
  • Bio-based and compostable plastics account for only 1.5% of global plastic production

Global and Domestic Frameworks for Cultural Heritage Protection

Focus: These items illustrate the multi-layered approach to safeguarding cultural property, encompassing international digital databases, bilateral repatriation treaties, and the security challenges facing museum artifacts.

UPSC Value: Understanding the legal and institutional mechanisms, such as the 1970 UNESCO Convention and bilateral agreements, for heritage conservation and the prevention of illicit trafficking.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-14 [Society & Culture] — UNESCO launches Virtual Museum of Stolen Cultural Objects
  UNESCO officially launched the Virtual Museum of Stolen Cultural Objects at MONDIACULT 2025 in Barcelona, Spain. It is an innovative digital platform which reconnects communities with their stolen cultural treasures and contribute to raising awareness among the general public to the consequences of illicit trafficking of cultural property and contribute to the recovery of stolen objects. The museum is financially supported by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the project was developed in collaboration with INTERPOL.
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  UPSC Angle: UNESCO launches Virtual Museum of Stolen Cultural Objects.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched at MONDIACULT 2025 in Barcelona, Spain.
  • Financially supported by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
  • Developed in collaboration with INTERPOL.
  • Displays almost 240 missing objects from 46 countries.
  • Includes two 9th-century sandstone sculptures from Mahadev Temple, Pali, Chhattisgarh: a Nataraja figure and a Brahma figure.
• 2025-09-24 [History & Heritage] — Theft of Mohenjodaro 'Dancing Girl' Replica
  A professor from Haryana was booked for allegedly stealing a replica of the Mohenjodaro 'Dancing Girl' bronze figurine from the National Museum in Delhi. The “Dancing Girl” is a 4,500-year-old bronze statuette from the Indus Valley Civilization, unearthed in 1926 at Mohenjo-daro (present-day Pakistan) by archaeologist Ernest Mackay.
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  UPSC Angle: Theft of Mohenjodaro 'Dancing Girl' replica.

  Key Facts:

  • Object stolen: Replica of Mohenjodaro 'Dancing Girl' bronze figurine
  • Location: National Museum in Delhi
  • Age of statuette: 4,500 years old
  • Civilization: Indus Valley Civilization
  • Year of discovery: 1926
  • Location of discovery: Mohenjo-daro (present-day Pakistan)
  • Archaeologist who unearthed: Ernest Mackay
• 2025-03-21 [International Relations] — India-U.S. Cultural Property Agreement
  India and the U.S. have an agreement to prevent the smuggling of Indian antiquities, fostering cooperation and mutual understanding related to technical assistance and illicit trade of cultural property. So far, 588 antiquities have been repatriated from the USA, out of which 297 were received in 2024. The agreement aligns with Article 9 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention.
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  UPSC Angle: India-U.S. agreement to prevent smuggling of Indian antiquities.

  Key Facts:

  • Agreement aims to prevent smuggling of Indian antiquities
  • Aligns with Article 9 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention
  • 588 antiquities repatriated from USA
  • 297 antiquities received in 2024
  • Fosters cooperation in technical assistance and addressing illicit trade of cultural property
  • India collaborates with UNESCO and INTERPOL as needed
  • Aims to prevent smuggling of Indian antiquities
  • 588 antiquities have been repatriated from the USA
  • 297 received in 2024