Wildlife Governance and Conservation 2025-26: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

India's wildlife strategy in 2025-2026 has transitioned from 'Species Protection' to 'Landscape-Scale Connectivity' and 'Diplomatic Conservation Leadership'. The formal operationalization of the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) headquarters in New Delhi marks India’s shift toward a global 'South-South' conservation model. Domestically, the focus is on integrating technology (eDNA for aquatic monitoring, M-STrIPES 5.0) with a rights-based approach to relocation, moving away from 'Fortress Conservation' to 'Co-existence Zones' in the buffer areas of India's now 55+ Tiger Reserves.

Cross-Theme Insight

A 'Synchronous Monitoring' trend is emerging, where species like the Elephant (SAIEE) and River Dolphins are being surveyed using unified national frameworks rather than fragmented state-wise counts. While terrestrial flagship species (Tigers, Lions, Snow Leopards) show robust recovery (e.g., Kaziranga Tiger density up 42%), aquatic and marine megafauna (Dugongs in Palk Bay, Gharials in the Son River) remain the 'weakest link' in the conservation chain due to persistent hydrological and plastic pollution threats.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks (e.g., Shankar IAS 10th ed.) still focus on the 6-schedule structure of the Wildlife Protection Act (WPA), 1972. However, the 2022 Amendment (fully implemented by 2024-25) reduced these to 4 schedules, fundamentally altering legal categorization and penalty structures. Furthermore, while static sources list 53-54 Tiger Reserves, the 2025 landscape includes the 55th (Veerangana Durgavati, MP) and the notification of the 56th (Kumbhalgarh, Rajasthan), alongside expanded Critical Tiger Habitats (CTH) in Sariska and Nawegaon-Nagzira.

How This Theme Is Evolving

Conservation has evolved from 'Fortress Conservation' (1970s-90s: exclusionary) to 'Eco-System Services' (2000s-2015: utilitarian) and now to 'Rights-Based Landscape Management' (2025+: Tribal relocation policies and community-owned conservation reserves). There is also an 'Upward Scaling' of projects, where 'Project Tiger' and 'Project Elephant' are increasingly being managed under a merged 'Project Tiger & Elephant' (PT&E) division to optimize resource allocation across overlapping habitats.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

UPSC consistently tests the 'Habitat-Status-Threat' triad. Analysis of IAS 2020 (Nid 5851) and 2018 (Nid 15752) shows a focus on the largest Critical Tiger Habitat (Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam). Recent CAPF 2023 (Nid 17254) trends indicate a move toward matching endemic species to specific Ramsar sites (e.g., Irrawaddy Dolphin in Chilika, Black-necked Crane in Tsomoriri).

Probable Prelims Angles

• IBCA Framework: Includes 7 big cats (Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar, Puma); India is the founding host.
• WPA 2022 Schedules: Schedule I (highest protection), Schedule II (lesser protection), Schedule III (Plant species), and Schedule IV (CITES species).
• Ganges River Dolphin: Uttar Pradesh holds the highest population (2025 survey); identified as 'obligate' freshwater species.
• Madras Hedgehog (Bare-bellied): Endemic to peninsular India, specifically the arid Theri forests; faces threat from habitat fragmentation.
• SAIME Model: Sustainable Aquaculture In Mangrove Ecosystems (Sundarbans) - an FAO-recognized model for balancing livelihood with mangrove conservation.

Mains Answer Framework

• Technological and Institutional Modernization of Wildlife Governance
• Introduction: Mention the shift from 'Species' to 'Landscape' focus (e.g., 50 years of Project Tiger legacy).. Pillar 1 (Legal): Impact of WPA 2022 Amendment and the streamlining of schedules for ease of enforcement.. Pillar 2 (Technological): Role of eDNA, satellite telemetry (e.g., for Great Indian Bustard), and M-STrIPES in data-driven governance.. Pillar 3 (Diplomatic): India’s leadership via IBCA and trans-boundary conservation with Bhutan/Nepal.. Conclusion: Emphasize the 'Jan Bhagidari' (People's Participation) model in the 2025-2030 National Wildlife Action Plan.

Preparation Strategy

Key Connections

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (17 themes, 82 news items)

Status and Governance of Indian Tiger Reserves (2025-2026)

Focus: Updates on the ecological status, administrative changes, legal rulings, and population dynamics specifically concerning India's Tiger Reserves.

UPSC Value: Essential for tracking the performance of Project Tiger, understanding habitat management challenges (human-wildlife conflict, mining, corridors), and regional disparities in tiger density.

13 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-17 [Environment & Ecology] — Tiger Reintroduced to Papikonda National Park
  An adult male tiger named 'Explorer' was reintroduced into the wild in the Godavari landscape of Papikonda National Park (PNP) in Andhra Pradesh under Operation Stripes. The tiger was released after being tranquilized and monitored, having traveled through a wildlife corridor connecting Central India and the Eastern Ghats.
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  UPSC Angle: Tiger reintroduced to Papikonda National Park under Operation Stripes.

  Key Facts:

  • Tiger Name: Explorer
  • Reintroduced into: Papikonda National Park (PNP), Andhra Pradesh
  • Initiative: Operation Stripes
  • Date of Reintroduction: February 14, 2026
  • Travelled more than 650 kilometres through a functional wildlife corridor connecting Central India and the Eastern Ghats
• 2026-02-14 [Environment & Ecology] — Pench National Park Tiger Conservation Success
  Pench National Park in central India is a tiger conservation success story, with rising tiger numbers. The wider Pench landscape supports over 100 tigers. The park lies across Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh in central India.
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  UPSC Angle: Pench National Park is a tiger conservation success story.

  Key Facts:

  • Pench National Park
  • Located in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh
  • Over 100 tigers in the wider Pench landscape
• 2026-02-12 [Environment & Ecology] — Valmiki Tiger Reserve Emerges as Snake Biodiversity Hub
  Valmiki Tiger Reserve (VTR) in Bihar has emerged as a major center of snake biodiversity, with 43 species recorded, including five new species not found elsewhere in the state. The Wildlife Institute of India, in collaboration with the forest department, identified five new snake species in the VTR.
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  UPSC Angle: Valmiki Tiger Reserve is a snake biodiversity hub.

  Key Facts:

  • Valmiki Tiger Reserve (VTR) recorded 43 snake species
  • Five new snake species identified in VTR
  • New species include Copper Head Trinket, Twin-Spotted Wolf Snake, Dromelis Black-Headed Snake, Mock Viper, and Salazar Pit Viper
• 2026-01-06 [Environment & Ecology] — Tiger Cub Rewilding in Dnyanganga Wildlife Sanctuary
  A tiger cub identified as PKT7CP1, rescued three years ago, has been sent to Dnyanganga Wildlife Sanctuary in Maharashtra’s Buldhana district for rewilding.
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  UPSC Angle: Tiger cub rewilding in Dnyanganga Wildlife Sanctuary.

  Key Facts:

  • Tiger Cub ID: PKT7CP1
  • Location: Dnyanganga Wildlife Sanctuary, Buldhana district, Maharashtra
  • Purpose: Rewilding
• 2026-01-05 [Environment & Ecology] — India Lost 166 Tigers in 2025
  According to the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), India lost 166 tigers in 2025, which is forty more than in 2024. Madhya Pradesh recorded the highest number of tiger deaths (55), followed by Maharashtra (38), Kerala (13), and Assam (12); 31 of the deceased tigers were cubs.
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  UPSC Angle: India lost 166 tigers in 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • India lost 166 tigers in 2025
  • Madhya Pradesh: 55 tiger deaths
  • Maharashtra: 38 tiger deaths
  • Kerala: 13 tiger deaths
  • Assam: 12 tiger deaths
  • 31 of the deceased tigers were cubs
• 2025-12-31 [Environment & Ecology] — Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary to be a Tiger Reserve
  The Bihar government has approved a revised proposal to notify Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary as a Tiger Reserve and will be sent to the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) for final clearance. Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary is the largest wildlife sanctuary in Bihar, known for its rich biodiversity, forested plateaus and historical–archaeological heritage.
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  UPSC Angle: Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary to be notified as a Tiger Reserve.

  Key Facts:

  • Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary is the largest wildlife sanctuary in Bihar.
  • The proposal needs final clearance from the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).
• 2025-11-05 [Environment & Ecology] — Bandipur Tiger Reserve
  Bandipur Tiger Reserve (BTR) is situated in the Mysore and Chamarajanagar revenue districts of southern Karnataka, at the tri-junction area of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala. Geographically, it is an “ecological confluence” of the Western and Eastern Ghats, and it is part of the larger Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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  UPSC Angle: Bandipur Tiger Reserve is at the tri-junction of Karnataka, TN, Kerala.

  Key Facts:

  • Mysore and Chamarajanagar: Revenue districts where Bandipur Tiger Reserve is situated
  • Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala: States at the tri-junction area of Bandipur Tiger Reserve
  • Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve: Larger reserve of which Bandipur Tiger Reserve is part
  • UNESCO World Heritage Site: Recognition of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
• 2025-10-14 [Environment & Ecology] — Tiger movement study in Ranthambore
  A study indicates tigers from Ranthambore National Park in Rajasthan, India, used to move to Madhya Pradesh for mating to avoid inbreeding depression, which can occur when closely related tigers reproduce. Inbreeding depression can lead to offspring with less desirable traits.
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  UPSC Angle: Tiger movement study in Ranthambore indicates mating migration.

  Key Facts:

  • Tigers from Ranthambore National Park moved to Madhya Pradesh for mating.
  • The movement was to avoid inbreeding depression.
• 2025-07-30 [Environment & Ecology] — Kaziranga Tiger Reserve Records Third-Highest Tiger Density in India
  Kaziranga Tiger Reserve (KTR) in Assam has recorded the third-highest tiger density in India, after Bandipur and Corbett, according to the latest report released on Global Tiger Day 2025. Kaziranga recorded 148 tigers over 1,307.49 sq. km, up from 104 in 2022, including 27 tigers from the newly surveyed Biswanath Division.
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  UPSC Angle: Kaziranga has the third-highest tiger density in India.

  Key Facts:

  • Kaziranga Tiger Reserve (KTR) has the third-highest tiger density in India
  • Tiger density: 18.65 tigers per square kilometer
  • 148 tigers recorded in 2024
  • India accounts for 75% of the world's wild tigers
  • Kaziranga Tiger Reserve (KTR) in Assam has recorded the third-highest tiger density in India.
  • Top 3 Tiger Reserves by Density (2024): Bandipur (Karnataka): 19.83 tigers/100 sq. km, Corbett (Uttarakhand): 19.56 tigers/100 sq. km, Kaziranga (Assam): 18.65 tigers/100 sq. km.
  • Kaziranga recorded 148 tigers over 1,307.49 sq. km, up from 104 in 2022, including 27 tigers from the newly surveyed Biswanath Division.
• 2025-07-11 [Environment & Ecology] — Sariska Tiger Reserve Boundary Rationalization
  The Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife (SC-NBWL) approved redrawing the boundaries of the Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan, increasing the critical tiger habitat (CTH) from 881.11 sq km to 924.49 sq km and reducing the buffer area from 245.72 sq km to 203.2 sq km. The decision was based on the Central Empowered Committee's (CEC) report and recommendations for enhanced patrolling, community involvement, and habitat monitoring.
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  UPSC Angle: Sariska Tiger Reserve boundary redrawn, increasing critical tiger habitat.

  Key Facts:

  • Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan
  • Core area: ~924.49 sq km
  • Buffer: ~203.2 sq km
  • 54 Tiger Reserves in India
  • Boundaries of Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan will be redrawn
  • Sariska Tiger Reserve
  • Alwar district, Rajasthan, India
  • Critical Tiger Habitat (CTH) increased to 924.49 sq km
  • Buffer area reduced to 203.2 sq km
  • Declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1955
  • Became a tiger reserve in 1978 under Project Tiger
  • Aravalli hills terrain
  • Dry deciduous forests
  • Tigers, leopards, striped hyena, jungle cat, sambar, chital, nilgai, wild boar
  • Rajasthan
  • National Board for Wildlife (SC-NBWL)
  • Critical Tiger Habitat (CTH)
  • Central Empowered Committee's (CEC)
• 2025-06-09 [Environment & Ecology] — Supreme Court Directs Mining Ban in Ranthambore Tiger Reserve Core Zone
  The Supreme Court of India has directed the Rajasthan government to immediately ban all mining activities within the core zone of the Ranthambore Tiger Reserve (RTR). This aims to protect critical tiger habitats from ecological degradation and ensure the long-term survival of wildlife.
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  UPSC Angle: SC directs mining ban in Ranthambore Tiger Reserve core zone.

  Key Facts:

  • Supreme Court of India
  • Rajasthan government
  • Ban all mining activities
  • Core zone
  • Ranthambore Tiger Reserve (RTR)
• 2025-03-17 [Environment & Ecology] — Pilibhit Tiger Reserve to Become Rhino Sanctuary
  Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (PTR) in Uttar Pradesh is designated to become a new sanctuary for rhinos relocated from Nepal. The river Gomti originates from PTR, with other rivers like Sharda, Chuka, and Mala Khannot flowing through it. The reserve features sal forests, tall grasslands, and swamps, with the 22 km-long Sharda Sagar Dam marking its boundary.
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  UPSC Angle: Pilibhit Tiger Reserve to become rhino sanctuary for rhinos from Nepal.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Uttar Pradesh
  • Purpose: New sanctuary for rhinos from Nepal
  • Key Features: Gomti River origin, Sharda Sagar Dam
• 2025-03-11 [Environment & Ecology] — Satkosia Tiger Reserve
  Satkosia Tiger Reserve spans Angul, Cuttack, Boudh, and Nayagarh districts in Odisha, established in 2007 by merging Satkosia Gorge Sanctuary (1976) and Baisipali Wildlife Sanctuary (1981). The 2022 census found no tigers in the reserve, which was previously home to 12 tigers in 2007; it shelters elephants, leopards, mugger crocodiles, wild dogs, and 200+ bird species.
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  UPSC Angle: Satkosia Tiger Reserve: Location and establishment details.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Spans Angul, Cuttack, Boudh, and Nayagarh districts in Odisha
  • Established: 2007, by merging Satkosia Gorge Sanctuary (1976) and Baisipali Wildlife Sanctuary (1981)
  • Total Area: 1,136.70 sq. km
  • Fauna: Previously home to 12 tigers (2007), but the 2022 census found none; shelters elephants, leopards, mugger crocodiles, wild dogs, and 200+ bird species

Strategic Evolution of India's Tiger Conservation and Big Cat Diplomacy (2025-2026)

Focus: A specific pattern of legislative, administrative, and diplomatic actions taken to modernize India's tiger conservation framework, manage habitats scientifically, and lead international big cat alliances.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the shift from 'fortress conservation' to 'coexistence' models and India's use of conservation as a soft power tool through the IBCA.

10 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-13 [Environment & Ecology] — Big Cat Summit Concludes at Nagarahole
  The International Big Cat Summit concluded at Nagarahole Tiger Reserve on February 13, 2026, as part of the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Executive Course. The program was jointly organized by the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), the Government of Karnataka, and the Ministry of External Affairs. The summit saw participation from 38 foreign officials and researchers from 20 countries to strengthen international cooperation in wildlife conservation.
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  UPSC Angle: Big Cat Summit concludes at Nagarahole Tiger Reserve.

  Key Facts:

  • International Big Cat Summit held at Nagarahole tiger reserve on February 12 and 13, 2026
  • Jointly organized by the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), the Government of Karnataka and the Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India
  • 38 foreign officials and researchers from 20 countries participated
• 2026-02-09 [Environment & Ecology] — Expert Groups Formed to Upgrade Project Tiger Scheme
  The government has formed expert groups to upgrade the Project Tiger scheme. This entails strengthening tiger conservation efforts in India.
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  UPSC Angle: Expert groups formed to upgrade the Project Tiger scheme.

  Key Facts:

  • Government forms expert groups to upgrade Project Tiger scheme
• 2025-11-27 [Environment & Ecology] — Goa Tiger Reserve Proposal
  A Supreme Court-appointed Central Empowered Committee (CEC) has recommended creating a tiger reserve in Goa in phases to minimize impact on local communities. Phase 1 includes areas contiguous with Karnataka's Kali Tiger Reserve core, such as Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS) and Cotigao WLS, totaling 468.6 sq. km. The Goa government had previously argued that tigers in Goa were only transient.
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  UPSC Angle: CEC recommends creating a tiger reserve in Goa.

  Key Facts:

  • Phase 1 includes Netravali WLS (50 households) and Cotigao WLS (41 households).
  • The buffer zone includes Northern Bhagwan Mahavir WLS (9 households) and Bhagwan Mahavir National Park (2 households).
  • Total Area in Phase 1: 468.6 sq. km, forming a continuous landscape with Kali Tiger Reserve.
  • Supreme Court
  • Central Empowered Committee (CEC)
  • Goa Tiger Reserve
  • Bombay High Court (Goa bench)
  • 2023
• 2025-10-30 [Environment & Ecology] — Policy on Relocation of Forest-dwelling Communities
  The Union Tribal Affairs Ministry has issued a policy mandating that relocation of forest-dwelling communities from tiger reserves must be “exceptional, voluntary, and evidence-based”. India's tiger conservation strategy is moving from exclusionary “fortress conservation” to a rights-based, community-centred model, and the Union Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) now mandates that relocation must be a last resort, voluntary, scientifically justified, rights-compliant, and equitable.
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  UPSC Angle: Policy on relocation of forest-dwelling communities from tiger reserves.

  Key Facts:

  • Relocation of forest-dwelling communities from tiger reserves must be exceptional, voluntary, and evidence-based
  • New policy issued by the Union Tribal Affairs Ministry
  • Policy issued by the Union Tribal Affairs Ministry
  • India's tiger conservation strategy moving to a rights-based, community-centred model
• 2025-10-04 [Environment & Ecology] — India's Expanding Conservation Strategy Focuses on Coexistence
  During Wildlife Week 2025, India launched five national projects and four monitoring programs, emphasizing coexistence between humans and wildlife with the goal of balancing biodiversity protection and human well-being across India's ecosystems. The initiative involves community-driven and technology-enabled conservation. The Centre's 2025–26 budget allocates ₹450 crore for the Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats.
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  UPSC Angle: India launches projects emphasizing human-wildlife coexistence during Wildlife Week 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • Wildlife Week 2025 theme: “Human-Wildlife Coexistence”
  • Launch of five national projects: Project Dolphin (Phase-II), Project Sloth Bear, Project Gharial, Tigers Outside Tiger Reserves (TOTR), and Centre of Excellence for Human–Wildlife Conflict (CoE-HWC)
  • Four major monitoring initiatives launched.
  • The Centre’s 2025–26 budget allocates ₹450 crore for the Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats, with ₹290 crore specifically for Project Tiger and Project Elephant
• 2025-08-22 [International Relations] — India Extends Privileges to International Big Cat Alliance
  India has granted privileges and immunities to the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) and its officials, similar to those given to UN representatives. The IBCA, launched in 2023 during the 'Commemorating 50 years of Project Tiger' event, was established by the Government of India through the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA). The NTCA functions under the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEFCC).
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  UPSC Angle: India extends privileges to International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA).

  Key Facts:

  • International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA): Granted privileges and immunities in India
  • Launch: 2023, during 'Commemorating 50 years of Project Tiger'
  • Established by: Government of India through National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)
  • NTCA: Functions under Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEFCC)
  • IBCA: Multi-country, multi-agency coalition involving 95 countries
• 2025-07-11 [Environment & Ecology] — Sariska Tiger Reserve Boundary to Be Redrawn
  Decks have been cleared to redraw the critical tiger habitat boundary of the Sariska reserve. This may be related to conservation efforts or developmental projects in the area.
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  UPSC Angle: Sariska Tiger Reserve critical tiger habitat boundary to be redrawn.

  Key Facts:

  • Sariska reserve
  • Tiger habitat boundary
• 2025-06-23 [Environment & Ecology] — Sariska Tiger Reserve Changes
  The Rajasthan government has identified 48.39 square kilometers of degraded areas around the Sariska Tiger Reserve for exclusion from critical tiger habitat. To compensate, the government is adding 90.91 square kilometers of quality tiger habitat in the Sariska buffer to the critical tiger habitat, a proposal to be reviewed by the National Board of Wildlife.
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  UPSC Angle: Sariska Tiger Reserve: Area changes impacting critical tiger habitat.

  Key Facts:

  • 48.39 sq km of degraded areas near Sariska Tiger Reserve may be excluded from critical tiger habitat.
  • 90.91 sq km of tiger habitat will be added to compensate.
  • The proposal is under consideration by the standing committee of the National Board of Wildlife.
• 2025-04-27 [Environment & Ecology] — Madhya Pradesh's Buffer Zone Development Scheme for Tiger Reserves
  The Madhya Pradesh Cabinet has approved a new scheme titled 'Development of Buffer Zones in Tiger Reserves' to manage buffer zones around tiger reserves scientifically. The scheme is launched in response to a rapid increase in the tiger population, which grew from 526 to 785 in four years. An outlay of ₹145 crore has been allocated for the scheme from 2025-26 to 2027-28.
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  UPSC Angle: Madhya Pradesh's Buffer Zone Development Scheme for Tiger Reserves.

  Key Facts:

  • Approved by Madhya Pradesh Cabinet
  • Aims to scientifically manage buffer zones around tiger reserves
  • Addresses growing tiger population
  • Total outlay of ₹145 crore
  • Timeframe: 2025-26 to 2027-28
  • Aims to improve habitat quality and mitigate human-wildlife conflicts
  • Applicable to all nine tiger reserves in Madhya Pradesh
  • Madhya Pradesh Cabinet approved the 'Development of Buffer Zones in Tiger Reserves' scheme.
  • ₹145 crore has been allocated for the scheme during 2025-26 to 2027-28.
  • The scheme aims to improve habitat quality and mitigate human-wildlife conflicts.
  • The scheme covers buffer areas of all nine tiger reserves in Madhya Pradesh.
• 2025-04-19 [International Relations] — CrackitToday: India as Headquarters of IBCA
  The International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) signed an official agreement with the Government of India, formally establishing India as the headquarters and secretariat of the alliance. The IBCA was launched by PM Narendra Modi in April 2023, and is implemented through the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).
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  UPSC Angle: India is the headquarters of the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA).

  Key Facts:

  • Agreement: Headquarters Agreement between India and IBCA
  • Location: New Delhi
  • Financial Support: ₹150 crore pledged by India
  • Big Cat Species: Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Puma, Jaguar, and Cheetah
  • Agreement Date: April 17, 2025
  • Parties: Government of India and IBCA
  • Agreement: Signed with Government of India
  • Headquarters: India
  • Launched: April 2023 by Narendra Modi
  • Implemented through: National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)
  • Budgetary support to IBCA: Rs 150 crore
  • Time period: 2023-24 to 2028-29
  • IBCA launched by PM Narendra Modi in April 2023
  • Objective: To conserve seven major big cat species

Wildlife Population Censuses and Trends (2025-2026)

Focus: Official government and departmental surveys released in 2025-2026 quantifying wildlife populations across India, predominantly highlighting growth trends.

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking the efficacy of conservation projects (Project Dolphin, Project Tiger, etc.) and analyzing wildlife demographic trends.

7 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-07 [Environment & Ecology] — Sarus Crane Population Increase in Uttar Pradesh
  The population of sarus cranes in Uttar Pradesh has increased by 634 (3.1%) in a year, according to a government census conducted across 68 forest divisions. The sarus crane is non-migratory, India's only resident breeding crane, and the official state bird of Uttar Pradesh.
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  UPSC Angle: Sarus crane population increased by 3.1% in Uttar Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Uttar Pradesh
  • Population Increase: 634 or 3.1%
  • Census Area: 68 forest divisions
  • State Bird: Uttar Pradesh
  • Tallest flying bird in the world, standing up to 156 cm (approx. 5.1 feet)
• 2025-10-04 [Environment & Ecology] — Snow Leopard Survey in Himachal Pradesh
  A survey by the Himachal Pradesh Forest Department recorded 83 snow leopards in the state, up from 51 in 2021. The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is the State Animal of Himachal Pradesh.
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  UPSC Angle: Snow Leopard Survey in Himachal Pradesh recorded 83 snow leopards.

  Key Facts:

  • 83 snow leopards recorded in Himachal Pradesh, up from 51 in 2021
  • Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) is the State Animal of Himachal Pradesh
  • Survey covered 26,000 sq km across Spiti Valley, Kinnaur, Pangi, Lahaul, and Great Himalayan National Park
  • First official sighting of Pallas's Cat in Kinnaur and rediscovery of Woolly Flying Squirrel in Lahaul also reported
• 2025-10-02 [Environment & Ecology] — Delhi Odonate Census Shows Population Increase
  The 2025 post-monsoon census across seven Delhi biodiversity parks has recorded a 54% increase in dragonfly and damselfly populations. The number of odonates increased to 13,253, up from 8,630 the previous year. The Yellow-tailed Ashy Skimmer (Potamarcha congener) was noted for the first time in the Yamuna Biodiversity Park.
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  UPSC Angle: Delhi Odonate Census shows 54% population increase.

  Key Facts:

  • Increase in dragonfly and damselfly populations: 54%
  • Total odonates recorded: 13,253
  • Highest count: Kamla Nehru Ridge Park with 3,935 individuals across 26 species
  • New species noted: Yellow-tailed Ashy Skimmer (Potamarcha congener) in Yamuna Biodiversity Park
• 2025-09-07 [Environment & Ecology] — Tiger Population Increase in Ramnagar Division
  A special annual survey by the Uttarakhand forest department in the Ramnagar division, near Corbett Tiger Reserve, indicates a sharp increase in the tiger population. The tiger population grew from 67 in 2022 to 96 as of July 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: Tiger population increase in Ramnagar division near Corbett.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Ramnagar division, Uttarakhand
  • Tiger population in 2022: 67
  • Tiger population in July 2025: 96
  • Survey conducted by: Ramnagar division forest department and World Wide Fund for Nature
• 2025-08-11 [Environment & Ecology] — Lion Population Update
  The lion population has increased from ~180 in 1974 to 891 in 2025, a 32% increase in 5 years (2020-2025). The habitat range is 35,000 sq. km across 11 districts in Saurashtra (Greater Gir Landscape). World Lion Day was celebrated at Barda Wildlife Sanctuary, Gujarat, with virtual participation of lakhs of students.
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  UPSC Angle: Lion population increases in Greater Gir Landscape; conservation efforts.

  Key Facts:

  • 2020 lion population: 674
  • 2025 lion population: 891
  • Population growth: 32% increase in 5 years
  • Habitat range: 35,000 sq. km
  • Location: 11 districts in Saurashtra (Greater Gir Landscape)
  • Celebration venue: Barda Wildlife Sanctuary, Gujarat
• 2025-05-23 [Environment & Ecology] — 16th Lion Census shows population increase
  The 16th Lion Census 2025 indicates a growth in the lion population in India. The census shows a 32% increase in lion population over five years, with a total of 891 lions compared to 674 in 2020. There's also a 16.67% increase in the territorial range of lions.
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  UPSC Angle: 16th Lion Census 2025 shows a 32% increase in lion population.

  Key Facts:

  • Total Population: 891 lions
  • Growth Rate: 32% increase over five years
  • Adult Females: 330 (27% increase)
  • Territorial Range: 35,000 sq. km (16.67% increase)
  • Gir National Park and Paniya WLS: 394 lions
  • Total Population: 891 lions (compared to 674 in 2020)
  • Adult Females: 330 (increased by 27%)
  • Territorial Range: 35,000 sq. km (a 16.67% increase)
• 2025-03-04 [Environment & Ecology] — First Comprehensive River Dolphin Survey in India
  India's first comprehensive survey of river dolphins under Project Dolphin (2020) estimates 6,327 dolphins across 28 rivers in 8 states, primarily in the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Indus river basins. Uttar Pradesh recorded the highest dolphin population, followed by Bihar, West Bengal, and Assam. The survey aids conservation efforts for this endangered species and highlights their status as an indicator of river ecosystem health.
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  UPSC Angle: India's first river dolphin survey estimates 6,327 dolphins.

  Key Facts:

  • Comprehensive survey under Project Dolphin (2020) estimated 6,327 Gangetic dolphins across eight Indian states
  • Ganga River mainstream: 3,275 dolphins
  • Tributaries of Ganga: 2,414 dolphins
  • Brahmaputra River mainstream: 584 dolphins
  • Tributaries of Brahmaputra: 412 dolphins
  • River Beas: 101 dolphins
  • Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and Assam have the highest populations
  • Project Dolphin (2020): Launched under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)
  • Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (Bihar): India's only dolphin sanctuary
  • 6,327
  • river dolphins
  • population survey
  • Total dolphins: 6,327 (6,324 Gangetic dolphins and 3 Indus dolphins)
  • Survey conducted under Project Dolphin (2020)
  • 28 rivers surveyed across 8 states
  • Uttar Pradesh recorded the highest dolphin population
  • Ganges River Dolphin is the National Aquatic Animal of India
  • 90% of Ganges River Dolphin population resides in India
  • Indus River Dolphin locally called Bhulan
  • Ganges River Dolphin known as Susu
  • Total dolphins recorded: 6,327
  • Survey conducted under Project Dolphin (launched in 2020)
  • Survey covered Ganga, Brahmaputra and Indus river basins
  • Uttar Pradesh has the highest population
  • Followed by Bihar, West Bengal and Assam
  • Total dolphins estimated: 6,327
  • 28 rivers surveyed across eight states
  • Estimation released during 7th meeting of the National Board for Wildlife
  • Uttar Pradesh recorded the highest numbers of Dolphins

Conservation Initiatives for Aquatic Megafauna

Focus: Government-led projects, censuses, and conservation reserves focused specifically on aquatic and marine species (Dolphins, Dugongs, Crocodiles, and Gharials).

UPSC Value: Highlights the specific focus under the Wildlife Protection Act and Namami Gange on preserving riverine and marine biodiversity beyond just terrestrial tigers/elephants.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-15 [Environment & Ecology] — India marks first Ganges River Dolphin tagging in Assam
  India achieved a milestone in wildlife conservation by conducting the first-ever Ganges River Dolphin tagging in Assam. The tagging exercise will help understand the dolphins' seasonal and migratory patterns, range, distribution, and habitat utilization.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India marks first Ganges River Dolphin tagging in Assam.

  Key Facts:

  • India conducted the first-ever Ganges River Dolphin tagging in Assam.
  • This is the first tagging for the species.
  • The tagging exercise will help in understanding their seasonal and migratory patterns.
  • It will help in understanding their range, distribution, and habitat utilization.
• 2026-01-21 [Environment & Ecology] — Odisha's Saltwater Crocodile Population Rises
  Odisha's saltwater crocodile population has increased, with the largest population found in the Bhitarkanika National Park. A survey conducted by the Odisha Forest and Environment Department estimated the population, showing an increase of nearly 32 crocodiles compared to 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: Odisha's saltwater crocodile population increased, mainly in Bhitarkanika.

  Key Facts:

  • Survey conducted between 8th and 10th January 2026
  • Increase of nearly 32 crocodiles compared to 2025
  • Bhitarkanika National Park has the largest population
  • Odisha has India's largest natural population of saltwater crocodile
  • Protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972
• 2026-01-18 [Environment & Ecology] — Union Ministry Launched Second Nationwide Range-Wide Estimation of Dolphins
  The Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change recently launched the second nationwide range-wide estimation of riverine and estuarine dolphins under Project Dolphin. For the first time, this includes the estimation of the Irrawaddy dolphin in the Sundarbans and in Odisha.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Second nationwide range-wide estimation of dolphins launched under Project Dolphin.

  Key Facts:

  • The Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change launched the second nationwide range-wide estimation of riverine and estuarine dolphins.
  • The estimation is under Project Dolphin.
  • For the first time, includes the estimation of the Irrawaddy dolphin in the Sundarbans and in Odisha.
• 2026-01-15 [Environment & Ecology] — Aquatic Biodiversity Conservation Projects Launched under Namami Gange
  A suite of aquatic biodiversity conservation projects under Namami Gange were inaugurated at the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) in Dehradun. These include a Dolphin Rescue Ambulance for Ganga dolphins and the Indian Skimmer Conservation Project in collaboration with the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS). New conservation plans were also launched for the Gangetic Dolphin and the Hilsa fish, focusing on habitat restoration.
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  UPSC Angle: Aquatic biodiversity conservation projects launched under Namami Gange.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched under: Namami Gange
  • Location: Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Dehradun
  • Projects: Dolphin Rescue Ambulance, Indian Skimmer Conservation Project
  • Focus: Habitat restoration for Gangetic Dolphin and Hilsa fish
• 2025-09-26 [Environment & Ecology] — Dugong Conservation Reserve Recognized by IUCN
  India's first Dugong Conservation Reserve in Palk Bay, Tamil Nadu, established in September 2022 under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, has been recognized by the IUCN as a global model for marine biodiversity conservation. The reserve spans 12,250 hectares of seagrass meadows, crucial for dugong feeding and marine fauna habitat. Dugongs are listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and are in Schedule I of India's Wildlife Protection Act.
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  UPSC Angle: Dugong Conservation Reserve recognized by IUCN.

  Key Facts:

  • Dugong Conservation Reserve notified in September 2022
  • Recognized by IUCN in 2025
  • Located in Palk Bay, Tamil Nadu
  • Covers 12,250 hectares of seagrass meadows
  • Dugong conservation status: IUCN Vulnerable, Indian WPA Schedule I
• 2025-05-12 [Environment & Ecology] — Five Wildlife Conservation Projects Launched
  The Union Environment Ministry launched five new wildlife conservation projects during National Wildlife Week 2025, focusing on dolphins, sloth bears, gharials, and tigers. These initiatives aim to manage human-wildlife conflicts and promote community-based conservation using technology.
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  UPSC Angle: Five new wildlife conservation projects launched.

  Key Facts:

  • Five new wildlife conservation projects were launched during National Wildlife Week 2025.
  • Projects focus on dolphins, sloth bears, gharials, and tigers.
  • Project Dolphin (Phase-I) aims at conserving India's river and marine dolphins.
  • Project Sloth Bear seeks to protect sloth bear habitats and mitigate human-bear conflicts.
  • Project Gharial is focused on conserving the critically endangered gharial.

Comprehensive Turtle Conservation and Management Efforts

Focus: A collection of initiatives specifically targeting the conservation, research, and management of turtle species (primarily Olive Ridleys) across India.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the multi-faceted approach to species conservation, involving legislative protection, technology (satellite tagging), community integration (temples), and eco-tourism.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-04 [Environment & Ecology] — Turtle Trails Eco-Tourism Initiative
  The Union Budget 2026–27 proposed developing 'turtle trails' along key Olive Ridley nesting sites in Odisha, Karnataka, and Kerala to promote eco-tourism. This initiative aims to create regulated eco-tourism pathways and guided experiences near sea turtle nesting beaches to promote conservation awareness and community livelihoods. The government intends to prevent disturbance to nesting sites, as increased tourism has caused stress for Olive Ridley turtles.
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  UPSC Angle: Budget proposes 'turtle trails' along Olive Ridley nesting sites for eco-tourism.

  Key Facts:

  • Initiative: 'Turtle trails'
  • Objective: Promote eco-tourism and conservation awareness
  • Locations: Odisha, Karnataka, and Kerala
  • Target species: Olive Ridley turtles
  • Olive Ridley IUCN status: Vulnerable
  • Olive Ridley Wildlife Protection Act schedule: Schedule I
• 2026-01-09 [Environment & Ecology] — Satellite tagging of sea turtles
  Satellite tagging of sea turtles, especially olive ridley turtles, will be conducted to understand migration patterns and feeding habits. This initiative is important for environment and ecology under GS paper 3.
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  UPSC Angle: Satellite tagging of sea turtles to understand migration patterns.

  Key Facts:

  • Satellite tagging of sea turtles will be conducted.
  • Tagging of olive ridley turtles specifically.
  • Objective is to understand migration patterns.
  • Objective is to understand feeding habits.
• 2025-07-04 [Environment & Ecology] — Olive Ridley turtles concern delays airport nod
  The Ministry has deferred forest land clearance for Puri airport due to concerns over Olive Ridley turtles and migratory birds.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Olive Ridley turtles concern delays airport nod, balancing development and conservation.

  Key Facts:

  • Puri airport forest land nod deferred
  • Concerns over Olive Ridley turtles
• 2025-05-29 [Environment & Ecology] — Nagshankar Temple Recognized for Turtle Conservation
  Nagshankar Temple in Assam's Biswanath district has been named a model temple for turtle conservation. The recognition was given on May 23, 2025, during a special event held on World Turtle Day, celebrating the temple's work in protecting turtles.
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  UPSC Angle: Nagshankar Temple recognized as model temple for turtle conservation.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Biswanath district, Assam
  • Recognition date: May 23, 2025
  • Occasion: World Turtle Day
• 2025-05-21 [Environment & Ecology] — Operation Olivia protects Olive Ridley turtles
  Operation Olivia continues to protect endangered Olive Ridley turtles along India's eastern coast by conducting surface patrol sorties and aerial surveillance missions using ICG ships, aircraft, drones, and radars to prevent illegal activities.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Operation Olivia protects Olive Ridley turtles.

  Key Facts:

  • Operation Olivia protected over 6.98 lakh Olive Ridley turtles.
  • 5,387 surface patrol sorties
  • 1,768 aerial surveillance missions
  • ICG ships
  • aircraft
  • drones
  • radars

Big Cat Conservation and Habitat Management

Focus: Developments concerning the conservation, habitat notification, and conflict mitigation of big cat species (Leopards, Tigers, Snow Leopards) in India.

UPSC Value: Connects international policy (IBCA) with specific habitat notifications (Tsarap Chu, Dudhwa) and conflict mitigation measures (Uttarakhand culling, predator-proofing) to provide a holistic view of big cat management.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-22 [Environment & Ecology] — Wildlife Trust of India Activities in January 2026
  The Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) has been actively involved in wildlife conservation efforts, including rescuing whale sharks, establishing predator-proof house clusters, and conducting training programs on wildlife law. These activities aim to promote human-wildlife coexistence and strengthen wildlife protection.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Wildlife Trust of India activities in January 2026.

  Key Facts:

  • Rescued and released three whale sharks in Thiruvananthapuram with the help of local fishers on January 22, 2026.
  • Established a predator-proof house cluster in Lohra village, Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary on January 22, 2026.
  • Organized a two-day capacity-strengthening workshop on the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 in Kolasib, Mizoram on January 29–30, 2026.
• 2026-01-06 [Environment & Ecology] — Uttarakhand Addresses Human-Wildlife Conflict
  Uttarakhand State Board for Wildlife approved action against 83 wild animals (65 leopards, 18 bears) due to human-animal conflicts between July and December 2025. The Wildlife Institute of India (WII) will study bears due to increased conflict in 2025.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Uttarakhand addresses human-wildlife conflict.

  Key Facts:

  • Permission granted to capture, treat, or eliminate 83 wild animals (65 leopards and 18 bears)
  • Period: July 25 to Dec 31
  • Almora reported highest leopard-related incidents (17 cases)
  • Terai West reported 6 leopard-related incidents
  • Pauri reported most bear-related incidents (4 cases)
  • Nanda Devi reported 3 bear-related incidents
  • Wildlife Institute of India (WII) to conduct a study on bears in Uttarakhand
  • Increase in human-bear conflict in the state during 2025
  • Board chaired by chief minister Pushkar Singh Dhami
• 2025-10-09 [Environment & Ecology] — Dudhwa National Park
  Dudhwa National Park, situated in Lakhimpur Kheri district of Uttar Pradesh along the Indo–Nepal border, was established in 1977 as a protected area covering 490 sq. km. The park hosts a rich diversity of fauna, including Bengal tigers, leopards, elephants, sloth bears, Indian rhinoceros, and over 450 bird species. The park was also declared a tiger reserve in 1987, as the area was found to have a significant population of Bengal tigers.
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  UPSC Angle: Dudhwa National Park located in Lakhimpur Kheri district of Uttar Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • Dudhwa National Park established in 1977
  • Located in Lakhimpur Kheri district of Uttar Pradesh
  • Area: 490 sq. km
  • Declared a tiger reserve in 1987
  • Hosts a rich diversity of fauna, including Bengal tigers, leopards, elephants, sloth bears, Indian rhinoceros, and over 450 bird species
• 2025-06-18 [Environment & Ecology] — India Hosts First Assembly of International Big Cat Alliance
  India hosted the first Assembly of the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) in New Delhi, reaffirming its leadership in wildlife conservation. The assembly, chaired by Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav, included ministerial delegations from nine big cat range countries. India was designated as the permanent secretariat of IBCA, and Bhupender Yadav was elected as the first President of the Alliance.
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  UPSC Angle: India hosts first Assembly of International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA).

  Key Facts:

  • IBCA Assembly convened in New Delhi on June 16, 2025.
  • Nine nations participated.
  • India designated as permanent secretariat of IBCA.
  • Bhupender Yadav elected as the first President of the Alliance.
  • Event: First Assembly of the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)
  • Date: June 17, 2025
  • Location: New Delhi
  • Initiated by: Government of India
  • Members: 95 range countries
  • Objective: Conservation of seven major big cats (Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar, and Puma)
  • First Assembly of IBCA convened in New Delhi on June 16, 2025
  • Nine nations participated, including Bhutan, Cambodia, Eswatini, and Kazakhstan
  • India designated as HQ and permanent secretariat of IBCA
  • Bhupender Yadav (India's Environment Minister) elected as first President of the Alliance
  • Seven major big cat species to be protected: Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar, and Puma
• 2025-05-14 [Environment & Ecology] — Tsarap Chu Conservation Reserve Notified
  Himachal Pradesh notified Tsarap Chu Conservation Reserve, India's largest protected area at 1,585 sq km, to protect high-altitude biodiversity, particularly snow leopards, and strengthen wildlife corridors. The reserve connects Kibber and Chandratal sanctuaries, acting as a vital wildlife corridor.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Tsarap Chu Conservation Reserve notified in Himachal Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • Tsarap Chu Conservation Reserve area: 1,585 sq km
  • Connects Kibber & Chandratal sanctuaries
  • Borders: Ladakh (UT), Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary, Kabjima Nala, and Chandratal Wildlife Sanctuary

Conservation Status and Population Monitoring of Threatened Mammals

Focus: Reports focusing on the population estimation, conservation status, and survival threats (such as smuggling or habitat loss) of endangered or declining mammalian species in South and Southeast Asia.

UPSC Value: Understanding the distribution, IUCN status, and protection strategies for key mammalian fauna is a core component of the Environment and Biodiversity section of the UPSC syllabus.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-19 [Environment & Ecology] — Irrawaddy Dolphin Conservation
  The Union Environment Ministry launched the second nationwide dolphin estimation under Project Dolphin, including the Irrawaddy dolphin for the first time. The Irrawaddy dolphin is a euryhaline species found in discontinuous subpopulations near sea coasts and in estuaries and rivers in parts of the Bay of Bengal and Southeast Asia.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Second nationwide dolphin estimation under Project Dolphin includes Irrawaddy dolphin.

  Key Facts:

  • Scientific Name: Orcaella brevirostris
  • Habitat: Prefers coastal areas, particularly muddy, brackish waters at river mouths and deltas
  • Global distribution: Found in three rivers in South and Southeast Asia– the Irrawaddy (Myanmar), the Mahakam (Kalimatan, Indonesia), and the Mekong (Cambodia)
  • Conservation status: Classified as 'Endangered' under the IUCN Red List
• 2025-12-15 [Environment & Ecology] — Red-Shanked Douc Monkey
  Customs officials at the Kempegowda International Airport (KIA) arrested a passenger who was smuggling two red-shanked douc monkeys. The Red-shanked douc is an Old World monkey found in Southeast Asia mainly in Vietnam, Southern Laos and Cambodia.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Species: Red-Shanked Douc Monkey
  • Scientific Name: Pygathrix nemaeus
  • Distribution: Southeast Asia, mainly in Vietnam, Southern Laos and Cambodia
  • IUCN status: Critically Endangered
  • Threats: Hunting, international pet trade
• 2025-10-18 [Environment & Ecology] — Dugong Survival Uncertain in Gulf of Kutch
  According to a recent report, the long-term survival of dugongs in the Gulf of Kutch and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is highly uncertain or challenging. The Gulf of Kutch is an inlet of the Arabian Sea along the west coast of India, known for its coral reefs and high tidal energy generation potential. Dugongs are herbivorous mammals found in India's marine ecosystems.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Dugong survival uncertain in Gulf of Kutch.

  Key Facts:

  • Species: Dugongs
  • Location: Gulf of Kutch and Andaman and Nicobar Islands
  • Status: Long-term survival is highly uncertain or challenging
  • Gulf of Kutch: Inlet of the Arabian Sea, located in Gujarat, known for coral reefs and high tidal range
  • Dugongs survival uncertain in Gulf of Kutch and Andaman and Nicobar Islands
  • Gulf of Kutch: Inlet of the Arabian Sea
  • Located in: Jamnagar district of Gujarat
  • Tidal currents: 2.5 m per second
  • Marine National Park: Situated on the southern shore of the Gulf of Kutch
  • Dugongs are found along the Indian coastline, primarily inhabiting warm waters around the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay, and the Gulf of Kutch
• 2025-07-16 [Environment & Ecology] — Blackbuck Conservation
  Blackbuck populations, indigenous to India, Nepal and Pakistan, are declining, raising concerns about current conservation efforts. In India they are mainly found in Gujarat, Punjab, Rajasthan and Haryana. Mature females typically lead groups of 7-10 blackbucks. The species is diurnal.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Blackbuck populations declining in India, Nepal and Pakistan.

  Key Facts:

  • Species: Blackbuck
  • Habitat: India, Nepal, Pakistan (Gujarat, Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana)
  • Social Structure: Mature females lead groups of 7-10
  • Activity Pattern: Diurnal

Conservation and Population Dynamics of Indian Riverine Megafauna

Focus: Monitoring efforts, population assessments, and developmental threats concerning endangered aquatic species (Gharials and River Dolphins) in India's river systems.

UPSC Value: Critical for understanding the ecological health of the Ganga basin and the policy trade-offs between National Waterway development and Schedule I species conservation.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-15 [Environment & Ecology] — Comprehensive Gharial Survey Reveals Population of 3,037
  A comprehensive survey across the Ganga River basin revealed a population of 3,037 gharials (Gavialis gangeticus) inhabiting 13 of the surveyed rivers, despite significant existential threats. The gharial is a critically endangered fish-eating crocodile.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Gharial survey reveals population of 3,037 in Ganga River basin.

  Key Facts:

  • Species: Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus)
  • Status: Critically Endangered
  • Population: 3,037
  • Location: Ganga River basin (13 rivers)
  • Diet: Fish-eating crocodile
• 2025-06-10 [Environment & Ecology] — River Dolphin Population in India
  India's river dolphin population stands at 6327.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's river dolphin population stands at 6327.

  Key Facts:

  • River dolphin population
  • 6327
• 2025-05-21 [Environment & Ecology] — Indian River Dolphin Conservation
  As of May 2025, 29 National Waterways have been made partially operational in India. However, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has limited scope for continued oversight once statutory clearances are issued, potentially impacting biodiversity conservation.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: National Waterways made operational, limited oversight for dolphin conservation.

  Key Facts:

  • 29 National Waterways partially operational as of May 2025
  • NW-1: Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hugli River System (Haldia-Allahabad)
  • NW-2: Brahmaputra River (Dhubri-Sadiya)
  • NW-3: West Coast Canal
  • NW-4: Krishna Godavari River Systems
  • MoEFCC has limited oversight after statutory clearances
• 2025-03-09 [Environment & Ecology] — Initiatives to conserve vulnerable dolphins
  Efforts are underway to conserve vulnerable river dolphins in India. A census of river dolphins is being carried out.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Efforts are underway to conserve vulnerable river dolphins in India.

  Key Facts:

  • River dolphin
  • Conservation
  • Census

National Wildlife Population Estimations and Status

Focus: Official government-led population censuses, estimation exercises, and status reports for India's flagship species (Tiger, Elephant, Snow Leopard) around 2025-2026.

UPSC Value: Provides critical data on biodiversity monitoring methodologies (synchronous estimation) and population trends of keystone species.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-02 [Environment & Ecology] — All India Tiger Estimation (AITE) 2026 Begins
  The All India Tiger Estimation (AITE) 2026 exercise will begin its first phase in Tamil Nadu on January 5, 2026, to monitor tiger populations, co-predators, and their prey. The AITE 2022 recorded an estimated 3,682 tigers, with India hosting nearly 75% of the world's tiger population.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: All India Tiger Estimation (AITE) 2026 begins.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise: All India Tiger Estimation (AITE) 2026
  • First Phase: Tamil Nadu, January 5, 2026
  • Conducted by: National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) and Wildlife Institute of India (WII)
  • AITE 2022 Tiger Count: 3,682
  • India's Share of World Tiger Population: Nearly 75%
• 2025-10-24 [Environment & Ecology] — India Focuses on Snow Leopard Conservation
  India observed International Snow Leopard Day on October 23, 2025, with the campaign '#23for23'. The first-ever national Snow Leopard Census recorded 718 individual snow leopards across the Indian Himalayas. India accounts for 10–15% of the global snow leopard population.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's first Snow Leopard Census recorded 718 individuals.

  Key Facts:

  • International Snow Leopard Day was observed on October 23, 2025.
  • The campaign was named '#23for23'.
  • 718 snow leopards were recorded in the Indian Himalayas.
  • India accounts for 10–15% of the global snow leopard population.
• 2025-10-18 [Environment & Ecology] — Synchronous All India Elephant Estimation (SAIEE) 2021–25
  The Synchronous All India Elephant Estimation (SAIEE) 2021–25, jointly released by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), aims to create a harmonized, data-driven baseline for elephant population monitoring by synchronizing it with the tiger estimation framework to ensure scientific accuracy and comparability. The key results indicate a total elephant population of 22,446 individuals across India.
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  UPSC Angle: Synchronous All India Elephant Estimation (SAIEE) 2021–25 released.

  Key Facts:

  • Estimation: Synchronous All India Elephant Estimation (SAIEE) 2021–25
  • Released by: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII)
  • Aim: Harmonized, data-driven baseline for elephant population monitoring
  • Total Elephant Population: 22,446 individuals across India
  • Synchronous All India Elephant Estimation (SAIEE) 2021–25
  • Published by: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII)
• 2025-07-30 [Environment & Ecology] — National Tiger Conservation Efforts
  India accounts for 75% of the world's wild tigers, with more than 3,600 tigers roaming the country's forests, double the number recorded just over a decade ago. These tigers live across 138,200 sq.km. of forest, often sharing the land with 60 million people. The theme of International Tiger Day 2025 is “Securing the future of Tigers with Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities at the heart“.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India accounts for 75% of the world's wild tigers.

  Key Facts:

  • India accounts for 75% of the world's wild tigers
  • More than 3,600 tigers in India
  • Tigers live across 138,200 sq.km. of forest
  • International Tiger Day 2025 theme: “Securing the future of Tigers with Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities at the heart“

Conservation and Documentation of Rare Carnivores in India

Focus: These items document the recent sightings of elusive native carnivores and the formalization of international agreements for species reintroduction within India.

UPSC Value: Provides specific case studies for GS Paper III on biodiversity conservation, species recovery programs, and the ecological significance of indicator species.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-29 [Environment & Ecology] — Rusty-Spotted Cat Spotted in Rajasthan
  The Rusty-spotted Cat, a rare and one of the world's smallest cats, was recently spotted in the Shergarh forest of Baran district in Rajasthan.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Rusty-spotted Cat spotted in Rajasthan's Shergarh forest.

  Key Facts:

  • Rusty-spotted Cat spotted in Shergarh forest, Baran district, Rajasthan
  • Rare and one of the world's smallest cats
• 2025-11-13 [Environment & Ecology] — India, Botswana Cheetah Translocation Pact
  India and Botswana formally announced the translocation of eight cheetahs to India as part of 'Project Cheetah'. Botswana, a landlocked country with nearly 70% of its landmass covered by the Kalahari Desert, holds one of the world's largest wild cheetah populations. The arrival of cheetahs from Namibia and South Africa in 2022 marked the world's first intercontinental relocation programme for a large carnivore.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India-Botswana pact translocates cheetahs to India under 'Project Cheetah'.

  Key Facts:

  • Eight cheetahs to be translocated from Botswana to India
  • Project Cheetah launched in 2022
  • India declared the cheetah extinct in 1952
  • Botswana holds one of the world's largest wild cheetah populations
• 2025-06-13 [Environment & Ecology] — Eurasian Otter Rediscovered in Kashmir
  The rare Eurasian otter was spotted in Kashmir after nearly 30 years. The rediscovery signals ecological hope.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Eurasian otter rediscovered in Kashmir after nearly 30 years.

  Key Facts:

  • Eurasian otter
  • Kashmir
  • Rediscovered after 30 years

National Species-Specific Conservation Projects

Focus: Updates and launches of government-led 'Project [Species]' initiatives targeting specific endangered fauna.

UPSC Value: Highlights the policy focus on flagship species conservation beyond the Project Tiger model.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-25 [Environment & Ecology] — Progress on 'Project Snow Leopard'
  India's 'Project Snow Leopard', launched in 2009, is focused on conserving the endangered snow leopard and its high-altitude Himalayan ecosystems. The snow leopard's natural habitat in India is restricted to the cold, arid mountainous terrain of the Trans-Himalayan region, including parts of Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: 'Project Snow Leopard' focuses on conserving snow leopards and Himalayan ecosystems.

  Key Facts:

  • Project Snow Leopard launched in 2009.
  • Aims to conserve the endangered snow leopard and its high-altitude Himalayan ecosystems.
  • Habitat in India includes parts of Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh.
• 2026-01-11 [Environment & Ecology] — 'Project Nilgai' Conservation Initiative
  'Project Nilgai' is a new conservation initiative launched across India, primarily focusing on the Nilgiri Tahr, a wild goat species endemic to the Western Ghats. The project aims to address the declining population of the Nilgiri Tahr through habitat restoration, anti-poaching measures, community involvement, and scientific research.
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  UPSC Angle: 'Project Nilgai' conservation initiative launched focusing on Nilgiri Tahr.

  Key Facts:

  • Focus: Nilgiri Tahr conservation
  • Nilgiri Tahr is endemic to the Western Ghats
  • Aims to restore habitat, prevent poaching, involve communities, and conduct research
• 2025-06-10 [Environment & Ecology] — Wildlife Week 2025: Projects on species conservation
  Union Minister Bhupender Yadav launched five national projects designed to strengthen species conservation and address human-wildlife conflict during Wildlife Week 2025 celebrations in Dehradun. The event highlighted the importance of fostering harmony between humans and wildlife and featured a National Hackathon on Human–Wildlife Conflict (HWC) Coexistence.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Five national projects launched for species conservation and human-wildlife conflict.

  Key Facts:

  • Wildlife Week 2025 celebrations held in Dehradun
  • Five national projects launched to strengthen species conservation
  • Theme: Human–Wildlife Coexistence
  • National Hackathon on Human–Wildlife Conflict (HWC) Coexistence
  • Projects include: Project Dolphin (Phase II), Project Sloth Bear, Project Gharial, and Centre of Excellence for Human–Wildlife Conflict Management (CoE–HWC)

Biogeography and Conservation of Endemic Indian Mammals

Focus: Distribution patterns and conservation challenges of lesser-known or endemic small-to-medium mammals in peninsular and central India.

UPSC Value: Highlights the importance of non-charismatic species and the ecological significance of endemic fauna in specific Indian biomes like the Western Ghats and Theri forests.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-25 [Environment & Ecology] — Study on Madras Hedgehog Begins
  The Tamil Nadu forest department has initiated a study on the Madras Hedgehog in the Theri forests, marking the first such effort. Also known as the bare-bellied hedgehog, it is found in peninsular India and faces threats from hunting due to mythical beliefs about its medicinal value.
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  UPSC Angle: Tamil Nadu initiates study on the Madras Hedgehog in Theri forests.

  Key Facts:

  • Study initiated by Tamil Nadu forest department in the Theri forests.
  • Madras Hedgehog is also known as the bare-bellied hedgehog (Mulleli).
  • Distribution: Primarily across Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and parts of Karnataka.
  • Threats: Hunting driven by mythical beliefs that its quills and meat have medicinal value.
• 2025-11-05 [Environment & Ecology] — Indian Mouse Deer Distribution
  The Indian Mouse Deer is endemic to the Indian Subcontinent and mainly found in peninsular India, with some old records from Nepal. Sri Lanka has a separate species called the spotted chevrotain (Moschiola meminna). Within India, it is commonly encountered in a number of forest areas along the Western Ghats, in the Eastern Ghats up to Orissa, and in the forests of central India.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Mouse Deer is endemic to the Indian Subcontinent.

  Key Facts:

  • Indian Subcontinent: Region where Indian Mouse Deer is endemic
  • Peninsular India: Main area where Indian Mouse Deer is found
  • Nepal: Location of some old records of Indian Mouse Deer
  • Sri Lanka: Has a separate species called the spotted chevrotain (Moschiola meminna)
• 2025-08-22 [Environment & Ecology] — Indian Civet Conservation
  India hosts four civet species, with the Large Indian Civet being the only Schedule I species, while the others are protected under Schedule II of WPA 1972. The Brown Palm Civet is endemic to the Western Ghats and important for seed dispersal. Major threats include habitat loss, hunting for musk, and zoonotic disease links.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Civet conservation status under WPA 1972 schedules.

  Key Facts:

  • India hosts four civet species: Asian Palm Civet, Brown Palm Civet, Small Indian Civet, and Large Indian Civet.
  • The Large Indian Civet is the only Schedule I species in India.
  • The Brown Palm Civet is endemic to the Western Ghats.

Conservation and Distribution of Wild Canids in India

Focus: Recent sightings and updated conservation statuses of wild canid species (Dhole and Indian Wolf) across diverse Indian landscapes.

UPSC Value: Understanding the status of social predators like Dholes and Wolves is crucial for ecosystem health and biodiversity management beyond the focus on big cats.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-24 [Environment & Ecology] — Asiatic Wild Dog (Dhole) sighted in Madhya Pradesh
  A rare Asiatic Wild Dog (Dhole) has been camera-trapped for the first time in Ratapani Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, indicating improving habitat and prey conditions. The Asiatic Wild Dog, also called the Dhole (Cuon alpinus), is a wild canid native to South and Southeast Asia and is a highly social, pack-hunting top predator.
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  UPSC Angle: Asiatic Wild Dog (Dhole) sighted in Madhya Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • Asiatic Wild Dog (Dhole)
  • Ratapani Tiger Reserve
  • Madhya Pradesh
  • Cuon alpinus (scientific name)
  • South and Southeast Asia (native to)
• 2025-10-14 [Environment & Ecology] — Indian Wolf classified as Vulnerable by IUCN
  The IUCN classifies Indian Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) as Vulnerable with only 2,877–3,310 mature individuals remaining in the wild across India and Pakistan.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Wolf classified as Vulnerable by IUCN.

  Key Facts:

  • Scientific Name: Canis lupus pallipes (Indian grey wolf).
  • Conservation status: Classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN.
  • Population estimate: Only 2,877–3,310 mature individuals remain in the wild across India and Pakistan.
• 2025-06-28 [Environment & Ecology] — Dhole Sighting in Assam's Kaziranga
  The Dhole, or Asiatic wild dog (Cuon alpinus), was recently seen in Assam's Kaziranga–Karbi Anglong Landscape (KKAL), according to the Wildlife Institute of India (WII). The last confirmed sighting of dholes in northeast India was reported from Nagaland in 2011.
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  UPSC Angle: Dhole sighting in Assam's Kaziranga–Karbi Anglong Landscape.

  Key Facts:

  • Dholes were sighted in Assam's Kaziranga–Karbi Anglong Landscape (KKAL).
  • The scientific name for Dhole is Cuon alpinus.
  • The last confirmed sighting in northeast India was in Nagaland in 2011.

Status and Management Effectiveness of India's Protected Areas

Focus: Official reports and census data evaluating the management success, ecological health, and wildlife population recovery within National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries.

UPSC Value: Crucial for GS Paper III (Environment) regarding the effectiveness of the Protected Area Network, species recovery programs, and the implementation of the Wildlife Protection Act.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-22 [Environment & Ecology] — Bhitarkanika National Park: Recent winged guests census report
  Bhitarkanika National Park is located in the Kendrapara district of Odisha and it saw a marginal increase in winged guests as compared to the previous year, according to the latest census report released by the forest department. Spread across an area of 672 sq.km, the park houses an array of creeks, backwaters, estuaries, deltas, and mudflats and it is surrounded by the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary.
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  UPSC Angle: Bhitarkanika National Park saw a marginal increase in winged guests.

  Key Facts:

  • Located in Kendrapara district of Odisha.
  • Spread across 672 sq.km.
• 2025-10-24 [Environment & Ecology] — Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary
  Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the northern part of the Mahasamund district of Chhattisgarh and is spread over an area of 245 sq. km. After being declared locally extinct for about 50 years, the blackbuck has made a remarkable comeback at Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary in Chhattisgarh thanks to a focused five-year revival plan.
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  UPSC Angle: Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Chhattisgarh.

  Key Facts:

  • Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the northern part of the Mahasamund district of Chhattisgarh
  • Spread over an area of 245 sq. km
  • Blackbuck has made a remarkable comeback after being declared locally extinct for about 50 years
• 2025-07-02 [Environment & Ecology] — Management Effectiveness Evaluation (MEE) Report 2020–25
  Union Minister Bhupendra Yadav, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), unveiled the Management Effectiveness Evaluation (MEE) report covering 438 National Parks (NPs) and Wildlife Sanctuaries (WLS) in India. Eravikulam NP (Kerala) and Dachigam NP (Jammu & Kashmir, J&K) achieved the highest score of 92.97% each.
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  UPSC Angle: MEE report covers 438 National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries.

  Key Facts:

  • The Management Effectiveness Evaluation (MEE) report covers 438 National Parks (NPs) and Wildlife Sanctuaries (WLS) in India.
  • Eravikulam NP (Kerala) and Dachigam NP (Jammu & Kashmir, J&K) achieved the highest score of 92.97% each.
  • Chandigarh topped among the Union Territories (UTs) with a score of 85.16%.
  • Ladakh, with a score of 34.9%, was the only region classified as “Poor”.

Recognition of Specialized Conservation Models in India

Focus: Localized Indian conservation initiatives receiving formal national or international recognition for protecting endangered species and ecosystems.

UPSC Value: Provides concrete case studies of successful biodiversity conservation and sustainable development models for GS Paper III (Environment and Ecology).

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-08 [Environment & Ecology] — Sanctuary Wildlife Service Award 2025
  BNHS scientist Parveen Shaikh has won the Sanctuary Wildlife Service Award 2025 for her innovative, community-led conservation of the endangered Indian Skimmer in the National Chambal Sanctuary.
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  UPSC Angle: Parveen Shaikh wins Sanctuary Wildlife Service Award for Indian Skimmer conservation.

  Key Facts:

  • Parveen Shaikh won the Sanctuary Wildlife Service Award 2025.
  • Award is for conservation of the endangered Indian Skimmer.
  • Location of conservation efforts: National Chambal Sanctuary.
• 2025-11-14 [Environment & Ecology] — Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park conservation efforts
  The Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park is actively involved in the conservation and breeding of red pandas, contributing significantly to their population. The zoo's genetic resource facility focuses on preserving genetic material of endangered species adapted to alpine and high-altitude ecosystems. The zoo is recognized by the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) for its contributions to wildlife conservation.
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  UPSC Angle: Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park conserves red pandas.

  Key Facts:

  • Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park is involved in the conservation and breeding of red pandas
  • Zoo's genetic resource facility focuses on preserving genetic material of endangered species adapted to alpine ecosystems
  • Recognized by WAZA for its contributions to wildlife conservation
• 2025-10-18 [Environment & Ecology] — FAO Honours Sundarbans' Sustainable Aquaculture Model
  The Sundarbans' Sustainable Aquaculture in Mangrove Ecosystems (SAIME) model has received Global Technical Recognition from the UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). The SAIME initiative, developed by the Nature Environment and Wildlife Society (NEWS), balances livelihood needs with ecological conservation by integrating mangrove conservation into aquaculture practices. Farmers under SAIME saw over a 100% increase in net profits due to lower production costs and improved ecological conditions.
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  UPSC Angle: FAO honours Sundarbans' Sustainable Aquaculture Model (SAIME).

  Key Facts:

  • Recognition: Global Technical Recognition on the SAIME model
  • Awarding Organization: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
  • Event: 80th Anniversary and World Food Forum
  • Date: October 15, 2025
  • Location: Rome
  • Benefits of SAIME Model: Over a 100% increase in net profits for local farmers due to lower production costs and improved ecological conditions
  • Sundarbans' Sustainable Aquaculture in Mangrove Ecosystems (SAIME) model: Received Global Technical Recognition from the UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation
  • Developed by: Nature Environment and Wildlife Society (NEWS)
  • Location: Sundarbans region of North and South 24 Parganas districts
  • Aquaculture ponds maintain 5%-30% mangrove coverage
  • Farmers under SAIME saw over a 100% increase in net profits
  • FAO conferred Global Technical Recognition on the SAIME model during its 80th Anniversary and World Food Forum in Rome

India's 2025 Biodiversity and Habitat Conservation Status

Focus: Reports and international highlights specifically concerning India's endangered fauna and forest management strategies in 2025.

UPSC Value: Provides specific case studies of endangered species (Phayre's Langur, Hoolock Gibbon) and national forest policy for GS Paper III Environment and Biodiversity sections.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-11 [Environment & Ecology] — Concerns over Endangered Species in India
  An article in Down to Earth magazine highlights the risks to endangered species in India, emphasizing the need for conservation efforts.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Article in Down to Earth: Endangered Species of India.
• 2025-05-13 [Environment & Ecology] — Phayre's Langur and Western Hoolock Gibbon
  The 'Primates in Peril 2023–2025' report considered two Indian species—Phayre's Langur and Western Hoolock Gibbon—for the list of 25 most endangered primates, indicating growing conservation concerns.
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  UPSC Angle: Phayre's Langur and Western Hoolock Gibbon endangered primates.

  Key Facts:

  • Primates in Peril 2023–2025 report
  • Phayre's Langur
  • Western Hoolock Gibbon
  • endangered primates
• 2025-05-10 [Environment & Ecology] — India Highlights Forest Conservation Achievements
  India highlighted Forest Conservation and Sustainable Forest Management achievements at the 20th Session of the United Nations Forum on Forests.
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  UPSC Angle: India highlights forest conservation achievements at UN forum.

Endangered Wildlife Conservation and Population Management in India

Focus: Items focusing on the population trends, specific threats, and active management strategies for endangered or vulnerable wildlife species in India.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding the multi-faceted approach to wildlife protection, including habitat management, conflict mitigation, and species-specific conservation efforts under the Wildlife Protection Act.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-05-28 [Environment & Ecology] — Dugong Day
  May 28 is celebrated as World Dugong Day, with dugong numbers in Indian waters estimated to have fallen to 200 individuals. India's first Dugong Conservation Reserve was established in 2022 in Palk Bay, Tamil Nadu.
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  UPSC Angle: May 28 is World Dugong Day; India's first reserve in 2022.

  Key Facts:

  • May 28 is World Dugong Day.
  • Dugong population estimated at 200 in Indian waters.
  • India’s first reserve established in 2022 in Palk Bay, Tamil Nadu (448.3 sq. km).
• 2025-05-19 [Environment & Ecology] — Kumki Elephants
  Karnataka will transfer trained Kumki elephants to Andhra Pradesh to manage human-elephant conflict. Kumki elephants are trained captive Asian elephants used for managing wild elephants, conflict management, rescue, patrolling, and providing medical assistance to injured elephants.
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  UPSC Angle: Kumki elephants are trained for managing human-wildlife conflict.

  Key Facts:

  • Kumki elephants to be transferred from Karnataka to Andhra Pradesh
  • Kumki elephants are trained captive Asian elephants
  • Used for conflict management, rescue, patrolling, and medical assistance
  • Originates from Tamil word 'kumkiyam' meaning 'aid' or 'helper'
  • Asian elephant population in India: 26,000 – 29,000
  • Asian elephant IUCN Status: Endangered
• 2025-04-03 [Environment & Ecology] — Elephant Poaching Concerns in Tamil Nadu
  A recent elephant poaching incident in Tamil Nadu has raised concerns about the resurgence of wildlife crimes. The elephant population in India decreased from over 4,000 in 2012 to approximately 2,800 in 2017 but has shown signs of recovery, reaching over 3,000 by 2024.
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  UPSC Angle: Elephant poaching incident in Tamil Nadu raises wildlife crime concerns.

  Key Facts:

  • Elephant poaching incident in Tamil Nadu
  • Elephant population decrease from over 4,000 in 2012 to approximately 2,800 in 2017
  • Population reached over 3,000 by 2024