Question map
"To uphold and protect the Sovereignty, Unity and Integrity of India" is a provision made in the
Explanation
Article 51A(c) states that it is the duty of all citizens "to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India."[1] The Fundamental Duties are incorporated in Article 51A [Part IVA], which has been inserted by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976.[2] According to Article 51A, it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.[3]
The provision "to uphold and protect the Sovereignty, Unity and Integrity of India" is specifically part of the Fundamental Duties, not the Preamble, Directive Principles, or Fundamental Rights. The Fundamental Duties were added to the Constitution through the 42nd Amendment in 1976, inspired by the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee. This particular duty emphasizes every citizen's responsibility to maintain India's territorial integrity and national unity, making it a constitutional obligation rather than just an ideal or a justiciable right.
Sources- [2] Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 8: FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES > Fundamental Duties. > p. 161
- [3] Laxmikanth, M. Indian Polity. 7th ed., McGraw Hill. > Chapter 10: Fundamental Duties > LIST OF FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES > p. 120
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full viewThis is a classic 'text-blindness' test. You read the Preamble and Duties 100 times, but do you remember the exact verbs? The Preamble declares resolve; Duties command action ('to uphold'). This is a direct lift from standard texts like Laxmikanth (Chapter 10).
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: Does the Preamble of the Constitution of India include the provision "To uphold and protect the Sovereignty, Unity and Integrity of India"?
- Statement 2: Does the Directive Principles of State Policy in the Constitution of India include the provision "To uphold and protect the Sovereignty, Unity and Integrity of India"?
- Statement 3: Do the Fundamental Rights in the Constitution of India include the provision "To uphold and protect the Sovereignty, Unity and Integrity of India"?
- Statement 4: Do the Fundamental Duties in the Constitution of India include the provision "To uphold and protect the Sovereignty, Unity and Integrity of India"?
- This passage lists fundamental duties and explicitly includes the exact phrase as duty (c).
- Shows the phrase is part of the duties of citizens, not presented as part of the Preamble in this excerpt.
- Discusses displaying the Preamble and states it reflects commitment to 'sovereignty, socialism, secularism and democracy'.
- Indicates the Preamble expresses commitment to 'sovereignty' generally, but does not quote the full phrase 'to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India', supporting that the exact provision is elsewhere.
Gives the full current text of the Preamble which explicitly contains the phrase 'FRATERNITY ... and the unity and integrity of the Nation' but does not show the words 'uphold and protect'.
A student can compare the exact wording shown here with the quoted phrase to see which words match or differ.
Provides an amended version of the Preamble text (post-1976) including 'unity and integrity of the Nation' and shows the Preamble's aims and objects.
Use this to check whether 'uphold and protect' appears in the Preamble or instead elsewhere in the Constitution.
Explains that the words 'and integrity' were added by the 42nd Amendment, showing how specific wording in the Preamble can be amended.
A student might look up the text of the 42nd Amendment (or its effect) to verify which exact phrases were inserted into the Preamble versus other parts of the Constitution.
Shows that the exact phrase 'to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India' is used as a Fundamental Duty in Article 51A, not (according to this snippet) in the Preamble.
Compare the Fundamental Duties wording here with the Preamble text (snippets 1β2) to determine where the phrase actually appears in the Constitution.
States that the Preamble is an integral part of the Constitution and that its precise wording matters for interpretation.
Use this rule to justify verifying the exact Preamble text (as given in the other snippets) rather than assuming similar phrases from other constitutional provisions.
- Explicitly identifies the line as a duty of every citizen under Article 51A, not as a Directive Principle.
- Shows the exact phrasing 'To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India' within Fundamental Duties (Article 51A).
- States which Articles constitute the Directive Principles of State Policy (Articles 39 to 51).
- By delimiting Directive Principles to Articles 39β51, it implies Article 51A (the Fundamental Duties provision) is not part of Directive Principles.
This snippet lists the exact phrase "to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India" as a Fundamental Duty (showing that this wording is explicitly located in the Fundamental Duties portion of the Constitution).
A student could use this to suspect the phrase belongs to Fundamental Duties (Part IVA) and then check the constitutional part/Article locations for Directive Principles (Part IV) to see if the same wording appears there.
Explains that Directive Principles are constitutional instructions in Part IV and defines their purpose and scope (who they bind), clarifying where to look for provisions that belong to DPSP.
A student could combine this with the Fundamental Duties location (snippet 7) to compare Part numbers and conclude whether that wording is likely in Part IV or elsewhere.
States Directive Principles are enumerated in Part IV and characterises their nature (non-justiciable, aims like welfare state), indicating the thematic content expected in DPSP.
A student could judge that a phrase about citizens' duties (upholding sovereignty, unity and integrity) fits the theme of duties rather than the social/economic aims typically found in DPSP, prompting verification of which Part contains it.
Notes that Directive Principles can be classified by content (socialistic, Gandhian, liberal-intellectual), suggesting DPSP items are primarily policy/social-economic directions rather than prescriptive citizen duties.
A student could use this pattern to reason that a phrase framed as an individual duty is less likely to be a DPSP directive and more likely in Fundamental Duties, so they should check the text of Part IV versus Part IVA.
Emphasises the nature and role of Directive Principles (Part IV) as promoting social and economic democracy, indicating the typical subject-matter of DPSP entries.
A student could extend this by noting the thematic mismatch between socio-economic directives and the phrase about protecting sovereignty, leading them to verify the actual constitutional placement.
- Explicitly lists the phrase as part of duties: 'shall be the duty of every citizen of India... (c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India'.
- Shows the phrase is in the section describing duties of citizens, not Fundamental Rights.
- States clearly that sovereignty is mentioned under Fundamental Duties, not Fundamental Rights.
- Identifies Article 51A(c) as the provision: 'to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.'
- Includes a list of Fundamental Duties where item (c) is exactly 'to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India'.
- Reinforces that the phrase is part of the Fundamental Duties provision.
This source lists the phrase "to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India" explicitly under the heading 'LIST OF FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES'.
A student could note that the phrase is placed under Fundamental Duties (not Rights) and check the Constitution's Part/Article (Article 51A) to verify whether it is in Part III (Fundamental Rights) or Part IVA (Fundamental Duties).
Another edition/source repeats the identical item as part of the enumerated Fundamental Duties.
Seeing the repeated placement under 'Fundamental Duties' strengthens the hypothesis that the provision belongs to duties; the student can therefore focus verification on Part IVA rather than Part III.
This source explains that Fundamental Duties are incorporated in Article 51A (Part IVA) and explicitly lists 'to protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India' among those duties.
A student can use this structural clue (Article 51A, Part IVA) to look up the constitutional text and confirm whether the phrase appears in Part III or Part IVA.
Explains that Fundamental Rights are embodied in Part III and are distinct from other constitutional provisions, implying separate placement for different classes of provisions.
A student can combine this structural distinction with the duty-list evidence to deduce that the phrase being in the duty list makes it unlikely to be a Fundamental Right.
Notes that the Constitution balances guarantees of individual rights with state security and mentions specific articles where national security and integrity can affect rights (articles referenced as exceptions).
A student could use this to understand why provisions about sovereignty/unity/integrity might be placed among duties or in different parts, and then check where the specific obligation is codified.
- Snippet lists the Fundamental Duties and item (c) explicitly reads 'to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India'.
- Appears in a consolidated list of duties presented as part of the statutory/constitutional provision.
- Identifies Fundamental Duties as those incorporated in Article 51A and enumerates duties, with (iii) stating 'to protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India'.
- Connects the duty directly to Article 51A (Part IVA), confirming constitutional source.
- Tabular listing of Fundamental Duties includes item (c) 'to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India', matching the statement's wording.
- Provides a clear, concise restatement suitable for verification and study.
- [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. Direct verbatim lift from Article 51A(c) found in Laxmikanth/NCERT Polity.
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Constitutional Phraseology. Distinguishing between the 'Aspirations' (Preamble), 'Directions' (DPSP), and 'Obligations' (Duties).
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the 'Integrity' variations: 1) Preamble: 'Unity and Integrity of the Nation'. 2) Duty 51A(c): 'Sovereignty, Unity and Integrity of India'. 3) 3rd Schedule Oaths: 'Sovereignty and Integrity of India' (Note: 'Unity' is missing here). 4) Art 19(2) Restrictions: 'Sovereignty and Integrity of India'.
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not just read the Constitution; map the keywords. 'Uphold and protect' implies an active obligation (Duty), whereas 'Secure' or 'Promote' implies a goal (Preamble/DPSP).
The exact phrase 'to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India' appears in the Fundamental Duties (Article 51A), not in the Preamble; the Preamble contains related but differently worded provisions.
UPSC questions test precise sourcing of constitutional phrases (Preamble vs. specific Articles). Mastering this helps answer MCQs and mains questions distinguishing aims/ideals (Preamble) from duties/obligations (Article 51A). Learn by comparing primary excerpts and by practicing source-identification questions.
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 5: Preamble of the Constitution > TEXT OF THE PREAMBLE > p. 42
- Laxmikanth, M. Indian Polity. 7th ed., McGraw Hill. > Chapter 10: Fundamental Duties > LIST OF FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES > p. 120
References show the 42nd Amendment added words (e.g., 'and integrity' and 'secular') to constitutional text, affecting both Preamble wording and Fundamental Duties being placed in Part IVA.
Amendments that altered foundational text are high-yield for prelims and mains (origin and effect of changes). Aspirants should memorise major amendment effects, link them to landmark years/Acts, and practice questions on amendment impacts and interpretation.
- Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 3: THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE CONSTITUTION > EVERY Constitution has a philosophy of its own. > p. 22
- Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 3: THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE CONSTITUTION > THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE CONSTITUTION > p. 28
Evidence highlights the Preamble's text (ideals like 'SOVEREIGN' and 'unity and integrity') and notes judicial treatment of the Preamble as an interpretive guide/integral part of the Constitution.
Understanding whether the Preamble is operative or only interpretive is essential for constitutional law questions in UPSC. Master this by studying landmark cases and contrasting Preamble content with enforceable constitutional provisions.
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 5: Preamble of the Constitution > TEXT OF THE PREAMBLE > p. 42
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 5: Preamble of the Constitution > PREAMBLE AS PART OF THE CONSTITUTION > p. 47
Multiple references identify Directive Principles as Part IV goals/recommendations of the Constitution and describe them as policy-oriented and non-justiciable.
UPSC often asks to distinguish Part IV (Directive Principles) from enforceable provisions; mastering this clarifies questions on constitutional aims vs. justiciable rights. Learn by mapping Part numbers, key characteristics (non-justiciable, policy guidance), and representative examples.
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 4: Salient Features of the Constitution > IDirective Principles of State Policy > p. 30
- Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 9: Directive Principles of State Policy > DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY > p. 180
The exact phrase 'uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India' appears in the listed Fundamental Duties reference, not in the Directive Principles references.
High-yield: UPSC frequently tests Article 51A (Fundamental Duties) wording and distinctions from Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights. Memorise key duties, their constitutional source, and typical comparative questions (e.g., which provision contains X).
- Laxmikanth, M. Indian Polity. 7th ed., McGraw Hill. > Chapter 10: Fundamental Duties > LIST OF FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES > p. 120
References collectively show Directive Principles as state-directed policy-guidelines and Fundamental Duties as duties of citizens, enabling a direct conceptual contrast relevant to the statement.
Crucial for answer-writing and MCQs that require classification (what belongs to Part IV vs Article 51A). Practice by categorising provisions, and by answering 'belongs to which part/article' style questions to avoid misattribution.
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 9: Directive Principles of State Policy > FEATURES OF THE DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES > p. 108
- Laxmikanth, M. Indian Polity. 7th ed., McGraw Hill. > Chapter 10: Fundamental Duties > LIST OF FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES > p. 120
The provided references explicitly list 'to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India' as a Fundamental Duty (Article 51A), while other references describe Fundamental Rights as a separate set in Part III.
High-yield for UPSC: questions often test the distinction between rights and duties, their placement in the Constitution, and whether duties are justiciable like rights. Mastering this helps answer direct content questions (what is/where is listed) and comparative questions (rights vs duties). Prepare by memorising Part numbers, Article references, and sample items from duties and rights.
- Laxmikanth, M. Indian Polity. 7th ed., McGraw Hill. > Chapter 10: Fundamental Duties > LIST OF FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES > p. 120
- Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 8: FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES > Fundamental Duties. > p. 161
The 'Oath' Trap: While the Fundamental Duty mentions 'Sovereignty, Unity and Integrity', the Oath of Office for MPs and Ministers (Schedule III) only mentions 'Sovereignty and Integrity of India'βthe word 'Unity' is absent in the Oath but present in the Duty.
Grammar Hack: Look at the syntax. 'To uphold and protect...' is an infinitive verb phrase indicating an action assigned to an agent. The Preamble is a declaration ('We resolve to...'), DPSP are instructions to State ('The State shall...'), and Rights are claims ('No person shall...'). The phrasing 'To [verb]...' fits the syntax of the Fundamental Duties list perfectly.
Mains GS-2 (Polity) & GS-3 (Internal Security): The inclusion of 'Integrity' in the Oaths and Art 19 restrictions was done via the 16th Constitutional Amendment (1963) specifically to curb secessionist calls (like in Tamil Nadu at the time). This links Constitutional text directly to the history of National Integration.